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PubMed1985

Changes in lymphocyte subsets during the course of experimental allergic neuritis.

The percentages of various leucocyte subsets in the blood, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes of animals with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) were determined at various times between the initiation of the disease and recovery. The total cell yield from these tissues and the weights of the spleens and lymph nodes were recorded. Clinical and histological signs of disease were assessed at the same time points. Normal and adjuvant control animals were also studied. The most marked change observed was that the percentage of MRC OX 8+ ('suppressor/cytotoxic') cells in the blood of animals with EAN was significantly below the normal value during the most severe clinical disease, and then returned to normal during recovery. Adjuvant controls did not show this change. No significant differences were observed in the other lymphocyte subsets studied (surface Ig+, Ia+, W3.13+ and W3.25+ cells) or in the total white cell count in the blood. There were no changes from normal values in any of the parameters examined in the spleen. The popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged in both adjuvant controls and animals with EAN and both showed a decrease in the percentage of W3.25+ lymphocytes from normal unenlarged nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Alterations in lymphocyte subsets in variable immunodeficiency syndrome].

Besides functional defects, different phenotypical alterations of lymphocytes have been described in patients with CVID. A decrease in LAM-1- (= Leu8) and CD21 expression was observed on B cells. Some patients with CVID show alterations in their T-cell subpopulations: The most striking features of this subgroup are low CD4/CD8-ratio, an increase in CD57/CD8 double-positive lymphocytes, and a strong enhancement of HLA-DR and "memory" markers such as CD29 and LFA-3 on T cells.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1998

Chronic and acute prenatal and postnatal ethanol exposure on lymphocyte subsets from offspring thymic, splenic, and intestinal intraepithelial sources.

The overall objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a combined prenatal and postnatal (entire gestational human chronic drinking model) ethanol exposure on T-cell development in mice. Specifically, this study evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to prenatal ethanol on lymphocyte makeup and proliferative capabilities of postnatal offspring's (4 and 12 weeks) peripheral lymphoid tissues. Chronic exposure regimens were conducted over the entire gestational period and through postnatal day 14 or 21. Thymus, spleen, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry for percentages of T-cell subsets. Splenic lymphocytes were also analyzed for their ability to proliferate in response to a T-cell mitogen. Limited effects of chronic ethanol exposure were seen.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Role of T-lymphocyte subsets in facial nerve paralysis owing to the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1.

CONCLUSION: Although both T-cell subsets are essential for inhibiting HSV-1 reactivation in the GG, CD4 + T cells play a more important role in host defense against virus replication. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the host immunological factors that participate in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation in the geniculate ganglia (GG) and lead to facial paralysis, we developed a mouse model of facial paralysis that involved the reactivation of HSV-1 following general immune suppression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight weeks after recovery from primary facial paralysis caused by inoculating the auricle with HSV-1 the auricle was scratched and mice (n = 69) were given an i.p. injection of either anti-CD4 (n = 46) or anti-CD8 (n = 23) monoclonal antibody to deplete specific T-lymphocyte subsets. Following this reactivation procedure, the rate of recurrent facial paralysis was compared between the two models. The GG were examined histopathologically and using polymerase chain reaction to detect HSV-1 DNA. RESULTS: Facial paralysis developed in 42% of mice in the anti-CD4 model and in 13% in the anti-CD8 model. HSV-1 DNA was detected in 50% of the mice in both models. Histopathologically, neurons were destroyed in parts of the GG and numerous virus particles were seen in the surviving neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Further analysis of the T cell receptor gamma/delta+ peripheral lymphocyte subset. The V delta 1 gene segment is expressed with either C alpha or C delta.

In the present study, we have characterized the reactivity of two mAbs that are directed at the human TCR-gamma/delta. These reagents, designated anti-A13 and anti-TiV delta 2, were found to recognize antigenic determinants encoded by the TCR V delta 1 and V delta 2 gene segments, respectively. Immunofluorescence analyses performed with the antibodies confirmed that, in the TCR-gamma/delta+ cell subpopulation, the expression of V delta 2+ delta chains is largely predominant, as compared with the V delta 1+ counterparts. However, these experiments led to an apparently discrepant finding. Indeed, the total number of cells recognized by the anti-A13 plus the anti-TiV delta 2 antibodies was often greater than that detected with anti-TCR-delta 1, a reagent specific for a constant epitope of the human delta chain. Further investigation showed that the presence of a sizeable peripheral lymphocyte subset coexpressing the BMA031 and the A13 epitopes. Because the former antibody is known to recognize an invariant antigenic determinant of the TCR-alpha/beta dimer, these results suggested that the V delta 1 gene segment may be expressed with either C delta or C alpha. This hypothesis was confirmed using T2, an IL-2-dependent BMA031+ A13+ polyclonal cell line developed from peripheral blood of a healthy adult donor. Indeed, T2 cells were found to have productively rearranged the V delta 1 gene. Together, results of Northern blot analysis and cDNA cloning indicated that V delta 1 was expressed in these cells as part of a 1.6-kb full-length message including J alpha-C alpha segments.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Distribution of CD45RA and CD45RO T-lymphocyte subsets in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue.

We have characterized the lymphocytes in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies directed against B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and antibodies directed against CD45RA and CD45RO, which define T-cell subsets. Both CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T lymphocytes were detected in the perivascular regions. CD45RA+ lymphocytes were present primarily in perivascular areas of moderate to large lymphocytic infiltration. Some synovial perivascular lymphocytic aggregates were organized into focal areas of CD45RA+ B lymphocytes surrounded by CD45RO+ T lymphocytes. In areas of diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, the T lymphocytes were CD45RO+. These data suggest that both CD45RO+ and CD45RA+ T lymphocytes enter the RA synovial tissue via the synovial vasculature and that, once in the tissue, the CD45RA+ T lymphocytes may undergo activation/maturation and acquire the CD45RO phenotype.

Antigens, Differentiation↗
PubMed1988

Modulation of lymphocyte subsets in Peyer's patches of mice treated with monoclonal antibody against helper T-cells.

Treatment of mice with anti-L3T4, a monoclonal antibody directed against helper T-cells, impairs clearance of intestinal Giardia muris infection. The present study examined the effect of anti-L3T4 treatment on mouse Peyer's patch cytoarchitecture and on the distribution of T-cell subsets within microenvironments of the follicle. Female BALB/c mice, aged 8 weeks, were given 4-7 weekly injections of either anti-L3T4 (1 mg/wk) or PBS (control group), and Peyer's patches were examined by immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. In anti-L3T4-treated mice, Peyer's patch follicles (B-cell areas) were about two thirds the size of follicles in controls, and virtually all the size difference occurred in germinal centers. Peyer's patches were depleted of L3T4+ cells, yet the proportion of Thy-1.2+ (all T) cells was not decreased correspondingly, and the distribution of Thy-1.2+ cells in the patches was similar to that in control mice. In anti-L3T4-treated mice, Thy-1.2+ cells consisted of (a) Ly-2+ (cytotoxic/suppressor T) cells, and (b) a population of Thy-1.2+ cells that were neither L3T4+ nor Ly-2+. After treatment, Ly-2+ cells accounted for most of the T-cells in interfollicular areas and were also scattered in follicles, in germinal centers, and below the dome epithelium--in areas where L3T4+ cells predominated in control mice. Thy-1.2+ cells that were L3T4- and Ly-2- were mainly localized below the dome epithelium. These shifts indicate complex interrelationships among different lymphocyte subsets in Peyer's patches.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with stomach cancer.

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the immunologic alterations alongside the numerical changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL) and their subsets in stomach cancer patients. Lymphocyte surface markers were determined in 85 stomach cancer patients and 49 controls by indirect immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies used were Leu 2a(CD8, suppressor/cytotoxic T cells), Leu 3a(CD4, inducer/helper T cells), Leu 4(CD3, pan T reagent), Leu 11(CD16, natural killer cells) and Leu 12(CD19, B cells). The numbers of PBL, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ and CD19+ cells significantly decreased and the CD4: CD8 value increased in 85 patients with stomach cancer compared to those in controls(p < 0.01). In stage I(n = 17), neither PBL, their subsets nor the CD4: CD8 value were significantly different from those of the controls. In stage II(n = 17), the numbers of PBL, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells decreased(p < 0.01). In stage III(n = 24) and IV(n = 27), PBL and all subsets measured decreased(p < 0.01). The CD4: CD8 value showed significant increases in stages III and IV(p < 0.01), because the CD8+ cells decreased to a greater extent than did the CD4+ cells. The results demonstrating that the lymphocyte subsets are depressed differentially with the stage suggest that host immunity is impaired with the progression of stomach cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocyte subsets in chronic adult periodontitis.

It is well known that interactions between microbial dental plaque and the host immune system play a major role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the phenotypic properties of gingival T lymphocytes and subsets in patients with chronic inflammatory adult periodontitis (AP) showing various degrees of inflammation and to relate the results to the immunopathogenesis of AP. Gingival biopsies were obtained from patients aged between 26 and 52 yr who were grouped according to gingival index scores (GI) of 1, 2, and 3. Using immunohistochemical techniques, T cells (CD2+), T-helper cells (CD4+) and T-suppressor cells (CD8+) were identified in three well-defined areas of the biopsy samples. Moreover, peripheral blood was collected from the same patients, and relative counts of B cells (CD19+), HLA-DR+ cells and IL-2R+ cells as well as CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells were determined using three color flow cytometry. While the blood results were found to be within the normal ranges, the relative counts of CD4+ cells showed statistically significant decreases as the GI score increased. Similarly, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio also decreased. Moreover, gingival T lymphocyte and subset counts appeared to be related to the severity of gingival inflammation. Particularly, CD4+ cells showed a significant increase with the GI score. Furthermore, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio beneath the pocket epithelium was apparently correlated with increasing GI score (p < 0.05). The cytotoxic effect of CD8+ cells seems to be more prominent at the local level while the suppressor effect is more active systematically. This means that the price of systemic protection appears to be local destruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Shigella infection induces cellular activation of T and B cells and distinct species-related changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets during the course of the disease.

Immunophenotypic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes (T, B, and NK cells) in patients during shigellosis was characterized by using triple-color flow cytometry. Eleven Shigella dysenteriae 1-infected adult patients (SDIP), 11 Shigella flexneri-infected adult patients (SFIP), 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls from Bangladesh (C-B), and 15 healthy volunteers from Sweden (V-S) were studied. In SDIP and SFIP, a significant increase in the CD45RO+ cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were seen. We found evidence for sequential T-cell activation, as shown by increased proportions of CD25 and CD4+ cells; HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8+ cells, and CD54 on CD4+ and CD8+ cells. We found differences in the lymphocyte activation and subset patterns related to the infecting Shigella species. Thus, a decrease in CD45 expression was seen in SFIP; this decrease progressed further during the disease. The proportions of NK cells (CD56+ cells) and CD3- CD8+ cells out of the total CD8+ cells were increased in SFIP but not in SDIP. The CD3+ CD8+ CD57+ T-cell subset was significantly lower in SDIP than in C-B. The proportion of B-lymphocyte-expressing activation markers CD80 and CD23 was higher in patients than in C-B. There was a significant increase in the proportion of CD4+ T cells and a significant decrease in the percentages of total B cells, the CD3+ CD8+ CD57+ T-cell subset, and the CD56+ CD16+ NK-cell subset for V-S compared with C-B. Our results indicate that distinct subset changes and activation patterns are elicited in SDIP compared with SFIP and also that the degree of activation is related to disease severity. In addition, a common sequence of cell activation was seen during the disease course. The difference in the subset patterns seen in C-B and V-S may be related to differences in the levels or spectra of infectious agents in the environment.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1992

T lymphocyte subsets and function in the peripheral blood of patients with urological cancer.

The phenotypic distribution and immune reactivity of T lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood of 50 patients with urological cancer were determined. Included were 36 patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma, 7 patients with renal cell carcinoma and 7 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Thirty-eight age-matched patients with benign urological disease served as controls. A depression in immune competence was found in the group of male patients with infiltrating bladder cancer. In more than 50% of the patients with infiltrating bladder carcinoma, the T helper (CD4) subset was reduced with a concomitant inversion in the CD4/CD8 ratio and impairment in the T cell function as determined by the ability to proliferate upon phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin stimulation. Patients with superficial bladder carcinoma, as well as those with renal cell carcinoma had an immune profile similar to that of the control group. The group of patients with prostatic carcinoma had higher mean CD4/CD8 ratios than the control group, resulting from decreased suppressor/cytotoxic cells. Our results have indicated that the characterization of T cell subset and lymphocyte activity correlated well with the histopathologic state of patients with bladder carcinoma. Thus, the determination of the CD4/CD8 ratio may prove a valuable method for monitoring patients with bladder carcinoma, in addition to serial urine cytology, random urothelial biopsies and flow cytometry.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Effects of spaceflight on the number of rat peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets.

Experiments were carried out on peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen lymphocytes from 29 male rats that were flown during the Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1) nine-day mission on the shuttle Columbia in June 1991 and on appropriate ground controls. On the day of landing, there was a significant decrease in the total white blood cell counts (P < 0.0001) of flight animals in comparison to controls. There was also a significant decrease in the absolute number of lymphocytes (P < 0.0001) and monocytes (P < 0.0001) in the flight animals. A slight decrease in the absolute number of eosinophils and a slight increase in the number of neutrophils were observed at landing, compared with preflight values. Immunophenotyping of the peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes of flight and control animals indicated that, on the day of landing, there was a decrease in the absolute number of CD4 and CD8 positive cells and B lymphocytes. However, relative percentages of peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+, and B cells were not found to be depressed. No differences were discerned in the percent reactivity of spleen lymphocytes of flight animals compared with controls. The observed decrease in the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes at the immediate postflight period was transient and all values returned to the control levels by nine days postflight.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Lymphocyte subsets, apoptosis, and cytokines in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Whether immunologic abnormalities correlate with fatigue severity and functional impairment in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was investigated. Blood mononuclear cells were immunophenotyped and circulating ex vivo-produced cytokines were measured in 76 CFS patients and 69 healthy matched controls. Expression of CD11b on CD8 cells was significantly decreased in CFS patients. However, the previously reported increased expression of CD38 and HLA-DR was not confirmed. There was no obvious difference in apoptosis in leukocyte cultures, circulating cytokines, and ex vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Endotoxin-stimulated ex vivo production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-beta was significantly lower in CFS. The immunologic test results did not correlate with fatigue severity or psychologic well-being was measured by Checklist Individual Strength, Beck Depression Inventory, and Sickness Impact Profile. Thus, these immunologic tests cannot be used as diagnostic tools in individual CFS patients.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed2002

BY55/CD160 acts as a co-receptor in TCR signal transduction of a human circulating cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte subset lacking CD28 expression.

In the present study, we examined the role of the recently identified glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface molecule BY55, assigned as CD160, in TCR signaling. CD160 is expressed by most intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and by a minor subset of circulating lymphocytes including NK, TCRgammadelta and cytotoxic effector CD8bright+CD28- T lymphocytes. We report that CD160, which has a broad specificity for MHC class Ia and Ib molecules, behaves as a co-receptor upon T cell activation. Anti-CD160 mAb enhance the CD3-induced proliferation of freshly isolated CD160-enriched peripheral blood lymphocytes and CD160+ T cell clones. Further, the engagement of CD160 receptors on normal clonal T lymphocyte populations lacking CD4, CD8 and CD28 molecules by MHC class I molecules results in an increased CD3-induced cell proliferation. Further, we found that CD160 co-precipitates with the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck and tyrosine phosphorylated zeta chains upon TCR-CD3 cell activation. Thus, we demonstrate that CD160 provides co-stimulatory signals leading to the expansion of a minor subset of circulating lymphocytes including double-negative CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes and CD8bright+ cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes lacking CD28 expression.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1993

Lymphocyte subset responses to trauma and sepsis.

One hundred five trauma patients admitted to three trauma centers with injury Severity Scores of 20 or greater had lymphocyte phenotypic subsets characterized throughout their hospital course. Total lymphocytes, pan-T (CD2), helper T (CD4), suppressor T (CD8), pan B (CD20), and DR expressing lymphocytes were quantitated by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometric analysis. Results were analyzed between three patient groups: uninfected, uneventful recovery (n = 64); major infection (n = 26); and dead (n = 15; 7 with sepsis). A significant lymphopenia, maximal at 3 days, occurred in the first postinjury week compared with controls (p < 0.05), which recovered over the study period. A hierarchical distribution was found between the three outcome groups with the lowest numbers of several lymphocyte phenotypes in those who died. T helper and suppressor cells were similarly affected, but lowest in patients destined to develop infection or die. The helper-suppressor ratio, however, was similar in all three outcome groups. Therefore, modulation early after injury aimed at restoring these subsets may reduce the risk of subsequent infection.

Adolescent↗