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PubMed2003

Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific symptoms and findings are present in patients with symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe and, if so, whether partial sesamoidectomy is sufficient for successful treatment. Five consecutive athletes (five females; mean age 16.8 years [range, 13 to 22 years]) with six feet that were treated for symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe were included in this study. Four athletes (five feet) performed rhythmic sports gymnastics; the fifth athlete was a long jumper. Some swelling to the forefoot and activity-related pain that increased in forced dorsiflexion, but disappeared at rest was found in all patients. While plain X-rays evidenced fragmentation of the medial sesamoid, MRI (n=2) and frontal plane CT scan (n=3) did not always confirm the diagnosis, but bone scan (n=3) and axial as well as sagittal CT scan were useful to detect the pathology. After failure of conservative treatment measures, surgical excision of the proximal fragment was successful in all patients, and there were no complications. All patients were pain free and regained full sports activity within six months (range, 2.5 to six months). At final follow-up which averaged 50.6 months (range, 20 to 110 months), the overall clinical results were graded as good/excellent in all patients, and there was only one patient with of restriction sports activities. The obtained AOFAS-Hallux-Score was 95.3 (75 to 100) points. Apparently, stress fractures occur more often at the medial sesamoid, and females are mainly involved. When a stress fracture is suspected, bone scan and CT scan are suggested as more reliable in confirming the diagnosis than other imaging methods. When conservative treatment has failed, surgical excision of the proximal fragment is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood.

Vigorous gymnastics and repeated manipulations of the cervical spine by a chiropractor were associated with headaches and transient cranial nerve deficits in a 7-year-old boy who had a history of birth trauma. Progressive cerebellar dysfunction was later accompanied by a visual field defect. A computerized axial tomography scan revealed a cerebellar infarction, and arteriograms showed vertebral and basilar occlusions. Passive stretching of the cervical spine during chiropractic maneuvers may lead to vertebral artery thrombosis with subsequent embolization into the basilar artery circulation.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2001

An examination of situational interest and its sources.

BACKGROUND: Situational interest is articulated theoretically as a construct associated with five dimensional sources: novelty, challenge, attention demand, exploration intention, and instant enjoyment. AIMS: This study aimed to examine the influence of the dimensional sources on situational interest. It was hypothesised that the dimensional sources function differently to contribute to situational interest and that the influence of a source might be mediated by others. SAMPLE: Two samples of 7th, 8th, and 9th grade students were used in the study. There were 281 students (57% male, 43% female) in the first sample and 191 (47% male, 53% female) in the second. METHOD: Students in Sample A evaluated situational interest and the dimensional sources in tasks of analysing jogging and gymnastic stunts on video. Those in Sample B evaluated them in tasks of learning basketball. Correlation and regression analyses and path analyses were used to test the theoretical model. RESULTS: Instant Enjoyment determined situational interest. Exploration and Novelty had positive influences on situational interest via enhancing Instant Enjoyment. Challenge showed little influence. The path analyses for both samples confirmed the inter-dimensional mediation effects of the sources. CONCLUSION: The analysed data support the hypotheses. The dimensional sources had unequal influences on situational interest and the mediation effects among themselves at times strengthened or weakened each other's influences. The findings suggest that to increase situational interest, educators should offer students ample exploratory opportunities during student-task interaction that can lead to instant enjoyment for learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Correlates of stress fractures among preadolescent and adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: Although stress fractures are a source of significant morbidity in active populations, particularly among young female athletes, the causes of stress fractures have not been explored among females <17 years of age or in the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of stress fractures in a large, population-based, national, cohort study of preadolescent and adolescent girls. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data from 5461 girls, 11 to 17 years of age, in the Growing Up Today Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of the children of registered female nurses participating in Nurses' Health Study II, was performed. Mothers self-reported information regarding their children's histories of stress fractures on their 1998 annual questionnaire. Growing Up Today Study participants self-reported their weight and height, menarcheal status, physical activity, dietary intake, and disordered eating habits on annual surveys. RESULTS: In 1998, the mean age of the participants was 13.9 years. Approximately 2.7% of the girls had a history of stress fracture, 3% engaged in disordered eating (using fasting, diet pills, laxatives, or vomiting to control weight), and 16% participated in > or =16 hours per week of moderate to vigorous activity. Age at menarche, z score of BMI in 1998, calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and daily dairy intake were all unrelated to stress fractures after controlling for age. Independent of age and BMI, girls who participated in > or =16 hours per week of activity in 1998 had 1.88 greater odds of a history of stress fracture than did girls who participated in <4 hours per week (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-3.30). Girls who participated in > or =16 hours per week of activity were also more likely than their peers to engage in disordered eating (4.6% vs 2.8%); however, disordered eating did not have an independent association with stress fractures (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.61-2.89). Independent of age and BMI, each hour per week of high-impact activity significantly increased the risk of stress fracture (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09). Among the high-impact physical activities, only running (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.22) and cheerleading/gymnastics (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.21) were independently associated with greater odds of stress fracture. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, although activity can be beneficial for bone health, there is a threshold over which the risk of stress fracture increases significantly among adolescent girls. High-impact activities, particularly running, cheerleading, and gymnastics, appear to be higher risk than other activities. Prospective studies are needed to explore the directionality of these relationships, as well as the role of menstrual history. In the meantime, clinicians should remain vigilant in identifying and treating disordered eating and menstrual irregularities among their highly active, young, female patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of short-term pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Although the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) improves both exercise capacity and quality of life, a standard protocol for COPD patients has not been established. To clarify whether physiologic and quality-of-life improvements can be achieved by an inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program 5 days per week for 3 weeks, 18 patients with COPD were enrolled in a rehabilitation program. The physical exercise training regimen consisted of respiratory muscle stretch gymnastics and cycle ergometer exercise training. Pulmonary function tests, an incremental ergometer exercise test, a 6-min walking test, and a quality of life assessment by the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire were administered before and after the program. The peak VO2, an indicator of maximal exercise capacity, did not increase, although the 6-min walking distance, an indicator of functional exercise capacity, increased significantly after rehabilitation. There was a significant improvement in the quality of life in terms of dyspnea, fatigue, and emotional state. These findings suggest that even a 3-week program may be beneficial for COPD patients. Increases in functional exercise capacity, even without an increase in maximal exercise capacity, are helpful for reducing dyspnea and improving quality of life parameters in patients with COPD.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Wrist injuries in sport.

The wrist is a complex joint that biomechanically transmits forces generated at the hand through to the forearm. The radial side of the wrist carries 80% of the axial load and the ulnar side the remaining 20% of the load. The incidence of wrist (and hand) injuries in the sporting population is approximately 25%. This tends to be higher in those sports using the hand and wrist, and when the potential for trauma is present. The injuries are divided into 4 categories: overuse, nerve (and vascular), traumatic, and weight-bearing injuries. Overuse injuries are common in sports involving the hand and wrist, such as racquet sports, netball, basketball and volleyball. Nerve injuries are more commonly compressive neuropathies, and are seen with cyclists who may compress the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal. Vascular injuries are uncommon and usually result from a high velocity impact from balls. Traumatic injuries are the most common and are due to either a fall on to the wrist, a direct blow, or combination of a rotatory and torsional force. The weight-bearing injuries are more specific to gymnastics, and result from repetitive excessive compressive and rotational forces across the wrist. The pommel horse event is associated with a high incidence of wrist pain in male competitors. Arthroscopy of the wrist provides direct inspection of intra-articular structures and diagnosis of conditions that may be unclear with other investigations. As techniques advance, more conditions may be treated arthroscopically and potentially facilitate an earlier return to sport.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1993

Effects of self-modeling on self-efficacy and balance beam performance.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of self-modeling on self-efficacy and performance of balance beam routines. Subjects were intermediate-level female gymnasts who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a self-modeling or a control group. For the self-modeling group, self-modeling videotapes were made of each subject performing her balance beam routine. During a 6-wk. period, self-modeling group subjects viewed the videotape of themselves three times a week prior to practice. During this time, the control group and self-modeling group participated in their normal instructional program. All subjects completed self-efficacy inventories and balance beam skill tests at four intervals, a pretest, a 2-wk. test, a 4-wk. test, and a 6-wk. posttest. Although no significant differences in ratings of self-efficacy or balance beam performance between the groups were found, the correlation between subjects' self-rated performance scores and actual performance scores for the self-modeling group was significant (r = .92). This correlation was not significant for the control group (r = .02). This significant correlation suggests that self-modeling may enhance performers' ability to assess their own performance realistically, improving their understanding and use of instructional feedback to enhance performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Alternating versus blocked practice in learning a cartwheel.

This investigation examined the generalizability of contextual interference to learning the cartwheel in gymnastics. 32 participants ages 17 to 26 years completed five stages of practice of two versions of the skill, one in which the left hand led and one in which the right hand led, providing a total of 192 practice trials. Practice of these two versions of the task was completed in either a blocked or alternating order. Tests of retention and transfer were completed 20 min. and 1 wk. after acquisition. Outcome (errors) and form scores were derived from participants' performance. Alternating practice resulted in poorer acquisition, retention, and transfer per-generalize to this task, a finding which is attributed to task complexity and the interference associated with practicing the two tasks together.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Controlled active mobilization following surgical repair of the avulsed radial attachment of the biceps brachii muscle: a case report.

Traumatic disruption of the radial attachment of the biceps brachii muscle may require surgical reattachment to obtain and maintain optimum anatomical relationships and ensure return to full, unlimited activity, particularly in the young athletic patient with high muscle performance demands. Postoperative evaluation and care following surgical reattachment of the avulsed radial tendon of the biceps brachii muscle has not previously been reported in the rehabilitation literature. The purpose of this case study is to report successful treatment of a gymnast using static splinting, controlled active mobilization of the elbow, and strengthening exercises following surgical reattachment of the avulsed radial attachment of the biceps brachii muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Eosinophilic fasciitis.

Eosinophilic fasciitis presents with skin thickening involving the extremities, and sparing the hands. Raynaud's phenomenon is usually absent. It can be precipitated by undue exertion and is characterized by eosinophilia and infiltration of skin and subcutaneous tissue by mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils. We present a young man who developed eosinophilic fasciitis following severe gymnastic activity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Past and current trends in soy supplementation: a bibliographic study.

The aim was to determine in what areas the therapeutic application of soy predominates in clinical trials and to assess the emerging fields of its use by means of an analysis of bibliographic resources. A search was performed in the MEDLINE database up to 31 december 2004, limited to the Title/Abstract field, and Clinical Trials as the type of publication. The abstracts from the publications selected (n=86) were reviewed and different variables were assessed. A total of 3280 subjects were included: 15% men and 59% women (71% postmenopausal). The studies were performed basically in healthy individuals (71%). Twenty five percent of the studies investigated plasma levels of different metabolites and 21% determined hormone or lipid profiles. After the year 2000 a new population focus was detected, with the publication of two studies in elite gymnasts and judoists, with positive results. The present observations indicate that soy supplementation in the competitive sports elite may be an emerging application.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Telethermography and Raynaud's phenomenon.

A Raynaud's Phenomenon reported by a young female athlete in concomitance with a traumatic injury occurred during her gymnastic performance is described. Discussion is carried out taking into account the recent acquisitions about the pathophysiology of this syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Growth parameters of female athletes during periods of high training load].

Studies of children participating in elite sport training programmes revealed growth disorders. Longitudinal analyses of female gymnasts (whose bone age was distinctly below chronological age) over a period of two years do not suggest a general tendency to growth inhibition. However, the marked variation in the longitudinal data may indicate retardation in individual cases. An evaluation of the growth parameters is of practical importance for the medical care of children participating in intensive training programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The specific characteristics of thermoregulation in athletes in different specialties].

Skin temperature in 10 sites, the temperature of the body "nucleus", sweating during physical loads in training were recorded in sportsmen of different specialization in different ambient temperatures. The body temperature was studied in conditions of cooling (26 degrees C) in water for 10 min. The temperature of extremities skin (hand, foot) dropped mode dramatically in sportsmen-swimmers during cooling in water as compared with skiers, gymnasts and the control groups. During physical work of 250 Watt, the temperature in external auditory meatus and of skin was more increased in swimmers than in other subjects. The greatest differences were found in temperature of hand, foot and forehead skin. When tested by the PWC170 technique, the thermoregulatory tension was less in sportsmen than in control group. The efficiency coefficient of muscular work seems to be higher in sportsmen than in the subjects with one-year training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

The effect of a competitive season on the body composition of university female athletes.

Fifty-six NCAA Division I female athletes (age +/- SD = 19.82 +/- 0.59 years) from the swimming (SW), track (TR), volleyball (VB), gymnastics (GYM) and basketball (BB) teams were measured preseason and postseason to determine the effects of a season's training on their body composition. Body density (BD), relative fat (RF), fat-weight (FW), and fat-free weight (FFW) were obtained via hydrostatic weighing. The TR and GYM athletes showed significant increases and the VB players significant decreases in BD and FFW across season, respectively. No significant changes were found for the SW and BB teams. Preseason comparisons showed greater BD for TR than for BB, VB or SW. The GYM and VB had lower BD values than SW. Fat-free weight was higher in BB and VB teams, while TR and SW teams had greater FFW than GM. The BB, VB and SW teams had greater preseason FW than the TR and GYM groups. Postseason comparisons showed greater BD in TR and GYM than in the other three groups. Although FW differences were consistent with preseason data, all groups differed significantly in FFW with BB players having the greatest amount followed by VB, SW, TR and GYM.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Group exercise improves patient compliance in mild to moderate hypertension.

One of the major problems of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment is compliance of the patient. We attempted to reduce compliance problems by using group exercise in hypertensive patients. A group of 29 hypertensive patients (aged 54 +/- 10 years) met weekly for nearly 2 years. Each session (90-120 min) comprised four parts: endurance training, gymnastics and relaxation, education and a discussion of related problems such as nutrition and lifestyle. There was a significant decrease in systolic (9%) and diastolic (6%) blood pressures at rest and during exercise (systolic 12%), and an increased maximal work load (18%). In addition, drug treatment was substantially reduced (reduced in 56% of patients abandoned in 10% of patients). Cholesterol levels were reduced by 18%, although, during a 6-10 day nutritional report, fat made up 40% of the total calorific intake, indicating the need for individualized dietary advice. The major goal was to improve compliance and increase non-pharmacological treatment, exercise being a minor consideration which may have relevance for the treatment of hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total dislocation of the talus.

A 24-year-old male Caucasian gymnast suffered from a total anterolateral dislocation of the talus during a training session. The injury was treated conservatively. The functional result was good 26 months after the trauma, although the athlete was not training any more. Isolated total talar dislocation is a rare injury, and only 73 cases have been so far described. A literature survey concerning mechanism of injury, diagnosis, treatment, and possible complications is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Sports injuries in a high school.

A 1-year study was undertaken investigating all sports injuries at a large high school. A total of 1283 student athletes participated in sports and suffered 280 injuries for an overall injury rate of 22%. The largest injury rate was in football (61%) followed by girls and boys gymnastics, wrestling, and boys basketball. Five sports had no injuries--boys' tennis, golf, boys' and girls' swimming, and girls' water polo. Severity of injury was measured by number of days lost per injury. Girls' track had the greatest number of days lost per injury (320) followed by girls' basketball, girls' cross country, boys' track, and boys' wrestling. Sprains and strains accounted for 57% of all injuries. Of the injured athletes, 87 were seen by a physician and only 5 athletes required surgery. The small number of serious injuries requiring surgery suggests that a motivated and competent pediatrician can play an integral role as a team physician.

Adolescent↗