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PubMed2005

Optometry and WebCT: a student survey of the value of web-based learning environments in optometric education.

PURPOSE: Improvements in information and communication technology and the need for off-campus delivery have led to the increased use of web-based learning tools in optometry schools around the world. This study compared student-reported preferences for traditional lecture-based learning with their preferences when using a web-based learning tool. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen second and third year students from the School of Optometry and Vision Science at the University of New South Wales were surveyed. All students had worked with WebCT for at least two years. Students were asked to rank a range of learning tools in perceived usefulness and also to state how often they used the particular learning tools. RESULTS: The students rated notes (lecture or WebCT delivered) and clinical laboratory sessions as their most useful learning tools. The use of specific learning tools was more diverse, with students reporting that they often used notes (lecture or WebCT delivered), the WebCT calendar tool and the WebCT discussion tool. This result highlights the valuable contribution of the communication aspect of WebCT to fostering learning communities. The least used learning tools were textbooks, websites mentioned in lectures and library print resources. Interestingly, the purchase of textbooks was high with 77 per cent of students on average reporting they had bought the recommended textbooks. CONCLUSION: Notes were the preferred learning tool of the optometry students at UNSW, suggesting that passive learning of content was the preferred learning style. It is hoped that the introduction of web-based learning environments may allow students and staff to reflect on their preferred teaching and learning styles. Web-based learning tools, such as WebCT, provide a powerful method to facilitate independent deeper learning in students with active learning styles. The current encouragement of student-based active learning methods should see increased use of independent learning platforms, such as WebCT, in optometry schools.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1990

Human IgE-binding protein: a soluble lectin exhibiting a highly conserved interspecies sequence and differential recognition of IgE glycoforms.

IgE-binding protein (epsilon BP) refers to a protein originally identified in rat basophilic leukemia cells by virtue of its affinity for IgE. It is now known to be a beta-galactoside-binding lectin equivalent to carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (CBP 35). More recently, its identity to Mac-2, a macrophage cell-surface protein, has been established. cDNA coding for human epsilon BP has been cloned from a human HeLa cell cDNA library and contains an open reading frame of 750 base pairs encoding a 250 amino acid protein. Like the rat and murine counterparts, the human epsilon BP amino acid sequence can be divided into two domains with the amino-terminal domain consisting of a highly conserved repetitive sequence (YPGXXXPGA) and the carboxyl-terminal domain containing sequences shared by other S-type lectins. The human epsilon BP sequence exhibits extensive homology to murine and rat epsilon BP with 84% and 82% identity, respectively. The homology is particularly striking in the carboxyl-terminal domain where 95% identity is found between human and murine sequences in a stretch of over 70 amino acids. A survey of epsilon BP mRNA expression from several lymphocyte cell lines revealed that the level of epsilon BP transcription may reflect a relationship between cell differentiation and epsilon BP expression. Finally, human epsilon BP was purified from several human cell lines and shown to possess lactose-binding characteristics and cross-species reactivity to murine IgE. Surprisingly, three different human myeloma IgE proteins did not show reactivity to human epsilon BP. However, after neuraminidase treatment of each human IgE, pronounced binding to epsilon BP was observed, thereby indicating that only specific IgE glycoforms can be recognized by epsilon BP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Single dose paracetamol (acetaminophen), with and without codeine, for postoperative pain.

BACKGROUND: Patient surveys have shown that postoperative pain is often not managed well, and there is a need to assess the efficacy and safety of commonly used analgesics as newer treatments become available. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is an important non-opiate analgesic, commonly prescribed, as well as being available for retail sale. This review seeks to examine the efficacy of paracetamol alone and in combination with codeine, and also considers adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of a single dose of oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) alone and in combination with codeine for moderate to severe postoperative pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: Published trials were identified from: Medline (1966 to May 1996), Embase (1980 to 1996), Cochrane Library (Issue 2 1996) and the Oxford Pain Relief Database (1950 to 1994). Additional trials were identified from reference lists of retrieved studies. Date of most recent searches: July 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria were: full journal publication, postoperative pain, postoperative oral administration, adult patients, baseline pain of moderate to severe intensity, double-blind design, and random allocation to treatment groups which compared paracetamol with placebo or a combination of paracetamol and codeine with either placebo or the same dose of paracetamol alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and trials were quality scored. Summed pain intensity and pain relief data were extracted and converted into dichotomous information to yield the number of patients with at least 50% pain relief. This was used to calculate the relative benefit and number-needed-to-treat (NNT) for one patient to achieve at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours compared with placebo. Adverse effects were used to calculate relative risk and number-needed-to-harm (NNH). MAIN RESULTS: We found 40 trials of paracetamol against placebo (4171 patients), 22 trials of paracetamol plus codeine against placebo (1407 patients) and 12 trials of paracetamol plus codeine against the same dose of paracetamol (794 patients). In postoperative pain paracetamol 1000 mg had an NNT of 4.6 (3.8-5.4) for at least 50% pain relief when compared with placebo, and paracetamol 600/650 mg had an NNT of 5.3 (4.1-7.2). Paracetamol 600/650 mg plus codeine 60 mg had an NNT of 3. 6 (2.9-4.5). Comparing paracetamol plus codeine 60 mg with the same dose of paracetamol alone gave an NNT of 7.7 (5.1-17) for at least 50% pain relief. Adverse effects: Relative risk estimates for paracetamol 600/650 mg plus codeine 60 mg versus placebo showed a significant difference for 'drowsiness'/somnolence (NNH 11 (7.5- 0)) and dizziness (NNH 27 (15-164)) but no significant difference for nausea/vomiting. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Paracetamol is an effective analgesic with a low incidence of adverse effects. The addition of codeine 60 mg to paracetamol produces additional pain relief even in single oral doses, but may be accompanied by an increase in drowsiness and dizziness.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A survey and new results on computer enumeration of polyhex and fusene hydrocarbons.

After a short historic review, we briefly describe a new algorithm for constructive enumeration of polyhex and fusene hydrocarbons. In this process our algorithm also enumerates isomers and symmetry groups of molecules (which implies enumeration of enantiomers). Contrary to previous methods often based on the boundary code or its variants (which records orientation of edges along the boundary) or on the DAST code, which uses a rigid dualist graph (whose vertices are associated with faces and edges with adjacency between them), the proposed algorithm proceeds in two phases. First inner dual graphs are enumerated; then molecules obtained from each of them by specifying angles between adjacent edges are obtained. Favorable computational results are reported. The new algorithm is so fast that output of the structures is by far the most time-consuming part of the process. It thus contributes to enumeration in chemistry, a topic studied for over a century, and is useful in library making, QSAR/QSPR, and synthesis studies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

The use of learning resource centers in the teaching of pulmonary medicine.

Learning resource centers (LRC) are areas designed for individual study which contain a variety of self-instructional materials. To evaluate the use of LRC in teaching pulmonary medicine, a survey was conducted of medical school pulmonary sections; responses were obtained from 30 sections with an NHLBI pulmonary Academic Award (PAA groups), and 21 sections without PAA (non-PAA group). LRC were established in 77 percent of the PAA group but only 14 percent of the non-PAA group. A higher percentage of pulmonary fellows than students used the resource center and student use was higher when the LRC was formally integrated into the curriculum. Textbooks and journals were more heavily used than materials utilizing audiovisual educational techniques. The results of this study suggest that pulmonary LRC use is modest, LRC cost is high, and LRC educational value may not be superior to general medical libraries.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2003

Gustave Caillebotte, French impressionism, and mere exposure.

Gustave Caillebotte was a painter, a collector of some of his colleagues' most renowned works, and a major force in the creation of the late 19th century French Impressionist canon. Six studies are presented as a naturalistic investigation of the effects of mere exposure to images in his collection and to those matched to them. The probabilities of cultural exposure to the 132 stimulus images were indexed by the frequencies of their separate appearances in Cornell University library books--a total of 4,232 times in 980 different books. Across the studies, adult preferences were correlated with differences in image frequencies, but not with recognition, complexity, or prototypicality judgments; children's preferences were not correlated with frequency. Prior cultural exposure also interacted with experimental exposure in predictable ways. The results suggest that mere exposure helps to maintain an artistic canon.

Choice Behavior↗

PubMed1998

Study provides regional comparisons of utilization data.

Data Library: Nationwide trends show hospital acute care capacity and utilization still on the decline. With shorter lengths of stay and medical advances, hospitals are downsizing by cutting the number of beds in service. This month's column shows exactly how many beds have been cut and in which parts of the country. Use these data to compare your organization's discharge numbers, occupancy rates, and average lengths of stay by region and nationally.

Bed Occupancy↗

PubMed1994

Conformational mimicry of a chlamydial neutralization epitope on filamentous phage.

Conformational constraints were imposed on a peptide epitope from Chlamydia trachomatis to improve its ability to elicit antibodies that cross-react with native antigen. Appropriate constraints were discovered by a strategy that required no prior knowledge of the epitope's native conformation. First, we constructed a library of 3.2 x 10(5) peptides in which the epitope's contact residues were subject to random conformational constraints, each constrained peptide being fused genetically to the surface of a filamentous phage vector. Next, we selected phage displaying the most native-like peptides in the library by affinity purification with antibodies that bind the epitope only in its native conformation. Finally, we immunized mice with the selected phage and titered the resulting antisera against both whole cells and unconstrained peptide. The ratio of anti-cell titer to anti-peptide titer, which reflects the channeling of the antibody response to the native epitope, was up to five times higher for affinity-selected phage than for unselected peptide phage. In this case, therefore, "antigenic fitness," the ability of a peptide to bind antibodies specific for native epitope, correlated with "immunogenic fitness," its ability to elicit antibodies that are effective against the native antigen on an invading pathogen. If the correlation is general, surveying thousands or millions of peptides for antigenic fitness with phage display technology may be a simple but effective pre-screen for immunogenic fitness, which is costly to assess directly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Crossing the digital divide: the contribution of information technology to the professional performance of malaria researchers in Africa.

BACKGROUND: The US National Library of Medicine supports the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) through the design, implementation, and operation of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria Communications Network (MIMCom.) MIMCom makes possible enhanced access to the Internet and to medical literature. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the present study were to examine the use of MIMCom supported information technology (IT) by scientists, students, and administrative personnel to facilitate communication, retrieve information, obtain documents, write proposals, and prepare papers for publication; and to determine the contribution of this intervention to their professional performance. METHODS: The authors analyzed the contribution of enhanced Internet connectivity and access to electronic information resources to the performance of malaria research staff and their institutes through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 181 respondents at 14 health research centers in Africa. Separate reviews of bandwidth usage, requests for document delivery, and publications in peer reviewed journals support the data of the survey. RESULTS: The MIMCom network makes a positive contribution to the performance of malaria researchers and support staff at the sites reviewed by improving e-mail exchange, access to published literature, and research proposal development and submission. Implications of these findings are discussed. CONCLUSION: By providing full access to the Internet and the resources of the WorldWide Web, MIMCom has been shown to be invaluable to malaria researchers and their institutes in Africa. This access has increased visibility of scientists in their respective institutions and provided opportunities for stronger engagement with the international scientific community.

Access to Information↗

PubMed2004

Lifelong learning skills: how experienced are students when they enter medical school?

Widening participation initiatives together with changes in school curricula in England may broaden the range of lifelong learning skills experience of new undergraduates. This project examines the experience levels of current students, as a comparative baseline. First-year medical students completed a questionnaire on arrival, investigating their practice of 31 skills during the previous two years. Responses show that most students have regularly practised transferable skills. However, significant numbers report little experience, particularly in IT skills such as email, using the Internet, spreadsheets and databases. Some remain unfamiliar with word processing. Library research, essay writing and oral presentation are also rarely practised by substantial numbers. One-third of students lack experience of evaluating their own strengths and weaknesses. Current students already show diversity of experience in skills on arrival at medical school. Changes in the near future may increase this range of experience further, and necessitate changes to undergraduate courses.

Attitude↗

PubMed2006

Mass spectrometry-based profiling of phospholipids and sphingolipids in extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Lipids are rapidly moving to centre stage in many fields of biological sciences. Lipidomics, the systems-level scale analysis of lipids and their interacting factors, is thus an emerging field which holds great promise for drug and biomarker discovery. Here we present a mass spectrometry-based approach for profiling of polar lipids, in particular phospholipids and sphingolipids, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first step includes semi-quantitative surveys of lipids in an untargeted fashion, which is particularly powerful for detection of changes that cannot easily be anticipated. This leads to the identification of ions with increased or decreased signal intensities. Comprehensive theoretical calculation of the masses of yeast phospholipid and sphingolipid molecular species, based on fatty acyl and headgroup heterogeneity, is next used to tentatively assign ions of interest. Subsequent targeted analysis using tandem mass spectrometry allows for characterization and quantification of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Given the high degree of conservation in pathways of lipid metabolism between different organisms, it can be expected that this method will lead to the discovery of novel enzymatic activities and modulators of known ones, particularly when used in combination with genetic and chemogenetic libraries and screens. We validated the method using the EUROSCARF library of non-essential deletion mutants. Mutants of SCS7, a lipid hydroxylase, and SLC1, a putative acyl transferase with unknown substrate specificity, were profiled for their phospholipid and sphingolipid content. The observed changes in lipid profiles are consistent with previous observations and extend our knowledge on in vivo substrate use under permissive growth conditions.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2005

PDA power at the bedside.

George Washington University's Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library was investigating adding PDA resources to the collection when a medical education grant was received. Funds were used for a pilot project to compare PDA use by third-year medical students (MSIII), fourth-year medical students (MSIV), second-year physician assistant (PAII) students, and residents in the clinical setting. The PDA Committee evaluated various titles by the following criteria: both Palm and PocketPC operating systems compatibility, ease of use, depth of information, product cost, and a wide target audience. Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult by Skyscape was selected. Library registration was required to receive the software and PDA downloading instructions. A short, Web-based questionnaire was developed to evaluate the product's use in the clinical setting. A low response rate of 74 questionnaires (23% of participants) was received and analyzed in March 2004. As additional funding becomes available, PDA software will be seriously considered as additions to the collection.

Computers, Handheld↗

PubMed1998

Scientific meeting abstracts: significance, access, and trends.

UNLABELLED: Abstracts of scientific papers and posters that are presented at annual scientific meetings of professional societies are part of the broader category of conference literature. They are an important avenue for the dissemination of current data. While timely and succinct, these abstracts present problems such as an abbreviated peer review and incomplete bibliographic access. METHODS: Seventy societies of health sciences professionals were surveyed about the publication of abstracts from their annual meetings. Nineteen frequently cited journals also were contacted about their policies on the citation of meeting abstracts. Ten databases were searched for the presence of meetings abstracts. RESULTS: Ninety percent of the seventy societies publish their abstracts, with nearly half appearing in the society's journal. Seventy-seven percent of the societies supply meeting attendees with a copy of each abstract, and 43% make their abstracts available in an electronic format. Most of the journals surveyed allow meeting abstracts to be cited. Bibliographic access to these abstracts does not appear to be widespread. CONCLUSIONS: Meeting abstracts play an important role in the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Bibliographic access to meeting abstracts is very limited. The trend toward making meeting abstracts available via the Internet has the potential to give a broader audience access to the information they contain.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed1985

Molecular cloning of a DNA fragment from human chromosome 14(14q11) involved in T-cell malignancies.

To isolate DNA segments specific to chromosome band 14q11, which has been implicated in a number of human T-cell malignancies, a genomic DNA library was prepared from a variant cell subline of the human lymphoblastic KE37 cell line. This subline (KE37-R) bears a t(8;14) (q24;q11) translocation, and the breakpoint on the resulting chromosome 8q+ has been located at the 3' end of the third c-myc exon. Three molecular clones were isolated by screening the library with a c-myc exon 3 probe, and one of them (lambda K40) was analyzed in detail. It contains a 15-kb insert consisting of 4.5 kb of sequence from chromosome 8 (e.g., downstream of c-myc exon 3) and sequences from chromosome 14. The origin of these latter sequences was established by hybridizing DNA from chromosomes sorted by flow cytometry to a lambda K40 subclone containing only chromosome 14 presumptive sequences and by Southern blot analysis of rodent X human somatic hybrid cell DNA with the same probe. No cross-hybridization was found between the lambda K40 clone and a cDNA clone for the alpha chain T-cell receptor gene which is also located in 14q11. A preliminary survey of DNAs from human T-cell malignancies with a probe corresponding to chromosome 14 sequences of lambda K40 clone revealed for some of them restriction patterns different from those of the germ line DNA. The fact that the rearrangement observed in a leukemic patient was not found in DNA from lymphocytes obtained during remission excluded any polymorphism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15↗

PubMed1990

Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a membrane-bound and as a cytosolic form.

The mouse clone UDPGTm-1 encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme which was isolated from a lambda gt11 cDNA library constructed with phenobarbital-induced liver mRNA [Kimura, T., & Owens, I. S. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 168, 515-521]. In order to establish substrate specificity, UDPGTm-1 was inserted into the yeast vector pEVP11 and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AH22. Cells transformed with the expression unit pUDPGTm-1c (insert in correct orientation with respect to promoter) stably transcribe the transferase cDNA. Consistent with the presence of mRNA, pUDPGTm-1c-transformed AH22 cells synthesize a transferase protein with Mr congruent to 51,000 by Western immunoblot analysis. The membrane-bound transferase expressed in yeast in glycosylated as indicated by its enhanced electrophoretic mobility in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel following endoglycosidase H treatment and detection by Western immunoblot analysis. A survey, using 12 aglycons in an assay with microsomes from cells which express the protein, shows preferential glucuronidation of naphthol and estrone followed by p-nitrophenol. Testosterone, phenolphthalein, dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, and 4-methylumbelliferone are conjugated at an intermediate level. There is barely detectable glucuronidation of 3-hydroxy- and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and no detectable conversion of morphine or lithocholic acid. The truncated cDNA (lacking the putative membrane-insertion signal-peptide coding sequence, but with a newly adapted translation-start codon) is ligated into pAAH5 and is expressed as a cytosolic transferase form in the protease-deficient ZA521 strain of S. cerevisiae. The Mr congruent to 51,000-52,000 is similar to that seen in microsomes from AH22 cells where the protein is presumably processed as it is inserted into the membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Complete primary structure of porcine tenascin. Detection of tenascin transcripts in adult submaxillary glands.

Tenascin is an extracellular matrix protein that is postulated to modulate tissue differentiation and cell migration during development. cDNA clones for tenascin were isolated from a cDNA library of adult porcine submaxillary glands. Three forms of tenascin clones were observed which varied with the number (8-10) of fibronectin type III (FN-III) domains. A major form consists of the N-terminal domain involved in the hexamer formation of tenascin subunits, 14 epidermal-growth-factor-like domains, nine FN-III domains, and the fibrinogen-like domain. A minor form with ten FN-III domains has never been described. Another striking feature is the lack of an RGD sequence that has been implicated to be crucial for cell adhesion, whereas RGD is present in both chicken and human tenascin sequences. In the adult, tenascin is expressed in very restricted tissues such as brain and chicken gizzard. A survey of tenascin transcripts in various adult rat normal tissues, including brain, revealed that the transcripts were detected only in submaxillary glands where tenascin expression has never been reported.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

A novel estrogen-enhanced transcript identified in the rat uterus by differential display.

Estrogen exerts its physiological effects in the uterus by inducing a cascade of transcriptional events; however, the number of genes known to be directly activated by estrogen in the uterus is small. In this study, immature ovariectomized rats were treated with estrogen or vehicle, and 3 h later the uterine horns were flushed to extract epithelial RNA. This RNA was used in the differential display technique to search for estrogen-responsive genes. Products of reverse transcriptase-PCR, made with pairs of arbitrary and oligo-deoxythymidine primers, were separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels; candidate bands were excised and reamplified to produce probes for use in Northern blot analysis and screening of a lambda gt10 complementary DNA library made from rat uterus. A novel estrogen-enhanced transcript, designated EET-1, was identified from a differential display band, and the estrogen sensitivity of its expression was verified in Northern analysis. Characterization of EET-1 expression in the uterus showed that estrogen treatment resulted in a rapid and transient increase in EET-1 messenger RNA; steady state levels peaked between 2-3 h, returning to basal levels by 6 h. This increase was not abolished by pretreatment with cycloheximide, indicating that induction of EET-1 is a primary response to estrogen. Induction was specific to estrogen when extracts of whole uterus were examined; in the epithelium, there was also a slight response to progesterone. Expression of the gene was found in all organs surveyed; however, hormonal regulation was observed only in tissues of the reproductive tract and in the kidney. Analysis of cloned EET-1 complementary DNA revealed a 2008-base sequence that showed 61% identity with a reported transcript that encodes a protein that plays a role in phorbol ester-induced regulation of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene. Potential casein kinase-2 and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and a cysteine-rich region were identified in the amino acid sequence deduced from EET-1. Thus, it appears that EET-1 represents a primary estrogen response gene that may code for a phosphorylated protein involved in gene regulation through a protein kinase C-activated pathway.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Cognitive vision, its disorders and differential diagnosis in adults and children: knowing where and what things are.

As ophthalmologists we need a basic model of how the higher visual system works and its common disorders. This presentation aims to provide an outline of such a model. Our ability to survey a visual scene, locate and recognise an object of interest, move towards it and pick it up, recruits a number of complex cognitive higher visual pathways, all of which are susceptible to damage. The visual map in the mind needs to be co-located with reality and is primarily plotted by the posterior parietal lobes, which interact with the frontal lobes to choose the object of interest. Neck and extraocular muscle proprioceptors are probably responsible for maintaining this co-location when the head and eyes move with respect to the body, and synchronous input from both eyes is needed for correct localisation of moving targets. Recognition of what is being looked at is brought about by comparing the visual input with the "image libraries" in the temporal lobes. Once an object is recognised, its choice is mediated by parietal and frontal lobe tissue. The parietal lobes determine the visual coordinates and plan the visually guided movement of the limbs to pick it up, and the frontal lobes participate in making the choice. The connection between the occipital lobes and the parietal lobes is known as the dorsal stream, and the connection between the occipital lobes and the temporal lobes, comprises the ventral stream. Both disorders of neck and extraocular muscle proprioception, and disorders leading to asynchronous input along the two optic nerves are "peripheral" causes of impaired visually guided movement, while bilateral damage to the parietal lobes can result in central impairment of visually guided movement, or optic ataxia. Damage to the temporal lobes can result in impaired recognition, problems with route finding and poor visual memory. Spontaneous activity in the temporal lobes can result in formed visual hallucinations, in patients with impaired central visual function, particularly the elderly. Deficits in cognitive visual function can occur in different combinations in both children and adults depending on the nature and distribution of the underlying brain damage. In young children the potential for recovery can lead to significant improvement in parietal lobe function with time. Patients with these disorders need an understanding of their deficits and a structured positive approach to their rehabilitation.

Adult↗