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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Effects of work task cues and play task cues on information processing, judgment, and motivation.

How task cues affect cognition, attitudes, and behavior was explored in this laboratory study with 82 master of business administration students. Linguistic analysis of responses to the same puzzle task, cued as either work or play, revealed that task cues influenced how information was perceived and was used to form judgments and to shape behavioral responses. Ss performing work tasks attended more to information about the quantity of their performance and made more streamlined, goal-directed responses. Ss performing play tasks attended more to information about the quality of their performance; made more elaborated, image-laden responses; and were more intrinsically motivated. Links among task cues, cognitive processes, and performance were explicated through path analysis. Task cues affected performance outcomes indirectly by instantiating associated cognitive orientations: a means orientation in play and an ends orientation in work.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Changes in spontaneous EEG activity indicate a special kind of information processing in concept learning.

Some findings in the literature suggest that a high amount of spectral power in spontaneous EEG alpha 1 band (7.5-10.0 Hz) may be associated with tasks demanding extensive monitoring of stimulus information and combining features for a match with internal concepts ("exploration"). EEG recordings were obtained from 9 subjects involved in a concept-learning task. They had to match visually presented objects with a concept built up by hypothesis and to respond by pressing a "yes" or "no" key. Epochs of EEG data were analyzed with epoch center-times at 500 and 250 ms before response execution. In the case of "yes" responses, when subjects could match their hypothesis positively with combined features of the presented object increased alpha 1 spectral power was found. Also alpha 1 power was larger immediately after disconfirming feedback than after confirming feedback. Additionally, alpha 2 spectral power (10.5-12.5 Hz) was found to be larger 250 ms after confirming feedback than after disconfirming feedback. It is argued that alpha 1 power seems to reflect those mental processes which are involving in combining features and matching them to a concept in mind. The increase in alpha 2 power after confirming feedback is interpreted in terms of general processing demands imposed during task performance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sensory information processing in the frog olfactory pathways. Experimental basis for modeling studies.

In the frog, unitary electrophysiological recordings have been extensively used to investigate odor processing along the olfactory pathways. By comparing spontaneous and odor-evoked activities of neuroreceptor, mitral and cortical cells, we have collected fundamental data relating to coding abilities of the three olfactory levels, the olfactory mucosa, the bulb and the cortex. Based on a synthesis of our experimental data related to GABAergic and dopaminergic involvement in the olfactory bulb, this paper aims to match this information with computational data and to discuss some questions on bulbar processing. This paper is also devoted to further analyze original results on coding properties of two functionally evidenced neuron subpopulations in the olfactory cortex. Thus, the assumption according to which some cortical neurons may work as temporal integrators while others as coincidence detectors is presented. Moreover, the pertinence that the neural code may be carried by a single spike with varying latency was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Neuronal activities underlying the electroencephalogram and evoked potentials of sleeping and waking: implications for information processing.

The low amplitude, high frequency waves of the electroencephalogram (EEG) indicative of wakefulness, are produced by a summation of potentials of thalamocortical neurons, which fire in a "tonic mode" of depolarization. In this mode, the transfer of information from the peripheral sense organs to the sensory cortex is facilitated, due to a tonic lowering of the discharge threshold of thalamocortical neurons. The transfer decreases during drowsiness when thalamocortical units are more hyperpolarized and have higher thresholds. In this state, neurons fire synchronously in a "burst mode," which is expressed in EEG spindling. During slow wave sleep sensory blocking reaches a maximum, when thalamocortical cells are yet more deeply hyperpolarized, although that what still passes to the cortex allows a shallow, subconscious, evaluation. The collective burst firing is more irregular, which results in large and slow EEG waves. In contrast, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the depolarized tonic mode of firing commonly associated with waking, is again reached. Similar to EEG-patterns, the architecture of evoked potentials is dependent on the state of alertness. During waking, components in event related potentials (ERP) are moderate in amplitude, while during slow wave sleep larger waves are visible. This is caused by more synchronized unit responses with sharper phases of excitations and inhibitions, which results from increased hyperpolarizations. In contrast, visual ERPs belonging to REM sleep closely resemble those of wakefulness. In analyzing unit responses of thalamocortical neurons, it appeared that neuronal excitations are expressed in negative components of the ERP, while inhibitory neuronal activities are associated with positivity. Transient phenomena in the EEG, such as ERP waves, spindles and spike-wave discharges, are the expression of synaptic potentials in superficial cortical layers, where numerous synapses of afferent thalamocortical fibers are localized on the apical dendrites of deeper lying pyramidal neurons. It is suggested that the morphology of these EEG components is primarily due to the discharge characteristics of thalamocortical relay cells, whereby excitations underly negative waves and inhibitions positive waves. The notion of a general correspondence between thalamocortical neuronal activities and the polarity of transients in the cortical surface EEG, allows prudent speculations regarding components of ERPs. Two examples are given: the contingent negative variation (CNV) and the P300 of an ERP which can be elicited by an infrequent stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Efficient scheme for two-atom entanglement and quantum information processing in cavity QED

A scheme is proposed for the generation of two-atom maximally entangled states and realization of quantum logic gates and teleportation with cavity QED. The scheme does not require the transfer of quantum information between the atoms and cavity. In the scheme the cavity is only virtually excited and thus the requirement on the quality factor of the cavities is greatly loosened.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Stochastic resonance in biology. How noise can enhance detection of weak signals and help improve biological information processing.

Noise is usually thought of as the enemy of order rather than as a constructive influence. In nonlinear systems that possess some sort of threshold, random noise plays a beneficial role in enhancing the detection of weak information-carrying signals. This phenomenon, termed stochastic resonance, does find useful applications in physical, biological, and biomedical contexts. Certain biological systems may even use this effect for optimizing function and behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Visual information process in Williams syndrome: intact motion detection accompanied by typical visuospatial dysfunctions.

It has been suggested that visuospatial cognitive disabilities seen in children with Williams syndrome (WMS) are related to a dysfunction of the dorsal stream in the visual information analysis system. We investigated whether visual motion detection is also impaired in WMS because it is one of the main functions of the dorsal stream. Using various psychophysical examinations and magnetoencephalography, we studied a child with WMS who had the typical features of the syndrome. We found profound impairments in the visuospatial cognitions, as previously reported in WMS. In contrast, he had normal ability for the direction discrimination of coherent motion on a background of randomly moving dots, and he perceived apparent motion as do normal children. Furthermore, the latencies of both responses to the coherent and incoherent motions as measured by magnetoencephalography were within the mean +/- 2 SD among normal adults and the estimated origins were near the human homologue of V5/MT (visual area 5/middle temporal area). The results indicate that the visuospatial cognitive deficits in WMS can occur without impairment of the visual motion detection. We consider that the deficits are caused by a restricted dysfunction of the neural groups for position and three-dimensional form perceptions in the dorsal stream of the visual system, though other possibilities are not excluded.

Brain Mapping↗