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PubMed1997

Immigration patterns, social support, and adaptation among Korean immigrant women and Korean American women.

There are little empirical data available on the mental health and social functioning of Korean American Women (both native U.S. born and foreign Korean-born U.S. residents, inclusive). State-of-the-art research used to inform social work practice is exploratory descriptive. With the goal of contributing to the social work knowledge base regarding this understudied population, this article uses an emic understanding and approach to examine immigration patterns, social support networks, and issues around adaptation experienced by Korean American women. Issues examined include gender role disruption, limited use of social services, and evidence of depressive symptoms in Korean American women and subsequent risk of substance abuse, suicide, battering, loss of employment, deficits in parenting, and mental health problems. Focus on these areas of functioning suggests the need for development of culturally competent community, family, individual, and organizational-level intervention strategies.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2003

Gender and the medical curriculum: a rural case study.

In Australia, half the medical students are women. There is increasing evidence that women engage with medicine differently from men, and medical workforce planners are being required to consider the implications of this change, particularly in areas of medical need. Between 1996-2001, the Australian government provided funding for teaching about issues for female rural doctors to encourage female students to consider rural medical practice. This was extended to include teaching about gender issues for doctors. Introducing this teaching has required building credibility for the topic among funders, faculty and students, training tutors, and meeting the need of students for an intellectual framework within which to think about gender and medicine. Teaching about gender requires conscious leadership by senior academic women. This paper describes an initiative in the rural curriculum for medical students.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2006

Brief reports: Unequal treatment: mental health care for sexual and gender minority groups in a rural state.

OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study examined the social dynamics of communities and clinic settings that impede the delivery of culturally relevant services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people living in rural areas. METHODS: Ethnographic interviews were conducted with 20 providers in rural areas to document their perceptions of LGBT mental health care. RESULTS: A majority of rural providers claimed that there is no difference between working with LGBT clients and non-LGBT clients. This neutral therapeutic posture may be insufficient when working with rural LGBT clients. Despite providers' claims of acceptance, lack of education about LGBT mental health issues, and homophobia influenced services for rural LGBT people. LGBT clients had been denied services, discouraged from broaching sexuality and gender issues by providers, and secluded within residential treatment settings. CONCLUSIONS: The challenges of ensuring access to quality care for this population are magnified by provider discourses of "therapeutic neutrality."

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1996

Farm health and safety issues: do men and women differ in their perceptions?

This study identifies gender specific farm health and safety issues. Based on a sample from the 1988 New York Farm Family Survey, descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to establish unique gender based profiles in terms of labor force participation, and prioritization of farm health and safety issues, concerns, and information sources. Based on the factor analysis, women's main farm health and safety issues included physical problems and occupational hazard screening needs, provider integrity, and economic incentives. Men's main issues consisted of accident related counseling needs, skin related hazards, and the farm related convenience of the services. Men and women had statistically significant differences in the types of information sources and reasons for using farm health and safety services. These differences imply that farm health and safety providers must consider both gender related information gathering and farm health and safety prioritizations to more efficiently allocate intervention resources, more effectively promote safety, and reduce the incidence of occupationally related morbidity and mortality in agriculture.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Impediments to safer heterosexual sex: a review of research with young people.

This article reviews the existing British literature on the micro-social details of young people's heterosexual encounters, emphasizing the cultural factors which impede the adoption of health education advice. Most of the findings cited come from qualitative projects that relied primarily on detailed interviews or group discussions. Six issues are highlighted: difficulties in talking about sex; the gender-role expectations brought to an encounter; the primary function of condoms as contraceptives; problems in buying, carrying and using condoms; how the stage of a particular relationship affects behaviour, and gendered power relations. Several important issues are not addressed in the existing literature. The survey data on sexual behaviour suggest that HIV has had little impact on sexual activity, apart from a reported increase in condom use. Qualitative studies reveal the moral categories, gender-role expectations, power inbalances and other cultural factors that prevent a high level of knowledge about HIV transmission from being translated into safer heterosexual behaviour. Their findings provide important insights into how realistic and practical safer sex messages are. They suggest that to promote health in respect to HIV it is necessary not only to advocate specific precautionary behaviour, such as using condoms, but also to address wider cultural issues relating to the taboos around the discussion of sex and the empowerment of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Gender-related differences in the impact of tropical diseases on women: what do we know?

This paper explores the importance of gender differences in the impact of tropical diseases on women. Malaria and schistosomiasis are used as examples but most of the observations also apply to other diseases endemic to developing countries. The distinction between sex and gender is discussed and evidence of sex and gender differences in the determinants and consequences of malaria and schistosomiasis, particularly their economic, social and personal dimensions, is reviewed. Issues on which research and intervention studies are needed are identified.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1995

Female or male: the classification of homosexuality and gender.

During this century the issue of homosexuality has been a recurrent theme on the research agenda of biologists. Historically, the life sciences have conceptualized homosexuals as persons with characteristics of the opposite sex. This paper discusses how the discourse on homosexuality became entangled with the discourse on gender.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Rethinking homicide: violence, race, and the politics of gender.

Although homicide is the fourth leading cause of premature mortality in the United States and the leading cause of death for young blacks, the health professions have been largely oblivious to violence. Prevailing explanations contribute to this neglect by emphasizing biological or psychiatric factors that make homicide unpredictable and cultural and environmental factors such as the emergence of a new "underclass" that link violence to race. Focusing on instances where no other crime is involved, this article proposes that "primary" homicide be reconceptualized as a by-product of interpersonal violence, a broad category of social entrapment rooted in the politics of gender inequality and including wife abuse, child abuse, and assaults by friends and acquaintances. The data show that blacks are no more violent than whites, though they are arrested and die more often as the consequence of violence. In addition, a majority of homicides are between social partners or involve gender stereotypes, are preceded by a series of assaults that are known to service providers, and grow out of "intense social engagement" about issues of male control and independence. Professional failure to respond appropriately is a major reason why assaults become fatal, particularly among blacks. An international strategy that combines sanctions against interpersonal assault, gun control, and the empowerment of survivors might prevent half of all homicides.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Women's cardiac rehabilitation: improving access using principles of women's health.

There is growing awareness among health care providers, government and community organizations that sex and gender are relevant to issues of health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one area that has been in the spotlight with respect to sex and gender differences. The myth that CVD is a 'man's disease' has been thoroughly debunked and it is now acknowledged that CVD is the number one killer of women in Canada. Despite this, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are largely under-utilized by women. This paper presents a case study of a CR program in Toronto and describes how one hospital has used their Principles of Women's Health to address barriers to CR for women. The Principles of Women's Health are described, program elements that embody these principles are reviewed and implications for the future of CR for women are discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

"When men speak women listen": gender socialisation and young adolescents' attitudes to sexual and reproductive issues.

This paper discusses findings from separate focus group discussions among boys, girls, and parents in two communities in Ghana on the kinds of attitudes expressed with regard to specific gender roles and sexual and reproductive behaviour. The FGDs also point to some of the ways adolescents recognise sex role disparities in their own socialisation and that of other young people. The two communities reflect two lineage types, one matrilineal and the other patrilineal. The data show that with few exceptions patriarchal attitudes essentially prevail across age, sex and lineage type. The paper concludes by suggesting programmatic implications for strengthening the abilities of young males to be responsible in their sexual relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Critical factors determining access to acute stroke care.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess gender, ethnic, and access-to-care factors critical in delay time (DT) for presentation to the hospital for acute stroke. BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the effect of gender, ethnicity, and access issues on DT. DESIGN: Demographic, access-to-care, and DT information was obtained from emergency department (ED) documentation of stroke patients admitted from July 1995 through June 1997 at Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 241 eligible patients, 126 were African American (AA), 82 were non-Hispanic white (NHW), and 33 were Hispanic American (HA). Median DT from symptom onset to presentation to the ED was 222 minutes for AAs, 280 minutes for HAs, and 230 minutes for NHWs. A multivariate regression model estimated DT to ED arrival decreased with ambulance transport (p = 0.003) and increased in patients with a primary care physician (p = 0.145) and in women (p = 0.052). DT to see an ED physician after hospital arrival decreased with ambulance transport (p < 0.001), hemorrhage patients (p = 0.006), and worse stroke severity (p = 0.038), and increased in women (p = 0.041). DT to see a neurologist decreased with hemorrhage (p = 0.002) and ambulance arrival (p = 0.010). Neurologists saw patients within 3 hours of symptom onset in 34% of NHWs, 28% of AAs, and 18% of HAs. CONCLUSION: Gender and access-to-care issues may be important determinants of delay in acute stroke care. Less than 20% of HAs presented to the ED within 3 hours of symptom onset.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

A model of stress and burnout in collegiate coaches: effects of gender and time of season.

This investigation examined a model of stress and burnout in male (n = 131) and female (n = 118) collegiate head baseball and softball coaches. The model hypothesized that personal/situational variables of coaching issues, social support, hardiness, gender, and win/loss record predict stress appraisal which, in turn, predicts burnout. A preliminary gender by time of season repeated measures analysis indicated significant main effects for gender and time. Path analyses were conducted to test the model separately for males and females at the end of the season only. Results partially supported the model: Both male and female coaches higher in coaching issues and lower in hardiness were higher in perceived stress, and males lower in social support satisfaction were higher in perceived stress. Both male and female coaches' stress appraisal was predictive of all burnout components. The coaches were classified as suffering from moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion and low to moderate levels of depersonalization and personal accomplishment.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed2004

Paying attention to gender and poverty in health research: content and process issues.

Despite the magnitude of the problem of health inequity within and between countries, little systematic research has been done on the social causes of ill-health. Health researchers have overwhelmingly focused on biomedical research at the level of individuals. Investigations into the health of groups and the determinants of health inequities that lie outside the control of the individual have received a much smaller share of research resources. Ignoring factors such as socioeconomic class, race and gender leads to biases in both the content and process of research. We use two such factors--poverty and gender--to illustrate how this occurs. There is a systematic imbalance in medical journals: research into diseases that predominate in the poorest regions of the world is less likely to be published. In addition, the slow recognition of women's health problems, misdirected and partial approaches to understanding women's and men's health, and the dearth of information on how gender interacts with other social determinants continue to limit the content of health research. In the research community these imbalances in content are linked to biases against researchers from poorer regions and women. Researchers from high-income countries benefit from better funding and infrastructure. Their publications dominate journals and citations, and these researchers also dominate advisory boards. The way to move forward is to correct biases against poverty and gender in research content and processes and provide increased funding and better career incentives to support equity-linked research. Journals need to address equity concerns in their published content and in the publishing process. Efforts to broaden access to research information need to be well resourced, publicized and expanded.

Bias↗
PubMed1995

Mendacious moms or devious dads? Some perplexing issues in child custody/sexual abuse allegation disputes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore relevant literature about sexual abuse allegations arising in child custody disputes. METHOD: A literature review of false allegations is given and the contribution of gender bias to this issue is discussed. The role a child psychiatrist may play in such cases is outlined. RESULTS: Contrary to much popular and professional opinion, sexual abuse allegations are found in only 2% of child custody disputes, and, of these, 8% to 16.5% are false. While false allegations arise for a variety of reasons, the word "false" can imply both erroneous and deceitful activities. This ambiguity, along with gender bias, may lead to disbelief of, and blame towards, parents who report sexual abuse in the context of a dispute about custody or access. CONCLUSION: The child psychiatrist who testifies in such custody disputes should have caution, humility, and an open mind both in the courtroom and in dealing with other professionals working in this area.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Gender, gender role, and drawing skill.

Separate bodies of research suggest that performance in spatial reasoning covaries with gender and with gender role. Typically studies employ a spatial task whose variance is then used to account for differences in scores between gender groups or variance in a measure of gender role. A methodological issue in such research is that the tasks used to represent spatial reasoning may be differentially available or differentially appealing as a function of gender. Also, authors tend to analyze data in terms of either gender or gender role but rarely both. A collection of personality assessments administered to 204 college students each contained a completed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and a drawing of a human figure. Within MMPI-2 are three measures of gender role. Drawing talent is unquestionably spatial and has the advantage of being equally available and encouraged among the two genders. Male gender predicted drawing skill. Within both genders, self-perceived masculinity in gender role also predicted higher scores on the drawing skill. Outcomes are seen as compatible with Geschwind and Galaburda's 1987 formulation regarding the behavioral manifestations of fetal androgenization.

Adult↗