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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Organochlorine residues in Alaskan peregrines.

Organochlorine residue levels in eggs of Alaskan peregrines have remained essentially constant over the period 1969-73 despite decreased usage of these compounds in the United States and Canada. Studies on reproductive success in Great Britain and data on eggshell-thinning suggest that DDE residues above 20 ppm wet weight in peregrine eggs are associated with inability to maintain population levels. Residues in mainland Alaska are well above this critical figure and the reproductive rate is low. On the Colville River in northwestern Alaska, the last young falcons will fledge in 1975 and the remaining adult population will disappear by 1980 unless the present rate of reproductive failure is drastically and quickly reversed. In the Aleutians, however, levels range from 5 to 7 ppm and the reproductive rate is adequate to maintain the population.

Alaska↗
PubMed1975

A simple procedure to detect chitin in delicate structures.

A simple procedure is deviced to detect chitin in egg shells and integument of parasites using iodinesulfuric acid method. It is observed that the materials do not survive in saturated alkali at 160 degrees C for 15 min, but resist the treatment of 40% KOH at 90 degrees C for 25 min, indicating that the time and temperature required for optimum hydrolysis may differ from material to material. In some preparations, an yellow-green colour was observed, which was occluded and a positive reaction was obtained with acid pretreatment, indicating that incomplete neutralization may prevent the reaction of chitin aggregates with iodine.

Alkalies↗
PubMed1993

Human bilharzial ureters: III. Fine structure of the egg granuloma.

The fine structure of egg granuloma forming cells is described in lower ureteral segments of patients chronically infected with Schistosoma haematobium. The infiltrates consisted of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts, mast cells, and blood platelets. The abundant monocytes and macrophages were actively mobile and intensively phagocytic cells. Multinucleate giant macrophages were only seen within empty egg shells. In addition to normal looking lymphocytes and plasma cells, several lymphocyte-like Sezary cells characterized by strikingly convoluted "cerebriform" nuclei were observed. Mature neutrophils and eosinophils were detected in addition to abnormal looking neutrophils; these contained numerous filamentous bundles. Fibroblasts were associated with extracellular collagen fibers and an electron-dense material. The few mast cells seen in proximity to blood vessels have a feature consistent with the onset of degranulation. Few blood platelets with active phagocytic features were among the granuloma cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Adrenal cysts in the newborn. Apropos of 2 cases].

Cysts of the adrenal gland are very rare in the neonatal period and are always diagnosed either at surgery or at autopsy. Two patients are reported. One is an infant born at term in whom a mass in the left loin was discovered on the 3rd day of life. At surgery a suprarenal tumour was discovered and a polycystic adrenal was removed: recovery was uneventful. Histology showed a cystic haemangioma in the adrenocortical tissue. The diagnosis made was that of a cystic haemangioma. The other patient is an infant born at 38 weeks gestation who became jaundiced and developed a haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia. A mass was found in the right lumbar region on the 3rd day. The calcified egg-shell appearance, renal arteriography and an intravenous pyelogram demonstrated the cystic appearance of the adrenal. The cystic mass and the adrenal gland were removed and the patient recovered. Histological examination suggested that a pseudocyst had arisen secondary to a haemorrhagic infarct caused by a septic embolus. Adrenal cysts are classified as true cysts and pseudocysts (which must be distinguished from unilateral haematomas). The histological appearances are reviewed. These patients may be added to the 11 neonatal case reports in the literature (9 haemorrhagic pseudocysts, only 2 true cysts). To our knowledge cystic haemangioma has not previously been reported.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1995

A maxillary subperiosteal implant design that maximizes bone support and accomodates a cemented, low-profile parallel guiding planes Hader bar.

A design for the maxillary subperiosteal implant is detailed that (1) simplifies construction, (2) maximizes underlying bone support, (3) minimizes posterior forces to the "egg-shell"-thin bone under the maxillary sinuses, and 4 (accommodates the low-profile, cemented, parallel guiding planes Hader bar. This implant design maximizes bony support for the maxillary overdenture. It places the Hader bar superstructure within a precise envelope that maximizes esthetics, proper phonetics, and acrylic bulk for long-term serviceability.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1996

Deaths due to foreign body aspiration in children: the continuing hazard of toy balloons.

Asphyxia due to aspiration of a foreign body is a common cause of accidental death in children. Foreign body aspiration is the most likely cause of accidental fatalities in children under 1-year-of-age. Children may die due to airway obstruction by food objects such as hot dogs, nuts, candies, grapes, seeds, and egg shells. Non-food objects such as balloons, coins, pop tops of beverage cans, pills, safety pins, ball bearings, marbles, and baby powder also may be fatally aspirated. To better understand and help prevent this well recognized health risk to children, we reviewed 10 years of cases at the Cook County Medical Examiner's Office in which deaths in children 14-years-of-age and younger were due to aspiration of foreign objects. The most common item that caused fatal aspiration in our series was a toy balloon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Risk factors for outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked to domestic catering.

The epidemiology of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with domestic catering for large numbers is described and compared with foodborne outbreaks in other settings. From 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1994, the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre identified 101 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with domestic catering in England and Wales (16% of all foodborne outbreaks). Salmonella species were associated with 77 of the 101 outbreaks and S. enteriditis phage type 4 accounted for 57. Small round structured viruses were implicated in five outbreaks, Clostridium perfringens in four, Bacillus cereus in two, and Campylobacter sp and Escherichia coli in one each. No pathogen was identified in 11 outbreaks. Outbreaks occurred most commonly in summer. The commonest vehicles implicated were poultry/eggs in 44 outbreaks, desserts in 13, and meat/meat products in nine. Salad/vegetables, sauces, and fish/shellfish were each implicated in eight outbreaks. Raw shell eggs were implicated in a fifth of outbreaks. Inappropriate storage was the commonest fault, reported in association with 50 outbreaks (ambient temperature for long periods before serving in 29), inadequate heat treatment was reported in 35, cross contamination in 28, an infected food handler in 11, and other faults in 14. Outbreaks associated with catering on domestic premises were independently more likely than outbreaks in other settings to be associated with salmonellas, inappropriate storage of food, and consumption of poultry, eggs, or sauces. Public health services need to direct messages about the use, preparation, and storage of food to those who cater on domestic premises.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1997

An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection in a rural community in Northern Ireland.

An outbreak of gastroenteritis arose in people who attended a charity barbecue at a hotel in a rural area of Northern Ireland in July 1995. About 120 people attended the barbecue, 98 of whom were identified. Fifty-one of them and seven members of hotel staff met the case definition. An epidemiological investigation showed that illness was significantly associated with eating foods containing mayonnaise that had been prepared using raw shell eggs and stored at too high a temperature. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was cultured from 17 out of 24 faecal specimens received from people who attended the barbecue and in 17 out of 34 faecal specimens from staff, including all seven staff cases. The primary source of infection was not identified despite thorough investigation. This paper highlights the value of administering questionnaires by telephone when investigating community outbreaks of infection in rural areas, the important role of general practitioners in the identification of community outbreaks, and the need to periodically reiterate public health messages, in particular for food handlers and caterers.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and the dual infection in commercial layer hens over a 44-week laying cycle when challenged before beginning of lay. I. Egg production and selected egg quality parameters.

In each of two trials, 160 commercial pullets were separated into four treatments with four replicates of 10 chickens in each treatment. Forty pullets were designated as controls and received no inoculation; 40 other pullets received F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG); an additional 40 pullets received Mycoplasma synoviae (MS); and the final 40 pullets were inoculated with both FMG and MS (dual). Hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, Haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, and blood/meat spot incidence were monitored and recorded in each trial through an entire laying cycle. No significant difference was observed among the treatments for hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, or Haugh unit scores. Significant differences were observed for pimpling incidence among controls (1.63%), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)-infected (2.09%), and dual-infected hens (2.41%). A significant difference in blood/meat spot incidence was observed between MG-infected hens (0.27%) and dual-infected hens (0.45%). Histopathologic examination of the ovary and all segments of the oviduct revealed no significant differences among the treatments. These results suggest that the majority of the hen reproductive tract functions similarly in FMG-vaccinated, MS-infected, or dual-infected hens as compared with Mycoplasma-clean hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in suspected flocks of laying hens].

60 birds and environmental samples from 41 suspect flocks (S. enteritidis in faeces or litter, positive serology, close connection with human cases) were investigated to define material and minimal number of birds for detection of infection. S. enteritidis was found in 26/41 (63%) flocks with marked differences in prevalence. S. enteritidis was isolated from ovary (96% of positive flocks), oviduct and liver (87%), spleen (83%), caecal contents (50%) and faeces from the litter floor (57%), but never from egg shells and membranes. As a consequence of this study the bacteriological examination of birds is highly recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The use of a multimix as a dietary supplement: study in rats].

A Multimistura (MM)--sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf flour, wheat bran (Tritium aestivum L.), egg shell powder, pumpkin (Cucurbita Spp) and sunflower (Heliantus annus) seed flours--was added to a mixture of Beans, 7% (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Rice, 3% (Oryza sativa) and its effects, were assessed in weanling, male albino (Wistar) rats (n = 60). Animals were divided into 6 groups: groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed beans + rice + multimixture (B + R + MM), beans + rice (B + R) and 10% Casein, respectively; the remaining groups were maintained on a protein-free diet (PFD) for 14 d and then submitted to the same feeding protocol. Microbiological assays were performed in all MM samples. The Coefficient of Digestablity (CD), the Food Efficiency Ratio (FER), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPR), serum hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht), carcass total lipids were determined. Rats had their liver, brain, gonads, testes, spleen and left kidney removed for wet dry weights. Liver samples were histologically examined. The Mann-Whitney test was used. The protein content of B + R diet increased slightly after MM addition (0.23 g/100 g). Three out of four MM samples had moulds and yeasts. CD values were 90% and 70% for casein and B + R + MM-fed rats, respectively. The highest values for FER, PER and NPR were seen in the casein-fed rats without protein depletion. The casein-fed group had heavier organs (wet and dry weights) and higher values for carcass fat and serum Hb and Ht. Steatosis was present in both groups, with or without protein depletion. Short or long-term MM consumption, at least under our experimental conditions, had no significant effects on investigated parameters.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

A birthday party, home-made ice cream, and an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 6 infection.

An outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 6 followed a children's birthday party. Thirty of 37 (attack rate 81%) attendees were ill, with diarrhoea and fever being the most common symptoms. One child required hospital admission for rehydration. No deaths occurred. Stool specimens from 24 out of 25 people who submitted them were positive for S. enteritidis PT 6 and one was positive for S. enteritidis PT4. Epidemiological investigation indicated that home-made ice cream was the vehicle of infection. Fresh shell eggs used raw in the ice cream were the likeliest source of infection. No ice cream or eggs were available for microbiological analysis. S. enteritidis PT6 accounts for a small but increasing proportion of all salmonellas in humans and its epidemiology is thought to be similar to S. enteritidis PT4. Thus current recommendations on the use of raw eggs in cooking continue to apply.

Child↗
PubMed1978

p,p'-DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and endrin in oldsquaws in North America, 1969-73.

Organochlorinated compounds were monitored in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) and their food from Lake Michigan between October and May, 1969-72; in adult oldsquaws, eggs, young, and food from northwest Hudson Bay in 1971; and in oldquaws from five wintering areas other than Lake Michigan in 1971-73. Analyses were conducted on 300 carcasses, 14 wings, 29 gullet samples, and 11 clutches. Average residues in carcasses from Lake Michigan ranged from 4 to 107 ppm PCBs, 2 to 42 ppm DDE, and less than 0.1 to 0.7 ppm endrin. Differences in DDE levels occurred between several sex and age classes during December on Lake Michigan; these differences were not apparent in the spring. Increases in DDE and PCB residues for oldsquaws occurred on Lake Michigan between December and May. DDE residues in the wing and carcass were significantly correlated. Residues were relatively low in oldsquaw foods from Lake Michigan; concentration factors between the food and the ducks varied between 1X and 22X, depending on the date and compound. Organochlorinated residues were lower in Arctic than in Lake Michigan food samples. DDE in paired male and female oldsquaws was highly correlated, as was DDE in females and clutches. Eggshell thickness had declined 4.5% compared with eggs collected before 1947. Residues were higher in oldsquaws wintering on the Great Lakes and lowest in oldsquaws from coastal areas.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electron microscopic study of pathogenic bacteria on environmental objects].

The morphological picture of different bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica O3, Y.pseudotuberculosis 1, Y.frederiksenii, Y.intermedia, Y.kristensenii) on environmental objects was studied with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacteria adhered to the surface of pieces of fodder, egg shell, cabbage leaves and form microcolonies, whose morphology was similar to colonies, grown on nutrient media. The cells produced extracellular substances, seen in SEM as integuments. These integuments were gourd to protect the population from the action of unfavorable factors.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1985

Calcium and its relationship to excess feed consumption, body weight, egg size, fat deposition, shell quality, and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome.

In Experiment 1, Hyline W36 caged hens were fed diets containing 1.7, 2.9, 3.5, and 4.1% calcium for 10 and 16 weeks. In Experiments 2 and 4, Dekalb XL and Hyline W36 pullets were fed diets containing 1.0, 1.7, and 3.75% calcium for 3 weeks (Exp. 2) or until 25 pullets from each group laid 7 eggs (Exp. 4). In Experiment 3 and 5, Dekalb and Hyline hens were fed diets containing 1.5 (Dekalb only), 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, and 3.75% calcium for 8 weeks. Criteria were liver, fat pad, egg and shell weights, egg specific gravity, production, feed consumption, liver fat and fatty acid composition, liver hemorrhage score, and body weight. As percent dietary calcium decreased, Hyline birds (Exp. 1, 4, and 5) had increased liver fat, body weight (except Exp. 4), and feed consumption, but egg specific gravity and shell weight decreased. Reduced dietary calcium levels had no effect on egg production in Experiment 1 but significantly reduced production in Experiment 5. Liver hemorrhage score significantly increased as percent dietary calcium decreased (Exp. 1). As dietary calcium decreased, Dekalb pullets (Exp. 2) had increased feed consumption, fat pad weight, and liver hemorrhage score. There was no increase in liver fat. However, in Dekalb hens (Exp. 3), feed consumption and egg production were significantly decreased as dietary calcium decreased. It is concluded that overconsumption caused by feeding pullets or hens inadequate calcium had no beneficial effect on egg size or egg production and, depending on strain, increased liver fat, liver hemorrhage score, body weight, and fat pad weight.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Effects of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on egg quality of White Leghorn hens.

Interior egg quality and shell thickness of eggs from hens infested with the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), were compared with eggs from mite free hens. Egg shells of mite infested hens were significantly thicker (P greater than or equal to .05) but within the normal biological range. There were no differences in either Haugh units or yolk color between the two groups of hens.

Animals↗