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PubMed2005

Effect of fore-aft seat position on shoulder demands during wheelchair propulsion: part 1. A kinetic analysis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The highly repetitive and weight-bearing nature of wheelchair (WC) propulsion has been associated with shoulder pain among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Manipulation of WC seat position is believed to reduce the overall demand of WC propulsion. The objective of this investigation was to document the effect of fore-aft seat position on shoulder joint kinetics. METHODS: Thirteen men with complete motor paraplegia propelled a test WC in 2 fore-aft seat positions during free, fast, and graded conditions. The seat-anterior position aligned the glenohumeral joint with the wheel axle and the seat-posterior position moved the glenohumeral joint 8 cm posteriorly. The right wheel of the test chair was instrumented to measure forces applied to the pushrim. An inverse dynamics algorithm was applied to calculate shoulder joint forces, external moments, and powers. RESULTS: For all test conditions, the superior component of the shoulder joint resultant force was significantly lower in the seat-posterior position. During graded propulsion, the posterior component of the shoulder joint force was significantly higher with the seat posterior. Peak shoulder joint moments and power were similar during free and fast propulsion. During graded propulsion, the seat-posterior position displayed increased internal rotation moment, decreased sagittal plane power absorption, and increased transverse plane power generation. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides objective support that a posterior seat position reduces the superior component of the shoulder joint resultant force. Consequently, this intervention potentially diminishes the risk for impingement of subacromial structures.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2002

The origin of the spinal subdural space: ultrastructure findings.

UNLABELLED: Previous studies of samples from cranial meninges have created doubts about the existence of a virtual subdural space. We examined the ultrastructure of spinal meninges from three human cadavers immediately after death to see whether there is a virtual subdural space at this level. The arachnoid mater had two portions: a compact laminar portion covering the dural sac internal surface and a trabecular portion extending like a spider web around the pia mater. There was a cellular interface between the laminar arachnoid and the internal layer of the dura that we called the dura-arachnoid interface. There was no subdural space in those specimens where the dura mater was macroscopically in continuity with the arachnoid trabecules. In the specimens where the dura mater was separated from the arachnoid, we found fissures in between the neurothelial cells that extended throughout the interface. We hypothesize that the subdural space would have its origin within the dura-arachnoid interface when the neurothelial cells break up, creating in this way a real subdural space. IMPLICATIONS: The subdural space was not seen under transmission electron microscopy in samples of human spinal meninges where surgical manipulation was avoided. Scanning electron microscopy in other samples showed the presence of broken neurothelial cells giving up fissures that extended along the dura-arachnoid interface. These findings may explain the origin of a real subdural space.

Arachnoid↗
PubMed2005

A multi-modal treatment approach for the shoulder: a 4 patient case series.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the clinical management of four cases of shoulder impingement syndrome using a conservative multimodal treatment approach. CLINICAL FEATURES: Four patients presented to a chiropractic clinic with chronic shoulder pain, tenderness in the shoulder region and a limited range of motion with pain and catching. After physical and orthopaedic examination a clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome was reached. The four patients were admitted to a multi-modal treatment protocol including soft tissue therapy (ischaemic pressure and cross-friction massage), 7 minutes of phonophoresis (driving of medication into tissue with ultrasound) with 1% cortisone cream, diversified spinal and peripheral joint manipulation and rotator cuff and shoulder girdle muscle exercises. The outcome measures for the study were subjective/objective visual analogue pain scales (VAS), range of motion (goniometer) and return to normal daily, work and sporting activities. All four subjects at the end of the treatment protocol were symptom free with all outcome measures being normal. At 1 month follow up all patients continued to be symptom free with full range of motion and complete return to normal daily activities. CONCLUSION: This case series demonstrates the potential benefit of a multimodal chiropractic protocol in resolving symptoms associated with a suspected clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Managing head injuries.

The patient who presents with a serious head injury is often very difficult to manage. The airways is of primary concern; adequate ventilation must be provided and aspiration protected against. Recent studies suggest that hyperventilation may be as beneficial as was earlier believed. As the pCO2 level decreases, vasoconstriction occurs. If the level falls too low, cerebral perfusion is restricted, and profound cerebral anoxia may ensue. Current standards call for a ventilatory rate to allow for moderate respiratory alkalosis, in theory to mildly constrict teh vessels but still provide adequate perfusion. Arterial blood gas analysis in the ED is the definitive measurement of airway management in the field. Remember that the anatomy of the meningeal layers places the arteries primarily in the epidural space and the veins in the subdural space. A bleed in the epidural space often presents with a rapid onset of signs and symptoms, as was obvious in this traumatized patient. When a bleed occurs in the subdural space, the onset is usually more insidious, and an accurate history is a key to field diagnosis. As the hemorrhage expands, compression displaces the brain within the cranial vault. This displacement causes pressure to be exerted on the medulla of the brainstem. Cushing's Traid is a result of this pressure on the medulla and is evidence by the pulse slowing while systolic blood pressure rises and respirations become ataxic. Vomiting is often associated, and as the bleed continues, herniation syndrome begins. Decorticate posturing is displayed, followed by decerebrate posturing if relief is not provided. It is important to distinguish between decorticate and decerebrate posturing. It is important to distinguish between decorticate and decerebrate posturing. An easy way to remember the differences is to picture the anatomy of the brain. The cerebral cortex lies above the cerebellum, so when a patient's arms flexed up toward the face , he is pointing to his "core" (de-cor-ticate). As the arms extend downward, he is pointing to his cerebellum(de-cere-brate). T o manage the head-injured patient, it is imperative to anticipate potential developments, as well as protect against underlying injuries that may not be fully evaluated until arrival at the ED. Cervical spine often accompany head injuries, and full spinal immobilization is a mandatory precaution in all presentations. With the expanding hematoma found on this patient's neck, vascular damage ws obvious and contributed to the suspicion of spinal injury. As the intracranial pressure rise, vomiting and seizures are common. Placement of an endotracheal tube and having suction equipment ready are the best tools to prevent against aspiration. It is possible to angle the long spine board 10-15 degrees, exercising caution to ensure the patient's spinal alignment is not manipulated during the process. Seizures are usually treated with anticonvulsants like Valium. When a seizure accompanies a head injury, it is a direct result of the increased intracranial pressure and has a generally poor response to Valium, as the underlying cause of the seizure still exists. In this case, the patient had a full neuromuscular blockade, and any seizure would not have been recognized as long as the paralytics were on board. Early notification to the ED is essential, reporting all findings and interventions. This can alert them and give them the opportunity to prepare specialized equipment, such as CT scanners, mechanical ventilators, etc. Also, consider transportation options and the length of time to definitive care, including neurosurgical evaluation. This patient needs to be seen in a trauma center capable of the most thorough evaluation and management. Evacuation by air ambulance may be the most appropriate method of transport.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed1989

[Prerequisites for the manual therapy of diseases of the cervical spine].

The authors examine the anatomical and biomechanical peculiarities of the upper and lower cervical vertebromotor segments. A differential administration of the manual therapy methods to influence various levels of the cervical spine is substantiated. It has been demonstrated that the mobilization of the atlanto-occipital joints should be carried out by means of flexion and extension movements and lateral inclinations. It is supposed that the atlanto-occipital complex of joints may be affected by means of combination of axial traction and rotation of the cervical spine. The manipulations on the lower cervical vertebromotor segments require a combined application of lateral inclinations and rotation.

Atlanto-Occipital Joint↗
PubMed1987

[Manual medicine].

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Biomechanical Phenomena↗