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PubMed2006

Improvement strategies in ovine artificial insemination.

Artificial insemination in ram is scarcely widespread comparing with other domestic species. This has been due not only to fertility results being irregular and low but also because of the difficulty in the application of enhancements such as the use of frozen-thawed sperm. Although there is a lot of information on the use of different options to improve these AI results (such as transcervical application, the use of thawed sperm, etc.) commercial programmes can be classified on two general categories: those using refrigerated semen (15 degrees C) by superficial intracervical deposition (vaginal), and, more restricted, those using thawed sperm by intrauterine deposition (laparoscopy). In the present work, we have summarized our viewpoint on three general research lines for the improvement of AI results in sheep: semen preservation, AI procedures and semen assessment. Briefly, in ram it is necessary to develop a medium term methodology of sperm refrigeration (3-5 days), which would allow the distribution of sperm doses to a widespread area. Nevertheless, it is also necessary to develop an intrauterine transcervical AI technique, which allows thawed semen to be applied by vaginal insemination. Besides, the low predictive value of classic assessment techniques limits the ability to adjust the number of spermatozoa per dose according to its actual fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The Swedish Insemination Act and its impact.

In the debate surrounding secrecy in donor insemination (DI), the semen donor is often cited as a person needing the protection of anonymity. Sweden's unique legislation, the 1985 Insemination Law which, among other things, gives mature DI offspring the right of access to donor identity, has attracted much comment. Prior to the legislation's enactment, there were fears that the law would result in a rapid and irreversible decline in DI as a treatment in Sweden. It was also predicted that it would be almost impossible to recruit donors under the legislation. This paper describes the provisions of the legislation and examines what its impact has been in terms of the reactions of the medical profession, DI treatment provision, and the availability and recruitment of donors.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

Calving rates of Brahman and Brahman-cross cows to fixed-time insemination after treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and intravaginal progesterone.

In 2 experiments involving 151 non-lactating and 107 lactating Brahman or Brahman-cross cows, the effects of progesterone treatments (PRID) of 2 durations (7 v 14 days) and injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at 3 doses (O v 375 v 750 IU) were examined. All cows were inseminated with frozen/thawed semen 54 to 58 and 70 to 74 hours after PRID removal. Calving rates of non-lactating cows (38%) were unaffected by breed or treatment but were higher in previously cyclic than acyclic cows (44% v 19%, P less than 0.025) and in cows which exhibited oestrus after treatment (52% v 23%, P less than 0.001). Calving rates of lactating cows were not affected by these factors but were affected by treatment; PMSG produced no significant effect after a 7-day PRID treatment (33% overall) but increased calving rates after 14-day PRID treatments (22% v 46% v 37% for 0, 375 and 750 IU respectively, P less than 0.10). Comparisons of calving rates of lactating cows treated with 14-day PRID and PMSG and artificially inseminated, and untreated naturally mated cows, showed that treatment significantly increased the proportion of cows conceiving in the first 35 days of the mating period (50% v 23%, P less than 0.025). The results show that treatment with PRID for 14 days and PMSG can overcome post-partum anoestrus in lactating Brahman and Brahman-cross cows leading to significant reductions in the calving to conception interval.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Calving rate following fixed time insemination after a 12-day progesterone treatment in dairy cows, beef cows and heifers.

Farm trials were carried out to determine if cows and heifers could be inseminated on a fixed time basis following a 12-day treatment with progesterone coils and an injection of 5 mg oestradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone at the start of treatment. The retention rate of the coils was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) when a 5.5 cm diameter was used compared with a diameter of 7.0 cm. Calving rate was similar in treated cows bred at a detected oestrus, at 56 + 74 hours after treatment or at 56 hours after treatment and injection of 100 microgram gonadotrophin releasing hormone 20 hours previously and in control cows bred at oestrus. Fertility to the first repeat oestrus was also similar in treated and control cows. Significantly (P less than 0.05) more synchronised cows calved following fixed time AI compared with the calving rate in control cows inseminated for a 24-day experimental period. In beef suckler cows, calved at least 50 days, and dairy heifers weighing over 280 kg, calving rate was similar in treated animals bred at 56 and 74 hours after treatment compared to calving rate in control animals bred at oestrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of Gn-RH on the pregnancy rate of artificially inseminated cows.

One hundred and nine pure bred Holstein Friesians were injected intramuscularly with 0.125 mg of a synthetic Gn-RH analogue at the time of the first service to study the effect of Gn-RH on the fertility of inseminated cows. Sixty-four cows or 58.7 per cent were diagnosed as pregnant after one insemination compared to 54 animals or 49.5 per cent in the untreated control group. Total pregnancy rate of 81.65 per cent was 8.3 per cent higher than in the controls, while the services per conception rate improved from 1.49 to 1.39. Gn-RH administration at the time of oestrus could improve herd fertility through its including effect on follicular rupture and regulatory influence on ovarian function.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Reproductive wastage following artificial insemination of heifers.

Hereford cross beef heifers at pasture were inseminated at a detected oestrus with thawed semen and were slaughtered at the following intervals after insemination: day 3 (60 heifers); day 8 (71); day 14 (65); day 18 (78) and day 28 (29). The recovery rates of ova at days 3 and 8 were 87 and 77 per cent respectively. The percentage of heifers that were pregnant at the respective time intervals after slaughter were 81, 84, 75, 60 and 62. There was no difference in the proportion of normally developing ova or embryos between days 3 and 8, 8 and 14, 14 and 18 or 18 and 28. There were significant differences in the number of animals with variable embryos between days 3 and days 18 + 28 (P less than 0.025); 8 and 18 + 28 (P less than 0.01); and 14 and 18 + 28 (P less than 0.05). Based on the results and other data in the literature, fertilisation failure can account for up to 20 per cent of reproductive wastage. Embryonic mortality accounts for most of the remaining wastage and occurs gradually between days 8 and 18. Pregnancy rates at days 18 and 28 approximate to calving data.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows.

The feasibility of breeding spring-calving, single-suckled beef cows without the use of natural service was investigated over two breeding seasons by using repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination (AI). Initially, cows were oestrus-synchronised with subcutaneous norgestomet implants inserted for 10 days, with an injection of prostaglandin before the implants were removed. The cows were inseminated once 56 hours after the implants were removed, and 12 days later they were re-treated with norgestomet implants to allow a second synchronised service. Twenty-one days after the first synchronised AI, milk samples were taken for progesterone assay and the norgestomet implants were removed. The cows received a second service 56 hours later if the 21-day milk progesterone assay suggested that they were not pregnant. All the cows receiving a second service were retreated with norgestomet implants to allow a third synchronised service as necessary. Pregnancy was later confirmed by rectal palpation. In the first year, 48 cows entered the programme and the pregnancy rates to the first, second and third synchronised services were 56, 69 and 40 per cent, respectively, with 17 per cent of cows barren at the end of the breeding period. In the second year, 69 cows entered the programme and the pregnancy rates were 58, 48 and 33 per cent to the successive services with 20 per cent of cows barren at the end of the breeding period. The accuracy of milk progesterone assay for pregnancy diagnosis was 84 per cent and 87 per cent in the first and second years, respectively.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1976

Equine artificial insemination.

The use and techniques of artificial insemination for horses in Germany over the last 30 years is described. Artificial insemination appears to produce pregnancy percentages equal to those from normal breeding methods and its continued availability under veterinary supervision is recommended in conditions where disease, disability or distance debar normal service.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Superovulation and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of male factor infertility.

Recent studies report that superovulation combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI) is more successful than superovulation alone, IUI alone or superovulation with intracervical insemination in couples with male subfertility. Our study evaluated two superovulation protocols in the management of male factor infertility using IUI: (A) clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and (B) human menopausal gonadotropin and HCG. Fifteen couples with severe oligoasthenozoospermia (OAS) were treated with protocol A in 54 cycles, and no pregnancies were achieved. Eight of the 15 couples with severe OAS subsequently received protocol B for 24 cycles and elicited no pregnancies. Thirty-seven couples with moderate OAS received protocol A for 169 cycles, and 2 pregnancies ensued (5.4% per couple and 1.12% per cycle). Twelve of the 35 nonpregnant couples with moderate OAS then received protocol B for 31 cycles, and 4 pregnancies were recorded (33.3% per couple and 12.9% per cycle).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fallopian tube sperm perfusion has no advantage over intra-uterine insemination when used in combination with ovarian stimulation for the treatment of unexplained infertility.

In this prospective randomized study we treated 60 couples with unexplained infertility with a combination of ovarian stimulation and either intrauterine insemination (IUI) or fallopian sperm perfusion (FSP). In the IUI we used a volume of 0.5 ml of inseminate and in the FSP a volume of 4 ml. The demographic characteristics of the patients, the stimulation parameters and the sperm data were not statistically different between the two groups. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 16.2% in the IUI group and 14.5% in the FSP group and the pregnancy rate per woman was 40 and 36.7%, respectively (not statistically different). We conclude that IUI and FSP are equally effective in the treatment of couples with unexplained infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of whether using hCG to stimulate oocyte release helps or decreases pregnancy rates following intrauterine insemination.

The study's objective was to determine if using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as a timing method for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in patients who make mature follicles but have cervical factor problems has a negative effect on pregnancy rates (PRs) (possibly by releasing an immature oocyte), or increases the rate of luteinized unruptured follicles (LUF). Patients were offered hCG or natural release after an explanation of the theoretical advantages and disadvantages. Intrauterine insemination was performed 36-40 h after hCG; timing of IUI with hCG was based on day of luteinizing hormone (LH) surge modified by serum progesterone (P). Incidence of LUF in those taking hCG-5/116 (4.3%); 0/33 without hCG. Pregnancies-24/116 (20%) with hCG; 3/30 (10%) without hCG. No statistical differences in these rates were found. Thus, using hCG for more convenient timing for IUI in nonsuperovulated cycles does not decrease the PR or cause a high incidence of LUF.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1984

Influence of insemination on the implantation of transferred rat blastocysts.

Embryo transfer probably produces a lower incidence of implantation than the physiological incidence despite all other factors seeming similar. The only factor known to be present physiologically and absent in embryo transfer is the presence of sperm in the uterine cavity. Implantation and decidualization are often considered a modified form of inflammatory reaction. Semen contains factors which excite an inflammatory response. This project attempted to determine whether insemination would affect the implantation rate of transferred blastocysts in the rat. The figures showed a significantly increased implantation rate after insemination at day 4 of pseudopregnancy as compared to controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Early experience with gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI).

We present our early experience with gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI), two recently described methods of assisting conception in patients with patent fallopian tubes. Sixty-nine patients (93 cycles) were entered into the study. Thirty-three patients (51 cycles) entered the DIPI/IUI programme and 36 patients (42 cycles) entered the GIFT programme. The mean age, duration and aetiology of infertility were similar in both groups. In the GIFT programme 12 pregnancies occurred, which is a 29% pregnancy rate per cycle and a 33% pregnancy rate per patient. In the DIPI/IUI programme only 3 pregnancies occurred, being a 6% pregnancy rate per cycle and a 9% pregnancy rate per patient. With the live birth rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) being 12% per embryo transfer, we conclude that GIFT is more successful than either DIPI/IUI or IVF in patients with patent fallopian tubes. Further controlled studies are required to assess the future role of DIPI/IUI in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pregnancy by tubal insemination in rabbits using sperm cells capacitated in vitro.

It has been suggested that the mechanical interference involved in inserting a tube into the oviduct before ovulation, during tubal insemination, may impair the capacity of the tubal fimbriae to pick up ovulated eggs. When fresh sperm cells are used, the semen has to be injected into the oviduct before ovulation to allow time for sperm capacitation. In the present study in rabbits, sperm cells capacitated by pre-incubation in vitro were injected into the oviducts through the tubal fimbriae after ovulation. Two of the six rabbits inseminated became pregnant and gave birth to one and three offspring, respectively. Injecting capacitated sperm cells after ovulation may avoid the potential problems posed by mechanical damage of the tubal fimbriae.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Access to donor insemination: Canadian ideals--UK law and practice.

Reproductive technology has made a huge impact on society, exposing many long-standing, unresolved anomalies in our values and traditions. Access to medically assisted reproduction is particularly controversial, raising medical, legal and ethical issues. The 1980s saw increasing demands across several jurisdictions for clear legal rules, the hope being expressed in Canada that "the law may reflect the community's level of tolerance; but...also stretch or fashion it in the interests of a worthy goal." The Canadian Law Reform Commission recommended that, with regard to donor insemination, "protection for the traditional family should not be incorporated in legislation" and that "access should be limited only in terms of the cost and scarcity of resources", selection not being based on "family status, sexual orientation and so on". This paper attempts a comparative examination of UK legislation on reproductive technology in this light, with particular focus on the rationing of access to donor insemination.

Canada↗
PubMed2005

Changes in the localization of antigen presenting cells and T cells in the utero-vaginal junction after repeated artificial insemination in laying hens.

The goal of our present study was to observe whether the populations of antigen presenting cells (Ia+ cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) change in the utero-vaginal junction (UVJ) of Rhode Island Red laying hens that showed dramatic declines in fertility after repeated artificial insemination (AI). Rhode Island Red laying hens were divided into two groups: a virgin group (R-V) and artificial inseminated group (R-AI), which was exposed to weekly AI for a period of 3 mo. Undiluted fresh semen collected from healthy Tosa-Jidori roosters, a native Japanese breed maintained in Kochi Prefecture, was used for AI. The UVJ tissues were processed for frozen sections, and Ia+ cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. The Ia+ cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the stroma and mucosal epithelium of UVJ in both the R-AI and R-V birds. The frequencies of them in the stroma were significantly higher in R-AI than R-V. The higher frequency of Ia+ cells in the UVJ of R-AI group indicated a greater potential capability for antigen presentation to CD4+ cells. The significant increase in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the UVJ of R-AI birds might be the result of a homing process of lymphocytes, which may affect sperm survivability and fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Implantation in both of the uterine horns after the unilateral intrauterine insemination in rabbits.

Artificial insemination was carried out by injecting semen into the upper part of the left uterine horn in rabbits with a duplex uterus. Ovulation was then induced by administration of hCG. As a result, implanted fetuses were observed not only in the left uterine horn but also in the right uterine horn. However, when similar insemination was carried out after ligation of the right utero-tubal junction, fertilization did not occur in the right oviduct. From these finding, we conclude that some of the spermatozoa injected into the left uterine horn was discharged into the vagina, entered the right uterine cervical canal, and reached the right oviduct to fertilize the ova.

Animals↗