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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Linguistic determinants of word colouring in grapheme-colour synaesthesia.

Previous studies of grapheme-colour synaesthesia have suggested that words tend to be coloured by their initial letter or initial vowel (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 1993; Ward et al., 2005). We examine this assumption in two ways. First, we show that letter position and syllable stress have been confounded, such that the initial letters of a word are often in stressed position (e.g., 'wo-man, 'ta-ble, 'ha-ppy). With participant JW, we separate these factors (e.g., with stress homographs such as 'con-vict vs. con-'vict) and show that the primary determinant of word colour is syllable stress, with only a secondary influence of letter position. We show that this effect derives from conceptual rather than perceptual stress, and that the effect is more prominent for synaesthetes whose words are coloured by vowels than by consonants. We examine, too, the time course of word colour generation. Slower colour naming occurs for spoken versus written stimuli, as we might expect from the additional requirement of grapheme conversion in the former. Reaction time data provide evidence, too, of incremental processing, since word colour is generated faster when the dominant grapheme is flagged early rather than late in the spoken word. Finally, we examine the role of non-dominant graphemes in word colouring and show faster colour naming when later graphemes match the dominant grapheme (e.g., ether) compared to when they do not (e.g., ethos). Taken together, our findings suggest that words are coloured incrementally by a process of competition between constituent graphemes, in which stressed graphemes and word-initial graphemes are disproportionately weighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Visual form perception in deficient and normal readers as a function of age and orthographic-linguistic familiarity.

The present investigation directly assessed the hypothesis that poor readers sustain no basic disorder in visual-spatial functioning. In order to extend pervious results to younger children, the performance of poor and normal readers from both the second and sixth grades was compared. Adopting the format of an earlier investigation, a visual recall task was employed as the dependent variable, and it was predicted that poor readers would perform as well as normals with stimuli taken from Hebrew, an unfamiliar orthography. Accordingly, non-Hebrew poor and normal readers were compared with normal readers learning Hebrew on the production of varying length Hebrew words. As anticipated, children in the non Hebrew reader groups performed comparably on this task, but the performance of these subjects was inferior to that of children in the Hebrew groups. The data support the contention that visual perceptual disorder is an unlikely source of reading disability.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Hemispheric specialization for linguistic and nonlinguistic tactual perception in a congenitally deaf population.

Two groups of congenitally deaf and two groups of hearing right-handed subjects identified pairs of nonsense shapes and letters after simultaneous bilateral tactual exploration. In response to shapes, left and right hand pointing to multiple choice arrays were compared. Three response modes, writing and left and right and fingerspelling, were compared for letters. A tendency for right tactual field superiority for shapes was observed in all groups. Groups initially exposed to letters showed significant right field superiority across response modes for shapes. No left-right asymmetries were observed for letters. Differences due to deafness were not observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Task effect and EEG alpha asymmetry: an analysis of linguistic processing in two response modes.

EEG alpha asymmetry was monitored while subjects listened to two sets of identical stimulus sentences in two tasks. One task was immediate verbal imitation of the stimulus sentence and the other task was modeling and involved the subjects constructing some novel sentences after all stimulus sentences were heard. The results demonstrated that the left hemisphere was significantly more activated while subjects listened to sentences that were to be immediately imitated. These findings suggest that tasks involving remediate verbal reports of stimuli may activate the left hemisphere for motor programming purposes and possibly effect alpha asymmetry. Studies attempting to investigate stimulus effects of hemispheric processing should consider the possibility that tasks involving motoric programming may interact with the stimuli and produce different asymmetry patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Reaction times of four year old children to monaurally presented verbal stimuli: some evidence for right-hemisphere linguistic function.

Previous studies of cerebral dominance in children have provided information about the relative superiority of the left hemisphere over the right for language processing. The present study, however, assessed the absolute capacity of each hemisphere's ability for analyzing auditory-verbal stimuli in a group of young children (mean age = 4.0). Twenty-four normally developing children (12 males and 12 females) responded to monaurally presented verbal stimuli with their right and left hands at separate times. The results were consistent with an efficiency model of neurolinguistic organization, suggesting that the childrens' minor hemisphere was actively processing verbal information in the presence of a dominant left hemisphere.

Child Development↗
PubMed2000

Electrophysiological correlates of cross-linguistic speech perception in native English speakers.

The present study examined the electrophysiological responses that Native English speakers display during a passive oddball task when they are presented with different types of syllabic contrasts, namely a labial /ba/-dental /d a/, a Hindi dental /d a/-retroflex /da/ and a within-category (two /ba/ tokens) contrasts. The analyses of the event-related potentials obtained showed that subjects pre-attentively perceive the differences in all experimental conditions, despite not showing such detection behaviourally in the Hindi and within-category conditions. These results support the notion that there is no permanent loss of the initial perceptual abilities that humans have as infants, but that there is an important neural reorganisation which allows the system to overcome the differences detected and only be aware of contrasts that are relevant in the language which will become the subjects native tongue. We also report order asymmetries in the ERP responses and suggest that the percepts and not only the physical attributes of the stimuli have to be considered for the evaluation of the responses obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Elucidation of Islamic drugs in Hui Hui Yao Fang: a linguistic and pharmaceutical approach.

Hui Hui Yao Fang, an Islamic formulary, was probably the official formulary of the Mongolian administration during the Yuan dynasty (13th-14th century) in China. In the three chapters of prescriptions that remain extant today, there are 517 Islamic drugs carrying Arabic or Persian names, each with its Chinese transliteration. Chapter 12 deals with the 'wind' diseases, containing 199 Islamic drugs. In this research, 129 items were identified, and each of which was assigned to a definite taxon; these are the most frequently cited drugs in the formulary. Identifications were corroborated by botanical, pharmacological and phonetic considerations. This exercise demonstrates the inherent affinity between Islamic and Chinese medicines. The reciprocal influence between them greatly enriched the content of these two important bodies of drug science, thus, setting a pattern for the synthesis of drug knowledge and the regulation of therapeutic substances. Recognition of different bodies of ethnomedicine is necessary in view of the fact that there is an increasing mobility of people today, who tend to bring with them their drug knowledge.

Formularies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Linguistic differences and language design.

A small number of discrete choices ('parameters') embedded within a system of otherwise universal principles create the extensive superficial differences between unrelated languages like English, Japanese, and Mohawk. Most current thinking about the evolution of language ignores or denies the existence of these parameters because it can see no rationale for them. That the human language faculty is organized in this way makes more sense if language is compared to a cipher or code. As such, it would have a purpose of concealing information from some at the same time as it communicates information to others.

Journal Article↗