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PubMed1977

Mouse aggression and the intruder-familiarity effect: evidence for multiple-factor determination c57bl.

Male house mice attack their familiar cagemates less than novel intruders-an effect often attributed to habituation of aggression toward odors emanating from the cagemate. This interpretation is overly simplistic in that the effects of familiarizing preexposure depend additionally upon two factors. One factor is the aggression-inhibiting odors emanating from the test male that are deposited onto the cagemate by cohabitation. Supporting evidence is that attack inhibition to the cagemate failed to generalize to noncohabiting same-strain intruders and that eliminating physical contact between subject and cagemate during preexposure prevented the usual postexposure decline in aggression. The second factor is nonolfactory social stimuli emanating from the cagemate during aggressive encounters. The same intruder odors that elicited aggression when placed on a socially active mouse elicited only investigation when placed on models. When subjects were preexposed to an intruder's odor while prevented from socially interacting with the intruder, this investigation subsequently declined while aggression paradoxically increased.

Aggression↗
PubMed1978

Intensity coding in the transient portion of the rat chorda tympani response.

For assessment of the relative importance of the transient and steady state components of the chorda tympani response to intensity coding of gustatory stimuli, the rat's ability to discriminate aversive solutions following adaptation was compared with changes in the neural response also resulting from adaptation. A taste aversion was conditioned to .9% NaCl, and subsequent acceptance of several NaCl concentrations (range: .1%-1.5%) was tested following infusion of 1 ml of adapting solution (H2O or .1%, .9%, or 1.5% NaCl) through an intra-oral cannula. Adaptation significantly decreased gustatory intensity discrimination and decreased the magnitude of the transient portion of the chorda tympani response. The degree of reduction in transient magnitude correlated significantly with reduced discrimination in all adapting conditions. However, the magnitude of the steady state response negatively correlated with discrimination. These data suggest that gustatory intensity discrimination depends upon information contained in the transient portion of the neural response and that the transient is necessary as well as sufficient for taste intensity discrimination.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ability of chimpanzees to respond to symbols of quantity in comparison with that of children and of monkeys.

Four chimpanzees, 4 rhesus monkeys, and 11 children aged 4-9 yr were assessed under comparable conditions for their ability to make use of colors as symbols of quantity. One particular color represented the quantifier "all"; another represented "some"; another represented "one"; a fourth represented "none." These arbitrarily chosen colors retained their individual meanings when the test conditions were varied on three occasions. The ability of the subjects to continue responding appropriately to the colors immediately after a change of test condition was used as the measure of performance. The apes performed like the monkeys, having especial difficulties relative to the children with the most sensitive quantifier "some."

Age Factors↗