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PubMed2003

Comparative performances, under laboratory conditions, of seven pyrethroid insecticides used for impregnation of mosquito nets.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of seven pyrethroid insecticides for impregnation of mosquito nets, six currently recommended by WHO and one candidate (bifenthrin), under laboratory conditions. METHODS: Tests were conducted using pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Knock-down effect, irritancy and mortality were measured using standard WHO cone tests. Mortality and blood-feeding inhibition were also measured using a baited tunnel device. FINDINGS: For susceptible A. gambiae, alpha-cypermethrin had the fastest knock-down effect. For resistant A. gambiae, the knock- down effect was slightly slower with alpha-cypermethrin and much reduced following exposure to the other insecticides, particularly bifenthrin and permethrin. For susceptible C. quinquefasciatus, the knock-down effect was significantly slower than in A. gambiae, particularly with bifenthrin, and no knock-down effect was observed with any of the pyrethroids against the resistant strain. Bifenthrin was significantly less irritant than the other pyrethroids to susceptible and resistant A. gambiae but there was no clear ranking of pyrethroid irritancy against C. quinquefasciatus. In tunnels, all insecticides were less toxic against C. quinquefasciatus than against A. gambiae for susceptible strains. For resistant strains, mortality was significant with all the pyrethroids with A. gambiae but not with C. quinquefasciatus. Inhibition of blood-feeding was also high for susceptible strains of both species and for resistant A. gambiae but lower for resistant C. quinquefasciatus; bifenthrin had the greatest impact. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy for impregnation of mosquito nets against A. gambiae was greatest with alpha-cypermethrin. Bifenthrin is likely to have a significant comparative advantage over other pyrethroids in areas with pyrethroid resistance because of its much stronger impact on the nuisance mosquito, C. quinquefasciatus, despite its slower knock-down effect and irritancy. Selection of pyrethroids for mosquito vector control and personal protection should take into account the different effects of these insecticides, the status of pyrethroid resistance in the target area, and the importance of nuisance mosquitoes, such as C. quinquefasciatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Aerial applications of ultra-low-volume insecticides to control the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Korea.

As a suitable emergency measure to arrest epidemics of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, the ultra-low-volume method of spraying insecticide to control the mosquito vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus has been tested in 2 successive years over a 16-km (2) area, utilizing a large fixed-wing aircraft. Malathion concentrate applied at 0.36 litres/ha gave insufficient control of the parous (infective) females, and no reduction in total numbers of this species. Fenitrothion concentrate applied at 0.45 litres/ha resulted in a 77-87% reduction in total numbers and an 87-98% reduction in parous females over a 4-day period.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2005

Mathematical model to assess the control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by the sterile insect technique.

We propose a mathematical model to assess the effects of irradiated (or transgenic) male insects introduction in a previously infested region. The release of sterile male insects aims to displace gradually the natural (wild) insect from the habitat. We discuss the suitability of this release technique when applied to peri-domestically adapted Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which are transmissors of Yellow Fever and Dengue disease.

Aedes↗
PubMed1964

ASSESSMENT OF THE KILL OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE BY THE FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE DICHLORVOS IN EXPERIMENTAL HUTS.

As part of the World Health Organization's programme for the evaluation and testing of new insecticides, different types of dichlorvos dispenser were installed in experimental huts in Tanganyika for study of their effectiveness in killing Anopheles gambiae. It was found that satisfactorily high mosquito mortalities of 75% or more were maintained for one to two months after installation of a dispenser. Mortalities were about 10% higher in huts with grass roofs than in those with mud-lined roofs. The vapour toxicity was similar in the two types of hut, but the results of bio-assay tests on different types of surface showed that there was a residual contact effect of the insecticide as well as the fumigant effect; the lower mortalities in the mud-roofed huts may be due in part to removal or decomposition of the dichlorvos by the mud surface.Measurements of blood pseudo-cholinesterase levels in persons who slept in the experimental huts gave no indication that the dichlorvos had any harmful effect on them.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Autodissemination stations suppress Aedes notoscriptus mosquitoes and reduce Buruli ulcer risk in urban Australia: a randomized controlled field trial.

Aedes notoscriptus are mosquito vectors implicated in transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans. This bacterium causes a destructive infection of skin and soft tissue called Buruli ulcer. Here we ran a randomized controlled trial in an urban Buruli ulcer endemic area in Melbourne, Australia to test whether autodissemination mosquito control stations, containing pyriproxyfen (larvicide) and Beauveria bassiana (entomopathogenic fungus), suppress Ae. notoscriptus populations. Six geographic areas each received 100 autodissemination stations for 8 weeks, and six control areas received no stations between 25 January 2024 and 21 March 2024. The primary outcome measure was mosquito population numbers. After the trial, there was a 70% average reduction in mosquito egg counts among the six intervention areas compared to control areas (P = 0.0076). In an ad hoc analysis, we then explored human Buruli ulcer notifications in treatment and control areas. After accounting for the 4.8-month mean incubation period, there was an 83% reduction in infection likelihood coinciding with peak intervention effect (intervention zones 1 case, control zones 6 cases, incidence ratio rate 0.167, 95% CI 0.0026-1.054, P = 0.047). The effect was not observed during the same time period in the year previous or following 2024, when no interventions were undertaken. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.85) was observed between decreased disease risk and mosquito suppression. These data show that autodissemination traps can effectively lower urban mosquito populations and reduce the threat of Buruli ulcer in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Taking malaria transmission out of the bottle: implications of mosquito dispersal for vector-control interventions.

Most malaria transmission models assume enclosed systems of people, parasites, and vectors in which neither emigration nor immigration of mosquitoes is considered. This simplification has facilitated insightful analyses but has substantial limitations for evaluating control measures in the field. Here we show that mosquito dispersal can confound conventional approaches to evaluating malaria vector-control interventions, and explore this association with a model of two villages between which mosquito subpopulation exchange occurs. Exchange of mosquitoes between such subpopulations can readily explain the discrepancy between experimental efficacy measurements for insecticide-treated nets and their much lower apparent effectiveness when in use. Our results indicate that current approaches to assessing malaria interventions that confer community-level protection may be severely compromised by mosquito dispersal in many endemic settings. The true effectiveness of many vector-control methods may be much greater than previously appreciated and the application of such interventions should be consolidated into larger contiguous spatial units so that more effective local suppression of malaria can be achieved. Spatially explicit modelling formats that consider vector dispersal as a determinant of malaria transmission and control are needed urgently for rational planning and evaluation of efforts to roll back malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Densoviruses for control and genetic manipulation of mosquitoes.

Mosquito densoviruses (MDV) are parvoviruses that replicate in the nuclei of mosquito cells and cause the characteristic nuclear hypertrophy (densonucleosis) that gives them their name. Several MDV that differ in pathogenicity both in vitro and in vivo have been isolated. MDV have a number of features that make them potentially attractive as biological control agents for mosquito-borne disease. They are nonenveloped and relatively stable in the environment. They are highly specific for mosquitoes and they infect and kill larvae in a dose dependent manner in the aqueous larval habitat. Infected larvae that survive to become adult mosquitoes exhibit a dose-dependent shortening of lifespan and many do not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period for arboviruses. Thus they may have a significant impact on transmission of pathogens. Infected females can transmit the virus vertically by laying infected eggs in new oviposition sites. Studies on how MDV affect populations are relatively limited. Population cage studies suggest that they will persist and spread in populations and limited field studies have shown similar preimaginal mortality in wild populations to that seen in laboratory studies. The availability of infectious clones of MDV genomes allows the development of densovirus vectors for expressing genes of interest in mosquito cells and mosquitoes. Recently short hairpin RNA expression cassettes that induce RNA interference have been inserted into densovirus genomes. These expression cassettes should be useful for both research and disease-control applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Interactive effects of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance and control.

Responses of natural populations of biting Diptera were studied at Everglades National Park, Fla., to three levels (0, 3.0, and 41.1 mg/h) of 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), four levels (0, 20, 200, and 2,000 ml/min) of carbon dioxide (CO2), and their combinations. Catches of mosquitoes (Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Culex [Melanoconion]) spp., Cx. nigripalpus Theobald, and Wyeomyia spp.) and one tabanid (Diachlorus ferrugatus (F.)) were affected significantly by CO2 and octenol. Significantly greater numbers of all taxa were collected as the level of CO2 was increased. The 3.0-mg/h release rate of octenol alone resulted in increased trap catches relative to no bait for all taxa except Cx. (Melanoconion) spp., whereas the 41.1-mg/h release rate alone generally reduced trap catches relative to either no bait or 3.0 mg/h octenol. The effect of CO2 and octenol was additive for Cx. (Melanoconion) spp. and D. ferrugatus and synergistic for Ae. taeniorhynchus. Six octenol-supplemented CO2 treatments produced mixed results for Cx. nigripalpus.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Effects of nutritional factors and soil addition on growth, longevity and fecundity of the tadpole shrimp Triops newberryi (Notostraca: Triopsidae), a potential biological control agent of immature mosquitoes.

The notostracan tadpole shrimp (TPS) Triops newberryi Packard has potential to be used as a biocontrol agent of immature mosquitoes. Eggs, nymphal or adult shrimps are considered to be the stages for field introduction. To yield good growth of the shrimp and high production of shrimp eggs under artificial conditions, nutritional requirements of TPS for growth, survival and fecundity need to be elucidated. In the laboratory, we evaluated various nutritional and edaphic regimens, such as soil alone, mosquito larvae or rabbit pellets alone and various combinations of these three components for culturing. These factors influenced the growth, longevity and egg production profoundly. It was shown that the simulated natural conditions, i.e. full combination of all three factors, yielded the largest TPS with longest survival and highest egg production, followed by the combinations of any two components. Any single component, soil, mosquito larvae, or rabbit pellets, did not result in good growth, survival and egg production. By formulating optimal rearing substrates, this species of TPS will yield large numbers of all stages for experimentation and field introductions. Under optimal conditions, they mature in 7-8 days and survive for about one month. Each TPS is capable of producing up to 1,000 eggs during its lifetime. These studies developed nutritional regimens for TPS mass culturing procedures, where the eggs, nymphal and adult TPS can be mass cultured for field introduction and stocking in mosquito developmental sites.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Mosquito larvicidal activity of active constituent derived from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves against 3 mosquito species.

Mosqutio larvicidal activity of Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf-derived materials against the 4th-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Ochlerotatus togoi (Theobald), and Culex pipiens pallens (Coquillett) was examined in the laboratory. A crude methanol extract of C. obtusa leaves was found to be active (percent mortality rough) against the 3 species larvae; the hexane fraction of the methanol extract showed a strong larvicidal activity (100% mortality) at 100 ppm. The bioactive component in the C. obtusa leaf extract was characterized as beta-thujaplicin by spectroscopic analyses. The LC50 value of beta-thujaplicin was 2.91, 2.60, and 1.33 ppm against Ae. aegypti, Oc. togoi, and Cx. pipiens pallens larvae. This naturally occurring C. obtusa leaves-derived compound merits further study as a potential mosquito larval control agent or lead compound.

Aedes↗
PubMed1959

Insecticide resistance in anophelines in eastern Saudi Arabia.

In 1953, the fifth year of a malaria control programme with DDT in Eastern Saudi Arabia, the resting of Anopheles stephensi on recently sprayed surfaces suggested the development of resistance in this species to DDT, and this suspicion has been confirmed by tests carried out from 1955 to 1958.DDT was replaced by dieldrin in 1955 and malaria rates, which had been rising, were again reduced. No dieldrin-resistance has been found in local. A. stephensi strains, and no A. stephensi have been collected from treated villages since the wide use of dieldrin.A. pulcherrimus, A. coustani var. tenebrosus, A. fluviatilis and A. sergenti have proved susceptible to DDT, but the first two have developed resistance to dieldrin. A. pulcherrimus was rarely collected before and during the use of DDT but has become increasingly frequent since the introduction of dieldrin. Its possible role in transmitting malaria in the area is discussed.Egg measurements and ratios on several series of eggs obtained from locally collected A. stephensi fall within the limits of the range set for A. stephensi mysorensis, not previously recorded outside India.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H14 on mosquitoes in natural breeding places].

The experiments conducted with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, serotype H14, in nature, show that this Bacillus has a specific and extremely high larvicidal power against the larval population of Culicidae. It operates very quickly but its action seems relatively short-time lasting. Considering the increasing resistance of larvae to organophosphorus compounds, this new serotype presents a particular interest for the control of mosquitoes.

Animals↗