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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Tendon lesions in broiler fowls.

Tendon lesions have been studied in 35 broiler or broiler breeder fowls. Tendon rupture most commonly affected the gastrocnemius and flexor muscles but was also seen in cranial tibial muscles (four cases) and the patellar tendon (one case). In nine birds tenosynovitis, characterised by a marked inflammatory response, was identified. In others, however, rupture occurred without appreciable inflammation and these cases were concluded to be comparable to spontaneous tendon rupture in other species. A traumatic aetiology is suggested in these cases, as other pelvic limb tendons or ligament rupture was a frequent concomitant finding. Degenerative tendon lesions were present but it is uncertain whether such changes are primary or secondary to rupture.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of unilateral weight-bearing on pelvic limb development in broiler fowls: morphological and radiological findings.

Twenty-five broiler chickens, which habitually adopted a unilateral weight-bearing stance, were studied. In all cases the contralateral limb was held free of the ground, normally as a result of gross valgus angulation of the intertarsal joint. The left pelvic limb was more frequently weight-bearing than the right which suggests that a pattern of limb dominance may occur in broiler fowls. Metaphyseal lesions, suggestive of dyschondroplasia, were more common in the load-bearing limb. This suggests that altered load-bearing or posture can initiate or exacerbate dyschondroplasia in susceptible birds. The load-bearing limb also showed altered patterns of bone torsion. These findings are similar to those observed in induced physeal (growth plate) osteochondrosis in mammals and the pathogenesis of lesions is likely to be similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental stimulation of eosinophil production in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

A method has been devised to produce eosinophilia in birds experimentally. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) produced a greater response than horse serum in young adult fowls, and injections of 2 ml BSA were more effective than injections of 0.2 ml. The highest eosinophilic responses were obtained with injections of BSA together with aluminium hydroxide. Thymectomy had little effect on eosinophil numbers following horse serum injections but irradiation produced a depressed response. Horse serum that had been heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement and to denature proteins, including possible horse IgE, induced an eosinophilic response in 50 per cent of birds compared with only 14 per cent with unheated horse serum. Furthermore, when the former birds were reinjected after a rest period of 13 weeks, the eosinophilic response followed a similar curve as before but a higher proportion of birds responded. Birds aged over two years did not give a good eosinophilic response after horse serum stimulation. There was no consistent correlation between raised IgE levels and eosinophil numbers. Tolerance to horse serum was detected in some birds using a radial immunodiffusion technique. Analyses of blood plasma from birds with eosinophilia showed a significant increase in total amino acids compared with normal birds.

Agar↗
PubMed1986

[Biochemical characteristics of the causative agent of fowl typhoid].

Studied were the biochemical properties of a total of 563 Salmonella strains divided into two biotypes--S. gallinarum (542) and S. pullorum (21). The first ones were isolated from typhoid foci of chickens, poults, turkeys, pheasants, guinea fowls, pigeons, and starlings that had died of septicaemia. One strain was isolated from a 4-month-old pig. The S. pullorum strains originated from epizootiologically linked foci of pullorosis, being isolated from live chicken carriers, dead embryos, and down from hatcheries as well as from young chickens that had died in them up to the age of 20 days. The link is discussed between the biochemical properties of the isolated strains and their origin, and the importance of some biochemical tests employed to distinguished them. Attention is paid to the likeliness of isolating aberant strains of S. gallinarum with deviations from the morphology of colonies and their antigenic and biochemical characteristic typical of the species. Suggested is the employment of the tests for motility, dulcit, maltosa, ramnosa, sorbit, and ornithine for the rapid differentiation of Salmonella gallinarum from the closely related Salmonella species of D serologic group. In order to avoid the occurrence of confusion with other microbial species the tests for the demonstration of lactose, sodium malonate, phenylalanine, indole, hydrogen sulfide, and lysine-decarboxylase.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chronic orthopaedic disease in adult male broiler breeding fowls.

An assessment has been made of spontaneous orthopaedic disease in 100 male broiler breeding fowls aged between 51 and 62 weeks. Lesions were identified in the pelvic limbs of 92 birds, 85 of which showed total or partial rupture of ligaments or tendons. Total ligament or tendon failure was identified at one or more skeletal sites in 54 birds. In two cases, avulsion of the femoral origin of the cranial tibial muscle had occurred. Other findings included degenerative changes in a number of joints but there was no correlation with ligament derangement. Partial or total detachment of the femoral head occurred in 16 birds. The primary lesion was disturbed endochondral ossification and, once detached, the femoral head normally became necrotic. In the reparative phase, 'creeping substitution' was identified.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effect of lithium carbonate administration on growth in the domestic fowl.

Lithium carbonate is routinely used for the treatment of aggressive behavior disorders in adolescents. The current study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of lithium carbonate administration on growth in a domestic fowl model. The results showed that lithium treatment at a therapeutic level (0.2-2.0 mEq/L) did not significantly alter plasma pH levels, food intake, fecal output or body weight gain. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of tibial dimensions revealed that lithium treatment primarily caused increased growth of proximal epiphyseal height. Allometric analyses indicated that lithium administration increased the growth differential between proximal and distal epiphyses. Two possible mechanisms by which lithium carbonate administration may cause accelerated osseous growth are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Endocrine changes in the fowl during infection with Eimeria maxima.

Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), prolactin, growth hormone and corticosterone were measured in immature domestic fowl which were infected with Eimeria maxima, uninfected but given the same amount of food as those infected (pair-fed) or fed ad libitum. Infection with E maxima caused a decrease in plasma T4 concentration whereas pair feeding caused an increase when food intake was minimal. Plasma T3 concentrations were decreased similarly in both infected and pair-fed birds. Infection caused an increase in plasma prolactin concentration, whereas pair-feeding did not. The plasma concentration of growth hormone was not affected by any of the treatments. Plasma corticosterone concentration was markedly increased on days 5 and 6 in pair-fed birds but was not affected by infection with E maxima.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Ectopic pulmonary cartilage and bone in domestic fowl.

The occurrence and histological appearance of ectopic pulmonary cartilage and bone in domestic fowl was investigated. Its incidence was shown to vary in different strains of birds. The structures may occur in newly hatched chicks and are similarly present in birds maintained on diets containing bonemeal and diets without it. They could not be experimentally induced by bronchial insufflation of fine bone particles. Previous theories of their genesis are discussed and it is concluded that they do not originate from either inhaled dietary bonemeal or disease processes but are probably abnormal embryonic induction of mesenchyme or cartilaginous germ cells displaced from adjacent bronchi.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Patterns of physiological bone torsion in the pelvic appendicular skeletons of domestic fowl.

Femoral, tibiotarsal and tarsometatarsal torsion was measured in 264 domestic fowls. Birds were either a laying strain fed ad libitum, or a broiler strain fed ad libitum or a broiler strain on restricted feed. They were killed at different times up to 24 weeks of age. Femora were normally rotated externally when the transverse axis of the distal articular surface was compared with that of the proximal joint surface. Tibiotarsi were similarly rotated externally but the high incidence of internal torsion in broilers fed ad libitum suggests that internal rotation is pathological. Tarsometatarsi were normally rotated internally. Mild degrees of intertarsal valgus angulation are physiological but asymmetrical angulation and torsion between each limb of individual birds suggests that a pattern of limb dominance occurs in domestic poultry.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Electron microscopy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in young fowl fed a salt deficient diet.

Kidneys from young fowl fed a salt deficient diet for up to five weeks were examined under the electron microscope. The presence of maculae densae (MD) were confirmed and the concentrations of nuclei in the MD and the remainder of the distal convoluted tubules were compared. In the proximal convoluted tubules, salt deprivation caused mitochondrial changes, an increase in intranuclear and cytoplasmic lipid and the deposition of urates. Regional thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was observed in many kidneys. In the normal kidney, there is an age dependent increase in the juxtaglomerular granules in the cortical glomeruli (P less than 0.02), but not in the juxtamedullary glomeruli. In salt deprived birds, juxtaglomerular granules were increased in the juxtamedullary glomeruli (P less than 0.01) but not in the cortical glomeruli. Salt deprivation also caused a significant reduction in bodyweight after five weeks (P less than 0.002) and increases in heterophil (P less than 0.02) and monocyte (P less than 0.05) counts in the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Urea formation in kidneys of the domestic fowl in early postincubation ontogenesis].

The nitrogen secretion is not limited in any animal species to one final nitrogenous metabolite only. In the organism of uricotelic birds, besides other products, urea is produced. It was revealed that it developed also in the kidney of the domestic fowl. In the experiments with 130 cockerels of the White Leghorn breed--a commercial Primant hybrid at the age from 0 to 62 days--we determined the urea concentration in the supernatant of kidney homogenate and in the heparinized blood plasma by diacetylmonoxim according to Homolka (1971). In the kidney we observed a moderate insignificant increase of urea concentration from 0 to 62 days of post-incubation life (zero-day: 34.77 +/- 9.20 mg per 100 g; the 62nd day: 36.46 +/- 14.66 mg per 100 g). In the heparinized blood plasma the urea concentration was increased significantly from the initial values of 16.66 +/- 3.17 mg per 100 ml (zero-day) to 54.03 +/- 3.19 mg per 100 ml (the 62nd day).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

[Influence of hypokinesis on the physiological functions in fowl].

The authors examined in the submitted paper the effect of hypokinesis and post-incubation stress (which are characteristic for modern technologies of poultry cage keeping) on the endocrine functions, metabolic reactions, body weight growth and proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks. The stress due to hypokinesis was observed in growing cocks housed in metallic cages in which they could hardly turn round. The findings obtained indicate that a 35-day hypokinesis did not exert any more significant influence both on physiological functions and body weight growth as well as on proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks under study, however, it speeded up the protein metabolism in the muscle. But the postincubation stress modified significantly the hypokinesis effect. The findings recorded in birds differed considerably from the findings obtained in laboratory mammals, in which the hypokinesis induced significant changes in endocrine functions, body weight decrease and proteosynthesis disorders. A good tolerance of hypokinesis by fowl can be interpreted not only by the phylogenetic remoteness of the compared species but also by the domestication.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Fowl Cholera. Preventive treatment with antibiotics (author's transl)].

In view of an outbreak of fowl cholera in the duck-and turkey-farming industry, the possibility of instituting long-term preventive treatment of recently acquired birds on the farms involved was studied. Satisfactory results were obtained in Peking-ducks and turkeys when chlortetracycline was administered at a concentration of at least 100 ppm in the feed for three weeks. Satisfactory results were also obtained using a combined preparation of neomycin and oxytetracycline in muscovy ducks or a preparation of neomycin, chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline in Peking-ducks following experimental infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Tolerance of domestic fowl to high sustained +Gz.

A system is described for the acceleration treatment of domestic fowl. A reasonable endpoint for acceleration tolerance is provided by a bradycardia which occurs fairly close to the lethal limit. In a group of 61 male Rhode Island Red chickens exposed to 6 Gz, the mean tolerance (+/- S.D.) was 11.1 +/- 10.6 min. Among individuals, the acceleration tolerance is inversely related to both body size and age, and positively to pre-treatment heart rate.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1979

Arterial pattern of the spleen in the domestic fowl.

The authors describe the variations on the origin, number and vascularization areas of the splenic artery of 50 fowls, 34 males and 16 females, Gallus gallus, Indian River, of different ages, with medium weight of 2.133 g. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with the literature cited.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hypersensitivity to mineral oil in the domestic fowl.

Domestic fowl were found to be hypersensitive to a second injection of highly purified mineral oil if they had been primed 3 weeks previously with oil in the presence of mycobacteria. This response did not appear to be related to impurities originally present in the oil or introduced into it during sterilization, and did not follow priming with mycobacteria in vegetable oil or in saline. The reaction at the challenge site was prolonged and developed a characteristic histology identical to that found at the priming site. It is postualted that the hypersensitivity seen has an immunological basis and that birds are able to respond to antigenic determinants formed by long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The antigenic interrelations of some mammalian IgG subclasses detected with cross-reacting fowl antisera to human and mouse IgG-Fc.

Two fowl antisera to plyclonal human IgG and one to a mouse IgG1 myeloma protein, after absorption either with homologous F(ab)2 alone, or also with myeloma proteins of known subclasses, cross-reacted in immunoelectrophoresis or immunodiffision withthe IgG of many mammalian species. Often more than one IgG precipitation line was formed in the corss-reacting systems. By testing isolated IgG1 and IgG2 fractions from mouse, rat, guinea-pig, bovine and dog sera, it was shown that the distinct arcs seen with whole serum corresponded to the known IgG subclasses of these species. With rabbit serum as antigen, the two anti-human-Fc sera diffusing from neighboring wells formed a 'spur', showing that they were reacting with determinants on different molecules, and that therefore rabbit IgG contains two antigenically distinct Fcpopulations. With the possible exception of canine IgG1 and human IgG4, no antigenic homologies were found between the subclasses of different species, thus supportingthe view obtained from sequence data, namely that IgG subclasses within species havearisen independently.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Preliminary characterization of the particles from productive and abortive infections of L cells by fowl plague virus.

Particles produced during the abortive infection of L cells by fowl plague virus (Dobson strain) have been characterized and compared to the infectious particles produced by a mutant of this virus adapted to mammalian cells. The former are of apparently normal morphology but most of them are non-infectious. They have the same RNA/protein ratio as the infectious particles and the same polypeptide composition. They contain also the same RNA segments as those found in infectious particles. Possible reasons for the defectiveness of these particles are discussed.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗