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PubMed1991

Necrotizing sialometaplasia in the mouth floor secondary to reconstructive surgery for tongue carcinoma.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign inflammatory process, which histologically can mimic squamous cell carcinoma. A 63-year-old man underwent left hemiglossectomy involving transplantation of a myocutaneous flap for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. One month after the operation, necrotizing sialometaplasia occurred in the minor salivary gland tissue of the mouth floor, compressed by the necrotic flap. This case is very unusual because of the occurrence of necrotizing sialometaplasia in the floor of the mouth. The etiology of the lesion was considered to be ischemia secondary to compression by the necrotic myocutaneous flap.

Biopsy↗

PubMed2005

Isolation and molecular detection of methylotrophic bacteria occurring in the human mouth.

Diverse methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from the tongue, and supra- and subgingival plaque in the mouths of volunteers and patients with periodontitis. One-carbon compounds such as dimethylsulfide in the mouth are likely to be used as growth substrates for these organisms. Methylotrophic strains of Bacillus, Brevibacterium casei, Hyphomicrobium sulfonivorans, Methylobacterium, Micrococcus luteus and Variovorax paradoxus were characterized physiologically and by their 16S rRNA gene sequences. The type strain of B. casei was shown to be methylotrophic. Enzymes of methylotrophic metabolism were characterized in some strains, and activities consistent with growth using known pathways of C1-compound metabolism demonstrated. Genomic DNA from 18 tongue and dental plaque samples from nine volunteers was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primers for the 16S rRNA gene of Methylobacterium and the mxaF gene of methanol dehydrogenase. MxaF was detected in all nine volunteers, and Methylobacterium was detected in seven. Methylotrophic activity is thus a feature of the oral bacterial community.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1993

Effect of sialoadenectomy on the carriage of Candida albicans in the mouths of rats.

Xerostomia provoked in rats by surgical removal of the major salivary glands significantly increased oral carriage of Candida albicans. Five weeks after 3 oral inoculations of 10(8) CFU, C. albicans were found in the mouths in 50% of normal animals but after 8 weeks in none. In xerostomic rats, 100% had oral C. albicans after 5 weeks and after 18 weeks, 66.6% still harboured yeasts. Over the whole experimental period the amount of C. albicans was greater in the mouths of sialoadenectomized than in normal rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Type 3 burning mouth syndrome: psychological and allergic aspects.

A subgroup of patients with burning mouth syndrome was investigated. The clinical history of these patients differed from the norm in that symptoms were intermittent and affected unusual sites. In addition, routine investigations were supplemented with a more detailed psychological evaluation than reported previously and also a possible allergic component was studied by patch testing. The study has shown that this subgroup differs from burning mouth syndrome patients overall in that emotional instability and allergic reactions, particularly to food additives, are of etiological significance and require to be taken into consideration in terms of patient management.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Reported burning mouth symptoms among middle-aged and elderly women.

The aims of this investigation were to assess the prevalence of burning mouth symptoms (BM) in a representative population of Swedish middle-aged and elderly women (n=1017) and its relation to general and oral health status. BM was reported by 4.6% (n=47), and 85% of the BM subjects had experienced BM for more than 6 months. A stepwise multiple logistic regression with BM/non-BM as dependent variable showed that 7 covariates were found to be predictive of BM. These variables were medication with antihypertensives, sedatives and female sex hormones. Moreover, headache, tinnitus, dry mouth, and reduced chewing ability were included in the final model.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Preliminary results of moisture checker for Mucus in diagnosing dry mouth.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of Moisture Checker for Mucus (MCM), a device which measures the weight percent of water content in the oral mucosal epithelium, for the diagnosis of dry mouth. METHOD: Forty-three consecutive patients seen at the Dry Mouth Clinic of Tsurumi University were divided into two groups by the diagnostic criteria of hyposalivation defined by the stimulated salivary flow rate < or =10 ml per 10 min. The MCM values in the buccal, tongue and labial mucosa in each group were compared. RESULTS: The value of the normal salivation group was significantly higher when compared with that of the hyposalivation group both in the buccal and tongue mucosa, P = 0.01 and P = 0.046, respectively. CONCLUSION: Moisture Checker for Mucus has the potential to be a useful device in the screening of hyposalivation.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effect of Salinum on the symptoms of dry mouth: a pilot study.

The effect of a new saliva substitute, Salinum, was tested in 37 patients with severe symptoms of reduced salivation. The majority of the patients had suffered from hyposalivation and dry mouth for more than 8 years. The saliva substitute consisted of a water soluble extract of linseed. The physical properties of this extract are similar to those of the glycoproteins of the salivary secretions. The patients used the saliva substitute for a seven days period. Prior to the use of the extract the patients reported that the most severe symptoms of decreased salivation were a feeling of dryness in the mouth and burning sensations in the tongue, pharynx and oesophagus, The majority of the patients reported that the use of Salinum reduced the symptoms of hyposalivation. Great variation in effect occurred from patient to patient. Generally the patients with the most severe symptoms experienced the greatest relief of the symptoms when they used Salinum. Although of short duration the results of this pilot study indicate that an extract of linseeds may compensate for some aspects of the consequences of reduced salivation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the feasibility of the extract as saliva replacement.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Burning mouth in Parkinson's disease sufferers.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of burning mouth (BM) in a population of Parkinson's Disease (PD) sufferers and also to assess the use of pain profiles in identifying the type of burning sensation experienced. DESIGN: Subjects were surveyed by means of a one shot postal questionnaire for which ethical approval had previously been granted. Anonymity was guaranteed and therefore no attempt was made to follow up non-respondents. MAIN OUTCOME: BM was reported by 24% of respondents. The pain profiles were completed by 17 BM sufferers. CONCLUSION: Burning mouth is reported to occur in 24% of PD sufferers which is 5 times greater than that of the general population. The reason for this is uncertain but the result has implications for the future care of PD patients and indicates the need for increased dental input at PD outpatient clinics.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

The role of the World Reference Laboratories for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and for Rinderpest.

The World Reference Laboratories for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and for Rinderpest provide a worldwide diagnostic and surveillance service for these disease for FAO and OIE. Both laboratories are housed within the high security facility of the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and rinderpest (RP) are OIE List A diseases and historically have caused huge losses to agricultural economies around the world, prompting the establishment of veterinary colleges in Europe and environmentally controversial control programs in Africa. FMD and RP have now been geographically restricted, but the large legal and illegal world trade in live animals and animal products constantly threatens to allow them to spread back into disease-free areas. The Reference Laboratories provide a center of excellence for the development of improved diagnostic techniques and a repository of isolates collected over many years. These libraries provide material for investigations of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of the viruses and a data base against which new isolates can be compared. Thus it is possible to individually characterize new outbreak strains, identify their likely origin and provide the most up-to-date support for their control.

Africa↗

PubMed2000

International approach to eradication and surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease in the Americas.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was introduced into the Americas in 1870. At that time the disease was described simultaneously in the North coast of the United States of North America, the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina, the central region of Chile, Uruguay, and South Brazil. At the beginning of the twentieth century the disease spread to the rest of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Perú. In 1950 the disease was introduced into Venezuela, and in the same year to Colombia, and from there to Ecuador. The United States of America eradicated an outbreak of FMD in 1929. Outbreaks of FMD were also eradicated from Mexico in 1947 and from Canada in 1952. The last outbreak that occurred in Mexico in 1954 was also eradicated. In 1951 the Americas Animal Health Authorities decided to establish a Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), initially as a special program within the American States Organization (OAS). The center was later transferred to the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO). In the early 1970s PANAFTOSA developed a proposal for a continental surveillance system for vesicular diseases, which was approved by Agriculture Ministers at an International Meeting for FMD and Zoonoses (RICAZ). Since then, PANAFTOSA dedicated all efforts to collaborate with each country in the implementation of the system and to receive, analyze, and distribute a weekly report of vesicular diseases. The model was elaborated using coordinate grid maps, one for the South American Continent, others for each country in the region. The reports from each country consist of the grid location for any suspicious outbreak of vesicular disease. Using the information gathered during visits to the countries, as well as weekly reports, and by studying the most frequent animal movements within the region, PANAFTOSA developed a proposal for FMD eradication. This plan was approved by the Government of South America and implemented in cooperation with PANAFTOSA. The hemispheric plan for FMD eradication (PHEFA), has been implemented and today Chile and Uruguay are FMD free without vaccination; Argentina, Paraguay, and the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina in Brazil are also recognized by the OIE to be FMD Free, with vaccination. The use of the continental surveillance system is the main strategy for achieving the eradication of FMD in South America. At this time PANAFTOSA is working to improve the system, and to add other diseases indicated by the governments of the Americas.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Investigation of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in vaccinated dairy cattle in Thailand.

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that spread between two related vaccinated dairy herds was investigated. Although the cattle were of similar vaccination status, in one herd there was high morbidity, whereas in the other there was considerably lower morbidity. The relationship between the vaccine virus and the outbreak virus was expressed as an r value determined by the two-dimensional neutralisation test. Bovine serum homologous to the vaccine virus indicated a close antigenic relationship between the vaccine virus and the outbreak virus (r = 0.61). The source of the outbreak virus was not determined. The investigation suggested a requirement for close contact between stock for foot-and-mouth disease to spread in a tropical environment, in contrast to the capacity of the disease to spread considerable distances by aerosol transmission in temperate climates.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Investigation for VP4 region of coxsackie virus A16 RNA sequence from hand-foot-mouth disease patients at eastern district of Shizuoka prefecture in 1995].

In 1995 an investigation was made for VP4 regions of coxsackie virus A16 (CA16) RNA sequence from hand-foot-mouth disease patients in eastern district of Shizuoka Prefecture. Subjects were seven patients who were diagnosed as hand-foot-mouth disease due to CA16 at the Ohashi Pediatric Clinic in Susono City. Throat swabs of patients were extracted to RNA. Extracted RNA were assayed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction that primers corresponded to VP4 resion of enteroviruses. PCR products were marked by dye-deoxy terminator methods and assayed by direct sequence methods. RNA sequences were classified into two types. Type 1 were three cases, and type 2 were four. The homology was 90.8% between type 1 and type 2. All cases of sixty-nine amino acids were the same as prototype strain. We concluded that the two type strains of CA16 were prevalented in eastern district of Shizuoka Prefecture in 1995. It was at the same time and was widely noted in the eastern district.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

[Serotype determination of enteroviruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease; identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 from clinical specimens by using specific probe].

Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are known to be major causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease prevalent in summer in Japan. Discrimination and identification of these viruses were often hampered by a nonneutralizable or nontypable virus. Therefore, a Southern blot hybridization that utilizes mixed probes specific to serotype was developed. Firstly, an approximately 650 bases spanning 5'-noncoding region to one third of VP2 including entire VP4 was amplified with a set of primers containing enterovirus common sequences and a genomic RNA as template. Secondary, the nucleotide sequences were determined using seven CA16 and eighteen EV71 strains including the standard strains, and the deduced amino acid sequences of VP4 were searched to find residues which are conserved in the same serotypes but diverged among different serotypes. Candidate positions for the mixed probes were defined at the carboxyl terminus of VP4. Thirdly, Southern blot analyses were carried out using thirty-nine enterovirus standard strains, seven CA16 isolates and sixty-six EV71 isolates previously identified by the neutralization test. The results revealed that each mixed probe exclusively bound to the homologous DNAs but not to the heterologous ones. In an attempt to determine serotypes without virus isolation, clinical specimens from hand-foot-and-mouth disease were examined. Of 78 throat swabs and 15 vesicular fluids, 71 (91.0%) and 13 (86.7%) specimens were clearly identified, indicating that the method described here offer advantages over the traditional neutralization assay: It is rapid, specific and less labor-consuming.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1983

Available immunoglobulin A antibodies in mouth rinses and implantation of Streptococcus mutans.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans were analyzed in mouth rinses from 38 adults. Antibody activity was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IgA antibody activity varied considerably in samples from different individuals. Of the 38 subjects, 12 volunteered in an implantation experiment and were challenged with streptomycin-resistant S. mutans. The results indicated that individuals with relatively high IgA antibody activity in mouth rinses more rapidly eliminated the challenge strain than subjects with low IgA antibody activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1966

Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin.

Gailiunas, Peter (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N. Y.), and George E. Cottral. Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin. J. Bacteriol. 91:2333-2338. 1966.-This study established that the seven known antigenic types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have consistent affinity to all areas of bovine skin, even though gross cutaneous lesions usually are found only in the pedal area. Considerable amounts of FMDV were present in skin of 13 different body areas, irrespective of the presence of hair. All skin specimens from the trunk of 50 experimentally infected steers, necropsied from 12 hr to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), contained FMDV in the dermal and epidermal tissues. In skins of some steers, FMDV persisted for as long as 5 days after cessation of viremia. The highest average virus titer, 10(3.6) plaque-forming units (PFU) per g of skin, was found at 2 DPI. Some areas of the trunk and extremities had titers of approximately 10(5.0) PFU per g of skin. Characteristic gross lesions were not observed in sampling areas. The present observations have epizootiological importance for hides offered in international trade, because FMDV localized intracutaneously is more difficult to inactivate than virus adhering to hide surfaces.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Rapid detection and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus by restriction enzyme and nucleotide sequence analysis of PCR products.

Reverse transcription coupled with PCR was used for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, C, and O in organ extracts from experimentally infected cattle. Primers were selected from conserved sequences flanking the genome region coding for the major antigenic site of the capsid located in the C-terminal part of viral protein 1 (VP1). Because this region of the capsid is highly variable its coding sequence is considered to be the most appropriate for the characterization of virus isolates and, therefore, for the determination of the epidemiological relationships between viruses of the same serotype. For differentiation between serotypes and for detailed characterization of individual virus isolates restriction enzyme cleavage and nucleotide sequence analysis of the respective PCR products were carried out. In order to minimize the time required for sample preparation from clinical material, viral RNA was released from particles by heating the sample for 5 min at 90 degrees C. Finally, an air thermocycler was used, which allows performance of a PCR of 30 cycles in approximately 20 min. The results show that reverse transcription PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis and/or nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR products is useful for the rapid detection and differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Abiotrophia elegans strains comprise 8% of the nutritionally variant streptococci isolated from the human mouth.

Ninety-one isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) that were previously isolated from the human mouth were regarded as consisting of 7 Streptococcus defectivus isolates, 78 Streptococcus adjacens isolates, and 6 Gemella morbillorum isolates. However, recent references to the taxonomic reclassification of NVS, from S. defectivus to Abiotrophia defectiva and from S. adjacens to Abiotrophia adiacens, and the newly introduced species Abiotrophia elegans as a third Abiotrophia species, emphasize the need for genetic analyses for identification of NVS. When PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and phylogenetic distances were examined based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the results indicated that 7 of the 91 NVS isolates were closely related to A. elegans. These seven isolates consisted of four isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum and three isolates previously identified as S. adjacens. Two isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum were related to A. adiacens. In biochemical tests, A. elegans and the seven isolates related to it possessed arginine dihydrolase (ADH) activity but the other Abiotrophia species did not. As a result, A. elegans strains comprised 8% of the 91 NVS isolates. Our findings suggest that A. elegans, A. adiacens, and A. defectiva exist in the human mouth in proportions of about 1:11:1 and that A. elegans can be genetically distinguished from the other two Abiotrophia species by PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and can be biochemically distinguished by ADH activity.

Food Microbiology↗

PubMed1995

Receptor binding site-deleted foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protects cattle from FMD.

Binding of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to cells requires an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence in the capsid protein VP1. We have genetically engineered an FMDV in which these three amino acids have been deleted, producing a virus particle which is unable to bind to cells. Cattle vaccinated with these receptor binding site-deleted virions were protected from disease when challenged with a virulent virus, demonstrating that these RGD-deleted viruses could serve as the basis for foot-and-mouth disease vaccines safer than those currently in use. This strategy may prove useful in the development of vaccines for other viral diseases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗