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PubMed2006

Prevalence of and risk factors for low back pain among staffs in schools for physically and mentally handicapped children.

The objective of this study is to clarify the prevalence of and risk factors for low back pain (LBP) in schools for physically and mentally handicapped children. This study design is a cross-sectional study. The subjects included were 1,869 staff members from 19 prefectural schools for children in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, which included schools for the blind, deaf-mutes, physically handicapped, and mentally retarded children. A total of 975 subjects completed two postal questionnaires which included morbidity, demographic factors, nursing activity, and psychosocial factors. The answer rate was 52%. The one-month prevalence of LBP was 45%. According to the classification of nursing activity, assistance in movement 1.67 (95% CI 1.27-2.14), excretory function 1.45 (1.11-1.88), and feeding 1.44 (1.10-1.90) showed significant increases in the odds ratio. The adjusted odds ratio significantly increased by 2.35 (1.78-3.11) in the group with depression symptoms as well as in the group with job stressors such as quantitative, qualitative, and physical work loads, job control, utilization of technique, interpersonal conflicts, and degree of satisfaction with their work/home life.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Psychopathology in adult mentally handicapped hospital patients.

In a population of 100 adult mentally handicapped patients, 71% had one or more ICD-9 diagnoses. The most common diagnosis was behavioural disorder, followed by affective psychosis and neurosis. Maladaptive behaviour was highest in younger, brighter patients and in patients who were psychiatrically disturbed. These findings have implications for the selection of patients for community living programmes, and for the appropriateness of providing treatment for particular mentally handicapped patients in psychiatric settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Age-related hearing difficulties. I. Hearing impairment, disability, and handicap--a controlled study.

The study compares the audiological profile of a group of first-time applicants for hearing aids, a group of re-applicants and a group of non-complainers, aged 70-75 years (n = 71). In spite of overlap in range, a significant difference in thresholds and discrimination was found. The lip-reading capacity was well preserved in the elderly, but showed a significant correlation to the general health condition. The audiological benefit of hearing-aids did not increase with early fitting. General satisfaction with life was independent of satisfaction with hearing; two thirds of the patients were satisfied with their aids and used them regularly. The rest were dissatisfied and used them less than once a week. The aids were most systematically used to watch TV. Pure-tone average and handicap scaling were compared as guidelines for hearing-aid fitting. The most powerful tool to identify those in need of hearing-aids was handicap scaling based on interviews concerning self-assessed hearing difficulties.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Impairment, disability and handicap in audiology: towards a consensus.

Within this paper, we argue that the WHO definitions of impairment, disability and handicap have a useful role in understanding the processes of audiological rehabilitation. We have endeavoured to clarify some of the confusions arising from the various uses of the terms in the audiological literature and propose further classifications of the three. In particular we discuss the complexities of handicap together with the interactions between hearing-impaired individuals and their significant others in its production.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Facial- and postural-affect recognition in the mentally handicapped and normal young children.

Facial- and postural-effect recognition was assessed in two groups of normal children (average ages of 5 yr., 3 mo. 5 yrs., 9 mo.) and three groups of retarded subjects (mild, moderate and severe). All subjects were tested under five separate conditions, in an attempt to determine if there was an impairment in affect recognition which varied directly as a function of the degree of mental handicap. In the first condition, subjects were presented with a smiling, pouting and a frowning face on each of 18 trials. They were given one prompt per trial, being instructed to point to the happy, sad or angry stimulus. Expressive postural stimuli devoid of facial features were used in Condition 2, and the same prompting procedure was followed. In the remaining three conditions facial and postural expressions were combined in different ways, so that they either agreed or disagreed. The resulting error data were evaluated by use of an analysis of variance. The principal findings showed that the severely retarded performed very poorly in all conditions. The remaining groups performed relatively well and failed to differ significantly from one another in facial-affect recognition. However, the moderately retarded group was significantly more impaired in postural-affect recognition than were the mildly handicapped and normals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Social-medical aspects of cystic fibrosis in Norway. IV. A comparison of the parents' and the professionals' judgement of the severity of the handicap.

To obtain information about their knowledge and their degree of acceptance of their child's condition, the parents of children with cystic fibrosis were asked to give a general judgement of their child's handicap. The study was based on questionnaires answered by the parents of 90 children with cystic fibrosis. One pediatrician and one social worker independently gave their judgement on the same issues. The parents judged 61% of the children as lightly handicapped, 33% as moderately, and 6% as seriously affected, while the professional judgement was 43%, 37% and 19%, respectively. The study indicates that the parents tend to judge their child's condition as less severe than the professionals. The difference of opinion is greatest in the group of seriously affected children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

An evaluation of the English language version of the social hearing handicap index.

It is widely acknowledged that standard clinical measures of hearing assessment can provide no more than a relative measure of social efficiency. A Danish language scale for self-assessment of hearing handicap has been reported both in terms of initial assessment, and of assessing response to rehabilitatory intervention. The English language version of this scale was included in a study on hearing handicap in a sample of adult native English speakers. The results essentially supported the claims of the authors but some reservations are noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sentence identification in noise and hearing-handicap questionnaires.

We compared the results of two hearing-handicap questionnaires (the Social Hearing-Handicap Index and the Hearing Measurement Scale) and the scores on three sentence-in-noise tests (CID sentences in continuous noise, BKB sentences in continuous noise and BKB sentences in noise modulated by the speech). Thirty subjects were tested, 6 with normal hearing, 11 with a mixed hearing loss, and 13 with a sensorineural hearing loss. Significant correlations were found among the sentence identification scores and the questionnaires, particularly those questions that dealt with the understanding of speech. Both the questionnaires and the sentence-identification scores were also highly correlated to pure-tone sensitivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Correlations between self-assessed hearing handicap and standard audiometric tests in elderly persons.

The relationship between self-assessed hearing handicap and audiometric measures using pure-tone and speech audiometry was studied in a group of elderly persons representative of an urban Swedish population. The study population consisted of two cohorts, one of which was followed longitudinally. Significant correlations between measured and self-assessed hearing were found. Speech discrimination scores showed lower correlations with the self-estimated hearing than pure-tone averages and speech reception threshold. Questions concerning conversation with one person and concerning difficulty in hearing the doorbell showed lower correlations with measured hearing than the other questions. The discrimination score test is an inadequate tool for measuring hearing handicap.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Designing special switches and control systems for multiply handicapped young people--a problem-led approach.

This paper discusses a design strategy for assistive equipment for disabled people, in particular for special switches and control systems to enable the severely physically handicapped to control powered wheelchairs, computers, communication aids and environmental control systems. Special switch systems in this application must provide a complex human-equipment interface. Experience over a number of years with over 80 severely handicapped young people has refined the design strategy for both special switch systems and interfacing. Some examples are given of a problem-led approach, and the materials used and the method of manufacture are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Development of sitting ability, assessment of children with a motor handicap and prescription of appropriate seating systems.

The prescription of appropriate seating for children and young adults with a motor handicap is a complex issue requiring a clear identification of the child's physical ability in all postures. Recent work by Pountney et al. (1990) has shown how the development of lying ability is linked to sitting ability. This emphasises the importance of the total approach to assessment and prescription of seating systems and of not isolating seating needs from other postural considerations. This article summarises the work undertaken in recent years at Chailey Heritage to improve knowledge about prescriptive, adaptive seating for children with a motor handicap. The results are being increasingly applied throughout the United Kingdom.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps: exercises in its application in a hospital medical record.

The principles and philosophies of the WHO International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps were enthusiastically espoused by all staff of a large rehabilitation hospital. It was universally seen as an accurate and standardized way of recording and reporting a patient's functional state and opened up opportunities for research between causation and consequences of diseases, the relations of impairments to handicaps, and so on. In short, it promised a hard data base about disability, which presently has been studied only anecdotally, or by large random community samples. The joy of the principle turned into torment when the attempts to apply the system to current and past medical records were made. Retrospective codification of existing records was found to be virtually impossible. Recorded data were patchy, insufficiently precise to translate into IDH codes and the codifier had to make so many value judgements, interpretations and guesses to squeeze what was written on the record into IDH codes. A totally new and disciplined way of making notations in medical records would be required to make this method applicable, and such a discipline presents challenges to the medical administrator which dwarfs the production of the WHO manual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1986

Problems encountered in using the concepts of impairment, disability, and handicap in a health assessment survey of the elderly in Upper Normandy.

Three types of difficulty in applying the ICIDH concepts in survey assessments of the health status of the elderly are described. There are conceptual problems related to the relationship and equivalence between handicap, performance, and functional ability. There are technical difficulties in operationalizing the concepts for development of a questionnaire for use in home surveys. Finally, there are problems when attempts are made to discern the role of environment in the development of handicap.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

The functional aptitude of a natural sample of population. A new approach to handicap (Saint Cyr-sur-le-Rhône, Sept. 1984).

A survey of the total population of a small rural village was undertaken to discern the amount of impairment and disability present, using both questionnaire and examination techniques. It was confirmed that the concept of disability was applicable to such populations and that it was related to age, at both extremes of life. There was a good correlation between self-reporting and examination of locomotor and sensory impairments but it was poor when applied to prehensile or dexterity skills. This survey showed that such techniques can be applied to populations. As yet the handicap code in the International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap has not been related to this population but this is seen as an important next step in the proper understanding of chronic disability in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A cookery book for self-catering mentally handicapped.

The more able patients from hospitals for the mentally handicapped in Southmead Health District Bristol, are being established in minimal-support homes. Dietitians were asked to advise on how to teach practical cookery skills and encourage good nutrition. They were unable to recommend any of the available cookery books, and have designed a recipe folder in picture form of suitable meals for one week. The mentally handicapped patient's background is discussed as it relates to the practical problems of rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social identity and the International Classification of Handicaps: an evaluation of the consequences of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH MD) using two different but complementary procedures: an analysis based on the three different dimensions of disablement developed by the WHO--impairment, disability, and handicap--and a study of the psychological repercussions on social identity. Sixty-eight individuals with FSH MD, with 68 members of a control group, responded to a battery of psychosocial questions. Individuals with muscular dystrophy were also studied with reference to the dimensions of impairment, disability and handicap. The results showed that there are close correlations among measures of the three dimensions of disablement. Evaluations made by people with muscular dystrophy of the seriousness of their own disablement are strongly linked to objective measures of impairment. Furthermore, we found that having muscular dystrophy does have certain consequences for an individual's self-identity, although the degree to which one's self-image is validated is to some extent independent of the seriousness of the illness.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a pilot study of psychological assessment of functioning in chronic pain patients.

This study addresses the psychological assessment of functioning in chronic pain patients. First, a model of functional assessment is proposed, which is based on the biopsychosocial view of chronic disease (Engel) and on the consequences of diseases (WHO). Second, a set of psychological criteria for impairments, disabilities, and handicaps, described by WHO as the consequences of diseases, are determined. Third, the psychological criteria selected are operationalized and the utility of the psychological assessment instruments tested in a clinical rehabilitation study. The results indicate that prediction of post-treatment functioning in the rehabilitation patient, by psychological procedures, may improve if the concept of functioning is determined as three sub-areas of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A regional survey of technical aids used by handicapped children in day care and at school.

Normalization, which underlines mainstreaming, is widely accepted in paediatric rehabilitation, but its success depends on the availability of special services, including proper technical aids for day care and school. This study aimed to evaluate the need for and use of technical aids in various forms of day care and education. Handicapped children used basic technical aids. In day care children needed more technical aids to promote independent mobility and playing, and in school they needed more computers and adaptations and software for these computers. The arrangement of technical aids for handicapped children requires good cooperation between the children's parents and various professionals.

Adolescent↗