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PubMed1991

Sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases in older men attending the Genito-Urinary Clinic in Birmingham.

Eighty-seven men aged 60 years and over who attended the sole genito-urinary clinic in Birmingham during the year 1989 had their records reviewed. Sixty-five (75%) were sexually active and the most frequent complaints were penile soreness and urethral discharge. Nineteen patients had positive serological tests for syphilis (TPHA) and two men, both homosexuals, had positive hepatitis (HBA2) serology. In this age group, compared to a Caucasian, an Afro-Caribbean man had an Odds Ratio of 4.68 of having a positive serological test for syphilis. Two patients had psychosexual problems and one genital ulcer was squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. The men with multiple sexual partners were more likely to have a past history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (p less than 0.05).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Sexual promiscuity: knowledge of dangers in institutions of higher learning.

Knowledge of dangers of sexual promiscuity was assessed in 2 institutions of higher learning. The objectives were to find out the knowledge of medical and social consequences as well as the factors responsible for sexual promiscuity among Nigerian youths. The study also assessed the discrepancies in societal concept of sex norms for males and females. The result was used as an index to determine the need for sex education for Nigerian youths. A total of 200 students (100 from each school) was assessed by random selection and use of a questionnaire. The result showed that students had a fair knowledge of sexual promiscuity, although in terms of medical consequences the knowledge was low for both groups. On social consequences, the knowledge was fair for both groups. Students agreed that lack of financial support and of supervision from parents and teachers were among the causes of sexual promiscuity. Recommendations were made for Health Education in these areas in institutions of higher learning. Also, recommendations were made for parental education on how to bring up, and care for, their adolescents to reduce the problems of sexual promiscuity. It was also recommended that a compulsory course on sexual promiscuity should be included in the syllabus in institutions of higher learning.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1995

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards AIDS among civil servants in Nigeria.

A study about knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards AIDS was carried out amongst 340 randomly selected workers in Benin City in Nigeria using self-administered questionnaires. Three hundred and thirty (97.1%) of the workers were aware of the existence of AIDS but only 50 (14.7%) had the correct knowledge of the aetiology of AIDS, and of these 29 (8.5%) had tertiary education. Generally there was a good knowledge of the different routes of transmission except for the erroneous belief by a high number, 125 (36.8%) and 129 (37.9%) that it could be transmitted through sharing of utensils and causal kissing respectively. The attitude to AIDS sufferers is poor and 156 (45.9%) actually think they should be ostracized. Twenty-one (6.2%) of the respondents still keep multiple sexual partners while 142 (41.8%) would willingly use the condom for safer sex. There is therefore the need for an intensive and effective health education campaign to combat this deadly disease in the country.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors associated with injection initiation among drug users in Northern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Circumstances surrounding injection initiation have not been well addressed in many developing country contexts. This study aimed to identify demographic factors, sexual behaviors and drug use characteristics related to injection initiation among drug users in northern Thailand. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,231 drug users admitted to the Northern Drug Treatment Center in Mae Rim, Chiang Mai, Thailand, between February 1, 1999 and December 31, 2000. A multiple logistic regression was employed to identify the independent effects from potential risk factors of transition into injection. RESULTS: After controlling for other covariates, being 20 years of age or older, single, ever receiving education, urban residence, and having a history of smoking or incarceration were significantly associated with higher likelihood of injection initiation. Multiple sex partners and an experience of sex abuse were associated with an increased risk of injection initiation. Comparing to those whose first drug was opium, individuals using heroin as their initiation drug had greater risk of injection initiation; conversely, those taking amphetamine as their first drug had less risk of injection initiation. Age of drug initiation was negatively associated with the risk of injection initiation: the older the age of drug initiation, the less the risk of injection initiation. CONCLUSION: Injection initiation was related to several demographic factors, sexual behaviors and drug use characteristics. Understanding these factors will benefit the design of approaches to successfully prevent or delay transition into injection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

First report of an HIV-1 triple recombinant of subtypes B, C and F in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

We describe the genetic diversity of currently transmitted strains of HIV-1 in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 2000 and 2004. Nearly full-length sequence analysis of 10 samples showed that 6 were subtype B, 3 were BF recombinant and 1 was a triple recombinant of subtypes B, C and F. The 3 BF recombinants were 3 different unique recombinant forms. Full genome analysis of one strain that was subtype F when sequenced in pol was found to be a triple recombinant. Gag and pol were predominantly subtype F, while gp120 was subtype B; there were regions of subtype C interspersed throughout. The young man infected with this strain reported multiple sexual partners and sero-converted between May and November of 2004. This study reported for the first time the full genome analysis of a triple recombinant between subtypes B, C and F, that combines in one virus the three most common subtypes in South America.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

NOSTRIN functions as a homotrimeric adaptor protein facilitating internalization of eNOS.

Intracellular trafficking of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) between different compartments is incompletely understood. Recently, we described a novel eNOS-interacting protein, NOSTRIN, which upon overexpression drives eNOS away from the plasma membrane towards intracellular compartments. Sequence similarity of NOSTRIN and pacsins/syndapins suggested a role for NOSTRIN in endocytosis. Accordingly, we show here that NOSTRIN interacts with the large GTPase dynamin and the actin nucleation promoting factor N-WASP by means of its SH3 domain, which also represents the docking site for eNOS. Via a coiled-coil region in the C-terminal portion of the protein, NOSTRIN oligomerizes, mainly forming trimers, which would allow simultaneous interaction with multiple binding partners of the SH3 domain. Consistent with this notion, expression of dynamin-2-GFP in CHO cells stably expressing eNOS (CHO-eNOS) results in recruitment of eNOS to dynamin-positive structures, only when NOSTRIN is present as well. Similarly, when N-WASP-GFP and NOSTRIN are co-expressed in CHO-eNOS cells, both proteins strongly co-localize with eNOS and are recruited to structures running along actin filaments. If, however, the actin cytoskeleton is depolymerized by cytochalasin D, NOSTRIN and eNOS are associated with extended structures in the cell periphery, possibly being unable to leave the plasma membrane. Together, these results indicate that NOSTRIN may facilitate endocytosis of eNOS by coordinating the function of dynamin and N-WASP.

Actins↗
PubMed2000

Disease prevalence in women attending the STD clinic in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India.

Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its association with other STD causing organisms. Three hundred and thirty-six consecutive women (female sex workers (FSWs) and married contacts), attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Mumbai, were screened for N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Per speculum examination was performed and clinical signs were recorded. Symptoms perceived by the women were also recorded. The mean age for married contacts, FSWs and gonorrhoea-positive women was 27.9, 29.7 and 27.5, respectively. 9.7% of the women were positive for N. gonorrhoeae, 23.2% were chlamydia-positive and 5.9% had trichomoniasis. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated more frequently from FSWs as compared to the married contacts. The prevalence of HIV was significantly higher among women with multiple sex partners (FSWs) (P<0.001). Gonococcal infection is significantly associated with the presence of HIV. A significant association between sexual habits and prevalence of gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and HIV was observed. The prevalence of gonorrhoea over 1988 to 1996 remained approximately the same.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Symptomatic and asymptomatic chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis in Jamaica: the potential for HIV transmission.

To determine the contribution of Chlamydia trachomatis to non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Jamaica we studied men with NGU (n=339), and control groups including asymptomatic men who were STD contacts (n=61), asymptomatic men who were not STD contacts (n=32) and men with gonococcal urethritis (GU) (n=61). Urethral specimens were examined for C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Serological tests for syphilis (STS) and HIV-1 infection were also performed. C. trachomatis accounted for 63% of cases of NGU but high prevalences were also found in asymptomatic STD contacts (59%), asymptomatic STD non-contacts (78%) and men with GU (48%). The prevalence of C. trachomatis in men with GU differed significantly from that in men with NGU and asymptomatic STD non-contacts (P<0.05). C. trachomatis infection in men with NGU was associated with multiple sex partners (71% vs 58%; chi2=4.78; odds ratio (OR)=1.76; P<0.05) and previous history of gonococcal infection (83% vs 42%; chi2=59.8; OR=6.8; P<0.0001). Concomitant infection with HIV-1 occurred in 5.2% of cases of NGU and 50% and 90%, respectively, of the HIV-positive men had chlamydia or reactive STS. As a cost effective strategy in the control of STD and HIV we recommend presumptive treatment for C. trachomatis in men seeking STD treatment in Jamaica.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

HIV risk behaviour among gay and bisexual men in Budapest, Hungary.

HIV is a growing public health threat in Central and Eastern Europe. In Hungary and a number of other countries, men who have sex with men (MSM) account for a high proportion of HIV infections. However, there has been very little systematic study of the sexual risk practices and characteristics of MSM in this region. This study surveyed 469 MSM recruited in Budapest gay community venues in June 2001. Half the men (50%) engaged in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the past 3 months. Of these, 40% of men's insertive and 50% of their receptive acts were unprotected, and 25% had multiple AI partners in the past 3 months. 17% of MSM exchanged sex for money, 26% had female partners in the past year, and condoms were used in only 23% of their vaginal intercourse occasions. Multivariate analyses showed that high-risk behaviour was predicted by not having condoms available when needed, weak risk reduction intentions, negative attitudes toward safer sex, being in a steady relationship, and having a bisexual orientation. Community-based HIV prevention programmes focused on the needs of gay or bisexual men in Central and Eastern Europe are urgently needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Are sexually transmitted infections associated with scabies?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been previously reported to be associated with scabies in sexually active people. The UK national guidelines on STIs recommend screening for other STIs in patients with scabies attending a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. However, there is a paucity of literature on this association, which we reviewed. We looked at the sexual behaviour and the coincidence of STIs in patients with scabies attending a GUM clinic and in inmates from a young offender institution (YOI) attending between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 1999. A total of 47 patients with scabies were identified in the GUM clinic population during this period and 15 patients in the YOI group. Consecutive new and rebooked sex-matched patients served as a control group. Among the GUM clinic attendees 36% of patients with scabies had multiple sexual partners in the preceding 3 months compared with 21% in the control group (P=0.11). Thirty-four per cent of patients with scabies had a previous history of STI vs 17% in the control group (P=0.058). The number of patients with coexistent STIs was not significantly different in both groups (49% vs 44%, P=0.68). The number of patients in the YOI group was too small for a statistical analysis. This study showed that patients with scabies had comparable rates of STIs as with the GUM clinic population. It therefore supports the national guidelines in recommending screening for other STIs in patients with scabies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

HIV-risk behaviours of American spring break vacationers: a case of situational disinhibition?

Young adults are at high risk for acquiring STDs/HIV due primarily to multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, and substance use combined with sexual activity. Contranormative settings--such as the annual spring break vacation--provide ideal conditions for the potentially lethal interaction between alcohol, drugs, and sexual risk-taking. As a steadily growing form of youth travel and characterized by binge drinking, illicit drug use, and unsafe sexual practices, spring break has become a North American institution involving large numbers of travellers. In this study, the theory of interpersonal behaviour was used to explain college students' health-risk behaviours in the context of spring break and pre- and post-spring break surveys were used to examine casual sex and condom use behaviours. Multivariate analyses revealed peer influences, prior experiences with casual sex, alcohol consumption prior to sex, and impulsivity to be significant predictors of casual sex, while impulsivity and condom availability were significant predictors of students' use of condoms during casual sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Determinants of HIV antibody testing among selected groups of Chinese residents in Hong Kong.

HIV testing is promoted to the public as a tool for HIV prevention in many countries. However, the patterns and determinants of HIV antibody testing among the Chinese people are unknown. To describe the prevalence and determinants of HIV antibody testing amongst the Hong Kong Chinese a cross-sectional anonymous survey was carried out among 1,027 subjects from different population groups (airport travellers, business sector workers, service sector workers, university staff, and STD clinic attendees). Subjects were categorized into either 'STD population' (respondents from STD clinics) versus 'all others' (respondents from other settings) groups. Forty-five percent of the respondents reported ever having had a test for HIV antibody. 'STD population' group members were almost three times more likely to have had an HIV test than were 'all others' group members (77% vs 20%). After adjustments, 'STD population' group members who reported having tested for HIV were more often aged 45 years or older, alcohol drinkers, with high self-efficacy scores, and inconsistent condom users; members in the 'all others' group, more often had had sex with strangers, drank alcohol, and favoured having multiple sex partners. Awareness among the public about the risk behaviours for HIV should be enhanced and efforts should be made to reduce high-risk behaviours among those tested by emphasizing the importance of maintaining safer sex behaviour and having follow-up tests during post-test counselling.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

HBV and HIV screening, and hepatitis B immunization programme in the prison of Marseille, France.

This study estimated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serological markers among inmates and evaluated inmates' compliance with an HBV immunization programme. During the mandatory consultation at the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic of the Marseille Prison (HIV counselling, and syphilis/HIV screening), physicians offered serological testing (anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-HIV) and Engerix B vaccination to each entrant. The number participating in the survey is 391/411 (89%); 75% were aged 18 to 35 years and 79% were men; 42% reported having had multiple sexual partners during the last 12 months. Report of an intravenous drug user (IDU) sexual partner was more frequent among women than men (22% vs 8%). Injecting drug use over lifetime was reported by 23%; 27% declared having shared their injection equipment during the last 12 months. 124/267 (32%) had an HBV marker: anti-HBs + only (immunized): 2.3%; anti-HBs + and anti-HBc +: 21.7%; anti-HBc + only: 6.4%; HBsAg +: 1.3%. The HIV seroprevalence was 6% (21% among IDUs). This survey underlines the high HBV and HIV seroprevalence among prisoners and the high proportion of inmates at risk for these infections. There is an urgent need for immunization and education programmes in this population. It demonstrates an HBV immunization programme is feasible and accepted by inmates and staff members.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Heterosexual gonorrhoea at St Thomas'--II: Sexual behaviour and sources of infection.

This paper examines sexual behaviour in heterosexuals presenting to an inner-London genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic with gonorrhoea. When comparing patients' documented sexual histories, there were notable differences between cases and a control group, especially in men. Male cases were more likely to have had both multiple sexual partners (chi 2 = 18.5, P < 0.001) and concurrent sexual relationships (chi 2 = 15.2, P < 0.001) in the 30 days preceding presentation. Unlike cases, male controls were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse with a 'casual' partner (chi 2 = 17.5, P < 0.001). In an examination of the sources of infection in cases, women were far more likely to have been recipients of gonorrhoea than they were to transmit the infection. The source of their infection was most usually a regular sexual partner. In men, 'casual' and 'regular' partners and 'one night stands' were all important sources of infection. Our hypothesis that case patients would have met the sources of their infection in particular venues was not supported by the results of an original questionnaire survey.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Frequency of alcohol use and its association with STD/HIV-related risk practices, attitudes and knowledge among an African-American community-recruited sample.

The aim was to determine the association between frequency of alcohol use in the past 30 days and HIV-related risk behaviours among adults in an African-American community. Data were collected by trained street outreach workers, from 522 persons in 4 areas selected on the basis of 7 health and criminal justice indicators of high risk for HIV, STD and substance abuse, and drug-related arrests. A survey assessed demographics, substance use, sexual behaviour, HIV knowledge, attitudes and depression. Subjects reporting using drugs other than alcohol (n=201) were excluded from analyses to avoid the confounding influence of polysubstance use. Of the remaining 321 subjects (mean age=37.1; 58.5% were male), 43.6% reported no alcohol use in the past 30 days, with 37.4% and 19.0%, respectively, having used alcohol < =15 days and = > 16 days in the past 30 days. Alcohol use frequency (no alcohol, 1-15 days, 16-30 days in past month) was significantly associated with being male, STD history, non-use of condoms, higher perceived risk of HIV, lower condom use self-efficacy, multiple sex partners in the past 30 days, and lower HIV-related knowledge. Frequent alcohol use, in the absence of other drugs, is associated with higher levels of HIV risk behaviours. Though an underserved population with respect to HIV prevention and, given the prevalence of alcohol use, the findings suggest that programmes need to target frequent alcohol users to reduce their HIV-associated risk behaviours and enhance HIV risk-reduction knowledge and attitudes associated with the adoption of HIV prevention practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Outreach programmes for female commercial sex workers.

Female commercial sex workers are at higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and may be important in the transmission of infections because of their multiple sexual partners. Sexual health may not be their top priority and current STI services may not be seen as user-friendly. An outreach approach is therefore appropriate for this group. This should be in collaboration with the women and include other services that they feel are appropriate. If possible it should also incorporate the use of sex workers as peer educators.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

African American women and family planning services: perceptions of discrimination.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine perceived race-based discrimination in obtaining family planning or contraceptive services among African American women in the U.S. METHODS: We conducted a 30-minute telephone survey with a random sample of 500 African Americans (aged 15-44), which included questions about race-based discrimination when obtaining family planning services. The present analyses were limited to the 326 women who completed interviews. RESULTS: The majority (79%) of women reported having seen a health care provider for family planning or birth control services. Of those, 67% reported race-based discrimination when obtaining such services. Half of the women reported more general experiences of discrimination when obtaining family planning services (e.g., poorer service), and 52% reported experiences that reflect stereotypes of African American women (e.g., doctor or nurse assumed they had multiple sexual partners). Most indicated that experiences of discrimination occurred infrequently. Generally, background characteristics were not significantly associated with perceived discrimination. However, in multivariate models, stronger Black identity, younger age, and lower income were associated with reports of discrimination. CONCLUSION: African American women may be vulnerable to prejudice within reproductive health care contexts, including family planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Characteristics and predictors of HIV risk behaviors among injection-drug-using men and women in St. Petersburg, Russia.

The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors and drug-using behaviors in a large community sample of male and female injection drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia. This investigation used a data collection plan that systematically recruited a drug user sample from venues where IDUs were known to congregate and could be accessed. Surveys were completed by 239 IDUs (males = 139, females = 100), aged 13-25. Participants averaged 44 injections (range = 0-240) in the past 30 days, with heroin (70%) and heroin plus other drugs (20%) the most frequently used. Participants' mean age of first drug injecting was 17.6 years, 41% of participants regularly shared needles, most had multiple sexual partners (mean = 9.3 partners in the past 3 months), and 70% reported engaging in vaginal intercourse without condoms. Stepwise logistic regression showed that high-risk sexual behavior was predicted by being female, young, using heroin several times a month, and less negative attitudes toward using condoms. Effective HIV prevention efforts for IDUs in Russia must be tailored to their age, gender, drug use, and condom attitudes. These programs will also have to address the dual risk factors, unique to IDUs, of risky sexual behaviors and needle sharing. Without a rapid intervention response, Russia's HIV/AIDS crisis will soon turn catastrophic.

Adolescent↗