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PubMed1977

Infant visual scanning of two- and three-dimensional forms.

2- and 3-dimensional forms affected 4- and 8-week-old infant visual behavior differently, 4-week-old infants fixated a recessed 3-dimensional form more than a 2-dimensional form but did not scan it differently. 8-week-old infants did not look more at 1 stimulus than another but scanned a raised 3-dimensional form differently than a 2-dimensional equivalent. For all stimuli and both age groups, there was a relation between attractiveness of stimuli and how they were scanned; babies who were most attracted to stimuli inspected them with the smallest eye movements.

Depth Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enzymes of lysosomal origin in the serum of infants of diabetic mothers behavior in the first days after birth.

The serum levels of the two enzymes of lysosomal origin, beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase and beta-D-glucuronidase, and the isozyme pattern of the former, were determined in control infants and in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) on the 1st and 5th day after birth. IDM were divided into three groups. Group 1: class A diabetic mothers treated dietetically; Groups 2 and 3: class A and classes B, C, D diabetic mothers, respectively, treated with insulin. All, but one, diabetic mothers were in excellent metabolic control. In the controls the serum levels of both enzymes were quite elevated on the 1st day after birth, reflecting the condition of the mothers at the end of pregnancy, and increased further on the 5th day, presumably as a result of the concurrent burst of antiinsulin hormones. In Group 1 IDM the serum levels of the two enzymes were higher than in controls, on the 1st day, probably reflecting the higher concentrations present in the mothers at the end of pregnancy than in controls, but equalling the condition of normal neonates on the 5th day. This indicates that IDM of this group had a normal post-natal response of the lysosomal apparatus to hormone stress. In Groups 2-3 IDM the enzyme levels on the 1st day could not be distinguished from those of controls, while on the 5th day a decrease was seen, suggesting reduced effect of the antiinsulin hormone burst on the lysosomal apparatus. The isozyme pattern of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase in all IDM was similar to that of controls. The behavior of serum lysosomal enzymes of Groups 2-3 IDM is a further indication that the lysosomal apparatus is extremely sensitive to even small metabolic perturbations occurring in diabetic mothers during pregnancy.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1992

Growth and behavior development in rural infants in relation to malnutrition and environment.

A group of 224 children from a rural cohort of 625 children registered from 1981 to 1983 in 10 villages of KV Block, Varanasi was assessed for morbidity, physical growth, and behavior development (Gesell's developmental schedule). By first birthday children of normal nutrition grade were reduced to one fourth and numbers in Grade II and III malnutrition doubled. This deterioration in nutritional status was probably due to high morbidity, i.e., gastrointestinal, respiratory infections, etc. The skull circumference was 43 cm at the age of one year, being lower by 3 cm than the average size. Children having Grades II and III malnutrition showed poor development in all the areas of behavior, i.e., motor, adaptive, language and personal social. Besides malnutrition, environmental factors like mother's involvement in teaching, encouraging the child, talking to him or being within the visual range; the parental education, their caste and the child's birth order contributed significantly to the development of the child during infancy.

Child Development↗
PubMed1996

Developmental aspects of kangaroo care.

Kangaroo care (skin-to-skin holding) is an intervention that meets development care criteria by fostering neurobehavioral development. The five dimensions of neurobehavioral development are autonomic, motor, state, attention/interaction, and self-regulation. Kangaroo care promotes stability of heart and respiratory function, minimizes purposeless movements, improves behavioral state profiles, offers maternal proximity for attention/interaction episodes, and permits self-regulatory behavior expression. Kangaroo care satisfies in part the handling, self-consoling/soothing, nonnutritive sucking, and parenting interventions recommended by the National Association of Neonatal Nurses' Infant and Family Centered Developmental Care Guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using developmental assessments in the NICU to empower families.

NICU nurses and developmental specialists have a unique opportunity to facilitate the beginning of a meaningful parent/infant relationship in the NICU setting. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) is one tool that can be utilized to support this process. When parents observe this assessment, they learn to recognize and understand infant cues and gain confidence for everyday routines such as diapering, feeding, general caregiving, and even taking that first trip with the baby to the grocery store. Parents become empowered when they discover not only their baby's amazing competencies, but also their own. In addition, the BNBAS provides a framework through which parents can effectively communicate and advocate for their baby.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior of macrosomic and appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the behavior of macrosomic newborns who were vaginally delivered of healthy mothers without diabetes with that of non-macrosomic, appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) newborns. DESIGN/SETTING: Newborns were recruited conveniently from a tertiary hospital. Newborns were examined at 12-24 and 36-48 hours of age, using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). PARTICIPANTS: Thirty macrosomic newborns who were delivered vaginally were matched with AGA newborns for ethnicity, maternal education, parity, and obstetric medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dimensions scores derived from the individual NBAS items measured reflex functioning, response decrement, orientation, motor processes, range of state, autonomic stability, and regulation of state. RESULTS: Macrosomic newborns performed weaker than AGA newborns on the reflex and motor dimensions. Both groups displayed improved motor scores on Day 2, but regulation of state scores were weaker. For orientation, AGA newborns scored higher on Day 1, and macrosomic newborns scored higher on Day 2. CONCLUSIONS: Increased head, limb, and body mass of macrosomic newborns, compared with adjacent and overall muscle strength, might have interfered with the execution of coordinated movements. Nurses can inform mothers of changes they can expect in their newborns' behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Response of the newborn when gently accosted by the mother immediately after birth and subsequent growth and development.

Observations were made on the emotion and behavior of the newborn placed beside the mother immediately after vaginal delivery. The newborn after listening the mother's gentle voice will soon show a peaceful Buddha-like facial appearance and cease to cry. The newborn will not have opened it's eyes for more than 10 minutes unless bathed after birth and placed beside the mother and will hardly move either extremity. After about 10 minutes, bilateral movement of the fingers, wrists and forearms was observed. This newborn will not cry at all for several hours thereafter. On the other hand the infant born to a heavy smoker would not cease to cry and would continue to maintain an appearance of anxiety even when gently accosted by the mother. The newborn about 10 minutes after birth has the ability to search for the mother's nipple.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Early dyadic patterns of mother-infant interactions and outcomes of prematurity at 18 months.

OBJECTIVE: With the increased survival of very preterm infants, there is a growing concern for their developmental and socioemotional outcomes. The quality of the early mother-infant relationship has been noted as 1 of the factors that may exacerbate or soften the potentially adverse impact of preterm birth, particularly concerning the infant's later competencies and development. The first purpose of the study was to identify at 6 months of corrected age whether there were specific dyadic mother-infant patterns of interaction in preterm as compared with term mother-infant dyads. The second purpose was to examine the potential impact of these dyadic patterns on the infant's behavioral and developmental outcomes at 18 months of corrected age. METHODS: During a 12-month period (January-December 1998), all preterm infants who were <34 weeks of gestational age and hospitalized at the NICU of the Lausanne University Hospital were considered for inclusion in this longitudinal prospective follow-up study. Control healthy term infants were recruited during the same period from the maternity ward of our hospital. Mother-infant dyads with preterm infants (n = 47) and term infants (n = 25) were assessed at 6 months of corrected age during a mother-infant play interaction and coded according to the Care Index. This instrument evaluates the mother's interactional behavior according to 3 scales (sensitivity, control, and unresponsiveness) and the child's interactional behavior according to 4 scales (cooperation, compliance, difficult, and passivity). At 18 months, behavioral outcomes of the children were assessed on the basis of a semistructured interview of the mother, the Symptom Check List. The Symptom Check List explores 4 groups of behavioral symptoms: sleeping problems, eating problems, psychosomatic symptoms, and behavioral and emotional disorders. At the same age, developmental outcomes were evaluated using the Griffiths Developmental Scales. Five areas were evaluated: locomotor, personal-social, hearing and speech, eye-hand coordination, and performance. RESULTS: Among the possible dyadic patterns of interaction, 2 patterns emerge recurrently in mother-infant preterm dyads: a "cooperative pattern" with a sensitive mother and a cooperative-responsive infant (28%) and a "controlling pattern" with a controlling mother and a compulsive-compliant infant (28%). The remaining 44% form a heterogeneous group that gathers all of the other preterm dyads and is composed of 1 sensitive mother-passive infant; 10 controlling mothers with a cooperative, difficult, or passive infant; and 10 unresponsive mothers with a cooperative, difficult, or passive infant. Among the term control subjects, 68% of the dyads are categorized as cooperative pattern dyads, 12% as controlling pattern dyads, and the 20% remaining as heterogeneous dyads. At 18 months, preterm infants of cooperative pattern dyads have similar outcomes as the term control infants. Preterm infants of controlling pattern dyads have significantly fewer positive outcomes as compared with preterm infants of cooperative pattern dyads, as well as compared with term control infants. They display significantly more behavioral symptoms than term infants, including more eating problems than term infants as well as infants from cooperative preterm dyads. Infants of the controlling preterm dyads do not differ significantly for the total development quotient but have worse personal-social development than term infants and worse hearing-speech development than infants from cooperative preterm dyads. The preterm infants of the heterogeneous group have outcomes that can be considered as intermediate with no significant differences compared with preterm infants from the cooperative pattern or the controlling pattern dyads. CONCLUSION: Among mother-preterm infant dyads, we identified 2 specific patterns of interaction that could play either a protective (cooperative pattern) or a risk-precipitating (controlling pattern) role on developmental and behavioral outcome, independent of perinatal risk factors and of the family's socioeconomic background. The controlling pattern is much more prevalent among preterm than term dyads and is related to a less favorable infant outcome. However, the cooperative pattern still represents almost 30% of the preterm dyads, with infants' outcome comparable to the ones of term infants. These results point out the impact of the quality of mother-infant relationship on the infant's outcome. The most important clinical implication should be to support a healthy parent-infant relationship already in the NICU but also in the first months of the infant's life. Early individualized family-based interventions during neonatal hospitalization and transition to home have been shown to reduce maternal stress and depression and increase maternal self-esteem and to improve positive early parent-preterm infant interactions.

Child Development↗
PubMed1984

Behavioral assessment of a hydranencephalic neonate.

This study attempted to clarify the role of the cerebral cortex in neonatal behavior by administering the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale-Kansas revision to a hydranencephalic infant; particularly of interest were behaviors that are implicated in infant social responsiveness. The examination revealed extremely deviant responses on portions of the exam, including items that measure response decrement and orientation. However, this infant was observed to approximate normal neonatal responding on items relating to motor maturity and reactivity. Other findings included that some response decrement occurred in response to auditory and visual, but not tactile, stimulation. The discussion focuses on similarities and differences between this study and early research on both normal infants and infants with imperfectly formed nervous systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the response decrement results, as well as the utility of the NBAS-K in measuring infant behaviors in atypical infant samples.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed2004

Sex differences in play among western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) infants: implications for adult behavior and social structure.

Mammalian play is believed to improve motor skills as well as facilitate the development of social relationships. Given the marked sexual dimorphism in gorilla body size and the role assumed by the male in protecting the group from conspecifics and predators, the motor-training hypothesis of play predicts that male infants should exhibit higher frequencies of social play than female infants, and that males should prefer to play with other males. Given that adult female gorillas are strongly attracted to adult breeding males and form only weak social bonds with unrelated adult females, the social-relationship hypothesis of play predicts that female infants should prefer to play with males. These hypotheses were tested in a 22-month study of 12 gorilla infants, aged between 0-5 years, living in three zoological parks in Chicago and Atlanta. Consistent with the hypotheses, male infants played more than female infants did, and both male and female infants preferred to play with males rather than with females. These findings suggest that sex differences in play in the great apes and other primates can be predicted by the characteristics of adult behavior and social structure above and beyond the patterns of sex-biased dispersal or coalition formation with same-sex kin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo care for preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behavior, and acuity.

Kangaroo care (KC) has been the intervention for preterm infants in numerous published studies. However, most well designed studies to date have used a one-group repeated measure design. This methodology is not as definitive as an experimental design. Because of the absence of a comparable control group, change between pretest and posttest may be due to any other environmental variables or normal variation of subjects (Kirk, 1995). This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was done to test the hypotheses that KC infants would have higher mean tympanic temperatures, less weight loss, more optimal behavioral states, and lower acuity (length of stay). Thirty-four eligible mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned to the KC or the control group by computerized minimization on the day following birth. Stratification variables included infant gender, birth weight, delivery method, and parity. KC infants compared to control infants had higher mean tympanic temperature (37.3 degrees C vs. 37.0 degrees C), more quiet sleep (62% vs. 22%), and less crying (2% vs. 6%) all at p=.000. No significant difference was found for weight loss and acuity (length of stay). These findings can be used for evidence-based nursing practice in Taiwan. With the knowledge attained from this RCT, nurses can educate and motivate mothers to keep their stable preterm infants warm by skin-to- skin contact inside their clothing, thereby encouraging self-regulatory feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Trends in neuromotor behavior of preterm and fullterm infants in the first year of life: a preliminary report.

A follow-up study of 150 fullterm and preterm infants was conducted to determine the similarities and differences in neuromotor behavior during the first year of life. Three groups (healthy fullterm, healthy preterm, sick preterm) were compared at three, six, nine and 12 months of age. In general, fullterm infants were more similar in their responses to the Neuromotor Behavioral Inventory and more consistently advanced than some preterm infants at all four examinations. The greatest distinction between fullterm and both preterm groups occurred at three and six months. By nine and 12 months fullterm and healthy preterm infants had more similar development, but some sick preterm infants continued to develop differently. It appeared that the influence of prematurity on neuromotor behavior, regardless of whether the infant was healthy or sick, was greatest before nine months of age. After nine months, health appeared to be a contributing factor to the infants' development.

Child Development↗
PubMed1998

[Influence of fetal distress on neonatal behavior neurological assessment and its prognosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the short and long term prognosis of fetal distress. METHODS: 60 newborns with fetal distress (study group) and 60 normal newborns (control group) were assessed by neonatal behavior neurological assessment (20 items) in neonatal period and by reformed wechsler intelligence scale children-revised at 2 years of age. RESULTS: The total scoring of study group was significantly different from that of control group (P < 0.01). In the study group, there were 41 cases without neonatal asphyxia whose scoring was significantly different from that in the normal group (P < 0.05), whereas the scoring of other 19 cases with neonatal asphyxia was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). We also found that the scoring of 38 acute fetal distress cases was significantly different from that of 22 chronic cases (P < 0.01). In two years follow-up study, the scoring of children's intelligence test in acute distress cases was not different from that of controls, but the scoring of intelligence test in chronic distress cases was markedly different from that of controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Fetal distress could affect neonatal behavior and their intellectual development.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1997

Brief report: HIV-exposed newborns show inferior orienting and abnormal reflexes on the Brazelton Scale.

Assessed 48 infants of HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Infants exposed to HIV-positive mothers were disadvantaged from birth due to their mothers having obstetric complications and to the infants having orienting problems and abnormal reflexes on the Brazelton Newborn Scale. These problems may be early precursors of the later visual-spatial delays and hypertonicity noted in these infants.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

Excessive infant crying: the impact of varying definitions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of varying definitions of excessive crying and infantile colic on prevalence estimates and to assess to what extent these definitions comprise the same children. METHODS: Parents of 3345 infants aged 1, 3, and 6 months (response: 96.5%) were interviewed on the crying behavior of their infant in a Dutch cross-sectional national population-based study. We computed the prevalence of excessive crying according to 10 published definitions regarding parent-reported duration of infant crying and the parents' experience. We measured concordance between pairs of definitions by Cohen's kappa (agreement adjusted for chance agreement). RESULTS: Overall prevalence rates of excessive crying varied strongly between definitions, from 1.5% to 11.9%. They were always highest in 1-month-old infants. Concordance between definitions was only excellent (kappa > 0.75) if they were closely related, such as crying for >3 hours/day for >3 days/week for the preceding 2 or 3 weeks. Concordance between less closely related definitions was much weaker. Concordance between definitions that were based on duration and on parental experience was mostly poor (kappa: 0.17-0.53 for infants aged 1 and 3 months). CONCLUSIONS: Different definitions of excessive crying lead to the inclusion of very dissimilar groups of infants. We recommend presenting study results using clearly described definitions, preferably concerning both duration of crying and parental distress. This may improve the comparability of studies on the cause and treatment of excessive infant crying. The impact of the method of data collection on this comparability needs additional study.colic, preventive child health care, prevention, infancy.

Colic↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral features of CHARGE syndrome: parents' perspectives of three children with CHARGE syndrome.

As the population first diagnosed with CHARGE Syndrome has aged, information has emerged about specific behavioral features of this syndrome. Once the medical features are managed, it is the behavioral features that interfere with our children's ability to form reciprocal relationships, to gain formal communication skills, to make the educational gains they are cognitively capable of, and to ultimately care for themselves. In telling the informal case studies of our children, we hope their behavioral commonalities, in spite of their medical and educational differences, will be apparent as well as the complexity of the multiple types of behavior observed. We remain hopeful that answers can be found that will help our children and our families cope with this very debilitating feature of CHARGE.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗