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PubMed1991

Writing with the right hemisphere.

We studied writing abilities in a strongly right-handed man following a massive stroke that resulted in virtually complete destruction of the language-dominant left hemisphere. Writing was characterized by sensitivity to lexical-semantic variables (i.e., word frequency, imageability, and part of speech), semantic errors in writing to dictation and written naming, total inability to use the nonlexical phonological spelling route, and agrammatism in spontaneous writing. The reliance on a lexical-semantic strategy in spelling, semantic errors, and impaired phonology and syntax were all highly consistent with the general characteristics of right hemisphere language, as revealed by studies of split-brain patients and adults with dominant hemispherectomy. In addition, this pattern of writing closely resembled the syndrome of deep agraphia. These observations provide strong support for the hypothesis that deep agraphia reflects right hemisphere writing.

Agraphia↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of the efficacy of piracetam in treating information processing, reading and writing disorders in dyslexic children.

Piracetam, a new class of drug (nootropil) thought to enhance specific cognitive skills, was given in a 3300 mg daily dose to half of a group of fifty-five dyslexic boys aged 8-13 years, in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The other half of the subjects received placebo. All subjects met the following criteria: normal intelligence, normal educational opportunities, no severe emotional problems, no neurological handicaps, good physical health, not taking other psychotropic medication, and scoring at least one and one half years below their mental age equivalent on the Gilmore Oral Reading Test. Non-verbal (auditory and visual) and verbal perceptual, and memory skills were examined, and reading, spelling, language and writing abilities were measured using standardized instruments. Compared to the placebo control group, individuals treated with Piracetam did not show statistically significant improvements above their baseline scores on measures of perception, memory, language, reading accuracy or comprehension, or writing accuracy. However, reading speed and numbers of words written in a timed period were significantly enhanced in subjects treated with Piracetam as compared to placebo. Effective reading and writing ability, taking both rate and accuracy into consideration, were also significantly improved in the Piracetam as compared to the placebo treatment group. The medication was well-tolerated and medical examinations showed no significant adverse reactions. These results encourage further study of Piracetam to determine more precisely the mechanism of action by which specific cognitive skills are affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Influence of lateralized neuropsychological activities with and without sensorimotor components on EEG spectral power (alpha-rhythm).

Spectral analysis of the EEG (alpha-rhythm) was studied in 8 young right-handed men who underwent 6 experimental tasks which were compared with rest, and included two pure motor activities using only the right and then the left hand, two pure neuropsychological tasks, and two "mixed" tasks with both neurophysiological and motor activities. The electrophysiological parameters studied were the log of spectral power and an asymmetry index (RP-LP)/(RP + LP). In order to demonstrate lateralization of the EEG, one must associate lateralized motor and neuropsychological tasks (which are supposed to preferentially involve one of the cerebral hemispheres). These results may reconcile apparently divergent views published in the literature with respect to lateralized EEG modifications associated with cognitive activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Electroencephalographic coherences discriminate between children with different pedagogical evaluation.

The relationship of reading-writing ability and EEG coherences was studied in 84 subjects from two age groups 7.0-8.9 and 9-11.2 years old. All children were divided into three groups according to their performance on a pedagogical test: ped1, normal children; ped2, children with mild problems; ped3, children with reading-writing disability. The following results were obtained: in general, children showed higher coherences in groups with poor performance in the delta, theta and beta bands. In the alpha band, higher coherence values were related to better performance. The exceptions to this general pattern were rare. Group ped2 had higher coherences in delta, theta and alpha bands than ped1 and ped3, in left temporal leads. In older children the same tendency was observed, but group differences in the theta, alpha and beta bands were few. In this age range, the significant group differences were almost all interhemispheric coherences. The discriminant analysis that classified subjects by their coherence values gave very good results, fact that demonstrates, that EEG coherence is a highly sensitive measurement indicating not only the existence of a reading-writing problem, but also the degree of its severity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Temporal stability and predictive validity of self-assessed hand preference with first and second graders.

The test-retest reliability and predictive validity of a five-item hand preference questionnaire (writing, drawing, throwing a baseball, brushing teeth, and cutting with scissors) were investigated in a sample of 80 children attending first and second grade. After 1 month, 81% of the second choices were the same as the first choices. There were interitem differences in the reliabilities of the five items. Writing and drawing hand exhibited the greatest degree of temporal stability. Writing hand was the one task which was significantly related to visual field bias as indexed by a face perception task.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Gerstmann syndrome without aphasia: a longitudinal study.

A case of "pure" and complete Gerstmann syndrome resulting from a focal vascular lesion in the posterior parietal area of the left hemisphere and not associated with aphasic disorder or general mental impairment is described. The initial symptom presentation of this patient supported the concept of the autonomous nature of the Gerstmann aggregate but longitudinal findings suggested that these symptoms did not in fact represent a coherent syndrome.

Functional Laterality↗
PubMed1984

Writing hand posture and four indexes of lateral preference.

The relationship between writing hand posture and lateral preference for hand, foot, eye, and ear was examined in a sample of 3709 college undergraduates. A markedly different pattern of lateral preferences was observed in left-handed males and females as a function of hand posture. Left-handed male inverters displayed a tendency toward more leftward lateral preferences in all four indexes; while it was found that hand inversion during writing in left-handed females reflected, if anything, a tendency toward more rightward lateral preferences.

Ear↗
PubMed1989

Comparative analysis of actual and mental movement times in two graphic tasks.

This study compared the temporal organization of graphic movements executed either actually or mentally. Six subjects had to perform two tasks, writing a sentence and drawing a cube, either as a real performance or as an imagined one, with either the right or the left hand, and with either a small or a large tracing amplitude. In the same subject, for the same hand, mental and actual movement times were both very stable and very close from trial to trial regardless of the tracing amplitude. Thus, mental movements mimic closely real movements in their temporal organization and are likely to involve the same planning program.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the sequence of writing on both sides of a paper.

One of the most difficult subjects the Examiner of Questioned Documents had to deal with is the determination of the sequence of written materials. As far as this author knows, techniques are available only for cases where the relevant writings are placed on the same side of the paper. Numerous experiments have been made on a range of papers varying in weight. In all of these tests both sides of the paper were typewritten as well as handwritten (pencil, pen, ball-point pen and fountain pen). Several samples are shown where the possibility of such determination is seen to be feasible, especially in cases where both sides are typewritten and where one is typewritten and the other is handwritten with pencil, ball-point pen and fountain pen.

Handwriting↗
PubMed1984

Cognitive and EEG asymmetry.

Several recent reports concerning the relationship of EEG asymmetry to cognition were evaluated. Technical and interpretive shortcomings of some papers minimizes their significance with respect to this issue, whereas several findings support the notion that EEG asymmetry occurs in association with cognition per se.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1987

Task-dependent gating of somatosensory transmission in two different motor tasks in man: falling and writing.

The cerebral potentials induced by an electrical stimulus (median nerve or finger) were recorded over the central region of the scalp and were analysed during falling onto the extended arms or during writing to investigate the influence of different motor tasks on the transmission of a synchronous afferent volley to the brain. During both falling (before landing) and writing, the first peaks (20-40 ms) were reduced. Later peaks (60-200 ms) were enhanced during writing but reduced during falling. A reduction of the first peak was also obtained after ischaemic blockade of group I afferents, suggesting that the cerebral transmission of group I afferents is inhibited during falling and writing. The subjects reported a corresponding reduction in the perception of the stimulus during falling. During writing, however, the large late waves indicate a task specific processing of the remaining afferent volley. Such a gating of sensory information to the brain is assumed to play a functional role in the respective motor tasks.

Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory↗
PubMed1983

The relation between linear extent and velocity in drawing movements.

The speed of execution of complex movements depends on both the local, differential properties of the trajectory and on some of its more global metric parameters. The effects of these global factors were studied in free, writing-like movements with either piece-wise constant, or regularly changing curvature. It is demonstrated that the tangential velocity of the pen's tip is tightly correlated, through a power function, with the total linear extent of the trajectory (perimeter). Thus, a strong tendency exists to keep the execution time of these complex trajectories independent of the movement size (isochrony). Furthermore, it is shown that the average tangential velocity over identifiable segments of the trajectory also depends on the corresponding average curvature. The implications of these results vis-à-vis the central representation and planning of movements are discussed.

Handwriting↗
PubMed1993

Use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of hand dystonia.

Forty-six patients with hand dystonia, considered disabling despite optimal pharmacologic therapy, were injected in the forearm musculature with botulinum A toxin. Thirty of these patients were followed long enough to provide adequate data for analysis of 86 treatment sessions. There was a 63% female preponderance, with an average age at initial evaluation of 46 years and symptom duration of 7.9 years. Average baseline severity of dystonia was rated as 3.5 on a severity rating scale (0-4 rating; 4 = maximum severity). The average peak effect response for all injections (79 into wrist flexors and 29 into wrist extensors) was 2.2 for dystonia and 3.0 for pain (0-4 rating; 0 = no response, 4 = maximum benefit). The latency from injection to onset of effect averaged 5.6 days. Total response duration averaged 9.3 weeks and maximum improvement was 7.5 weeks. Only local complications occurred and consisted primarily of hand weakness (25 patients, 44 sessions). The results show that botulinum toxin injections effectively control hand dystonia in instances where other forms of therapy have failed.

Botulinum Toxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The poisoned pen. A case report.

In a case of suicide by overdose of a sedative and hypnotic and a tranquilizer the author analyses the deterioration in writing ability in the time frame recorded by the victim.

Glutethimide↗