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PubMed1965

Toxicities of certain larvicides to resistant and susceptible Aedes aegypti (L.).

In a study of the toxicological characteristics of dieldrin-resistant and DDT-resistant strains of Aedes aegypti, combined with an evaluation of certain larvicides, 14 cyclodienes, 13 DDT-type compounds, 18 organophosphorus compounds, several carbamates and a number of other compounds were tested against larvae of A. aegypti. Telodrin and GC-9160 proved to be toxic against a highly dieldrin-resistant strain. Against highly DDT-resistant strains the toxicity of DDT could be enhanced by piperonyl butoxide, DMC or WARF, that of deutero-DDT by DMC, and that of methoxychlor by piperonyl butoxide. Prolan and Bulan were found to be slightly less effective than deutero-DDT against highly DDT-resistant strains. Among the more recent organophosphorus compounds found to exceed fenthion in toxicity are AC-52160, Stauffer N-2404, Folithion, Bayer 52957 and SD-7438. The effectiveness of dimethrin could be enhanced with piperonyl butoxide.

Aedes↗
PubMed1965

Chlorinated insecticides in the body fat of people in India.

The storage of insecticides in the body-fat of persons has previously been studied in several countries (e.g., England, France, USA) and food has been shown to be the main source from which DDT and perhaps other insecticides are absorbed. In view of the differences in dietary habits in India, a study was made to determine whether there are differences in the storage of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in persons in India from that in persons in other countries.It was found that civilians in the Delhi area with no occupational exposure to insecticides had a significantly greater deposit in their fat of DDT-related compounds and HCH than do comparable persons in the USA, but less dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide. Storage in military personnel in other Indian cities from which samples were obtained was similar to that in the USA for most DDT-related compounds and HCH but, as in Delhi, lower for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1966

Development of resistance to various insecticides in Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann.

Since larvicidal treatment to reduce the numbers of Culex fatigans, the tropical house mosquito, offers a promising means of preventing the spread of filariasis, an assessment was made of the liability of C. fatigans to develop resistance to certain important insecticides. Strains of this mosquito from Burma, Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the USA (California) were submitted to larval selection for periods of seven to 23 generations. It was found that resistance to DDT or deutero-DDT rapidly developed to high levels and that to dieldrin or CP-47412 to moderate levels; dieldrin did not select for DDT-resistance.The organophosphorus compounds chosen developed only a modest tolerance-fivefold to sixfold with malathion or parathion, twofold to fourfold with fenthion or diazinon; the carbamate insecticide Hercules 5727 induced a threefold to fivefold tolerance. There was a general cross-tolerance from the selecting agent to all of the organophosphorus compounds tested and to the carbamate. A Rangoon strain that had already been made DDT-resistant subsequently developed a ninefold resistance to fenthion after 23 generations of selection with this organophosphorus compound, but this is still insufficient to annual the larvicidal effectiveness of fenthion.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

DDT-resistance in West African and Asian strains of Aedes aegypti (L.).

The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti has developed resistance to DDT in the Caribbean region and in South-East Asia, but not in West Africa. Therefore West African strains were compared with South-East Asian strains for their response to laboratory selection with DDT. It was found that West African strains were much slower to respond initially, but eventually could build up a high degree of DDT-resistance. By crossing and backcrossing with a susceptible marker-gene strain, it was found that this resistance was due to a single gene linked with the gene y (yellow) on chromosome 2 at a cross-over distance of approximately 35 units in an Upper Volta strain as in a Bangkok strain; interstrain crosses indicated that the gene was the same as that in a Trinidad strain and in one from Penang. Dieldrin-resistance could be readily induced in the Upper Volta strain and proved to be due to a gene also linked with y but at a crossover distance of approximately 25 units, comparable to that in Caribbean strains previously studied. Material from Karachi, West Pakistan, developed a dieldrin-resistance also showing 25% crossing over with y, and a DDT-resistance also linked with this chromosome-2 marker gene.

Aedes↗
PubMed1978

[Organochlorine pesticide residues in the eggs from poultry raising farms].

A gas chromatography method was employed to investigate the residual amounts of chlororganic pesticides in a total of 37 average batch samples of eggs taken from 18 large poultry farms. More than two thirds (from 70.3 to 75.6 per cent) of the samples were shown to be free of p'p' DDE, p'p' DDT, and dieldrin, and more than one third (from 35.1 to 43.2 per cent)--of alfa and gamma hexachloran, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide. In 88,4 per cent of the samples there were found residues of p'p' TDE (up to 0.061 ppm). The egg content showed trace amounts of DDT and metabolites--0.025 ppm, alfa and gamma hexacloran--0.016 ppm, heptachlor--0.006 ppm, heptachlorepoxide--0.01 ppm, and dieldrin--0.002 ppm. These amounts were much lower than the tolerance evaluations postulated by FAO/OMS and those accepted in other countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Racial stratification of organochlorine insecticide residues in human adipose tissue.

The racial stratification of residues of total DDT equivalent, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, beta-benzene hexachloride and lindane in human adipose tissue was studied. Samples of human adipose tissue were obtained from locations selected in the contiguous United States according to a stratified, proportionate-random survey design and chemically analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides. The most marked case of racial difference in residue level was total DDT equivalent. Samples from Negros contained almost twice as much of this chemical as did samples from Caucasians. Racial stratification also was found in the frequency of lindane. Lindane was detected about twice as often in samples from Negros than in samples from Caucasians. Little racial differences were noted for residues of beta-benzene hexachloride, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and oxychlordane.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Organochlorine pesticide, PCB, and PBB residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 29 states--1975-77.

During 1975-77, 168 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found moribund or dead in 29 states were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); 32 specimens from 13 states were analyzed for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). PCBs were present in 166 bald eagle carcasses and DDE was found in 165. TDE and dieldrin were identified in 137 samples, trans-nonachlor in 118, and oxychlordane in 90. Brains of five eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin, and two eagles possibly died of endrin poisoning. Nine eagle livers, analyzed because of suspected lead poisoning, contained high levels of lead. Twenty percent of the eagles died from shooting, the most common cause of death; this cause of death, however, has declined.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A note on estimating selection pressures on insecticide-resistance genes.

It is useful to be able to measure selection pressures acting on resistance genes in insect vectors of disease, since it is thus possible to predict future changes in frequency and to consider ways to minimize development of resistance. This note describes a method for estimating the selection coefficients, given two or more post-selection phenotype frequencies and knowing the number of generations between them.The method is applied to published data on Anopheles labranchiae under selection with DDT. The relative fitness (1-s) of the susceptibles compared with resistants was estimated by this method to be 31-38%. This was an annual estimate, but if the number of generations per year is known, it is also possible to calculate a value per generation. A computer program for making these estimates is given. The calculations depend on the gene being effectively recessive, i.e., on the heterozygote being killed by the dose applied in the field.Another approach to estimation of selection is by determining the deviation in gene frequency from the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. By this method, the relative fitness (1-s) of the susceptibles in a population of A. funestris under dieldrin selection in the north of the United Republic of Cameroon has been estimated to be 40%. There are difficulties with this method, however, because population mixing may result in deviations that mimic the effect of selection. Examples are discussed for A. gambiae, where population mixing may occur and heterozygote deficiencies for the dieldrin resistance gene have been observed.For both methods of estimation, it is essential to know the real effective dominance of the resistance gene in the wild, i.e., whether the resistance heterozygote is killed or not. This factor is important in the control of resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Organochlorine residues and shell thicknesses in eggs of the clapper rail, common gallinule, purple gallinule, and limpkin (class Aves), eastern and southern United States, 1972-74.

Organochlorine residues and shell thicknesses were surveyed in eggs of the clapper rail (Rallus longirostris), purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica), common gallinule (Gallinula chloropas), and limpkin (Aramus guarauna) from the eastern and southern United States. Clapper rail eggs were collected during 1972-73 in New Jersey, Virginia, and South Carolina. During 1973-74, gallinule eggs were collected in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and limpkin eggs were collected in Florida. Egg contents were analyzed for residues of organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, TDE, DDE, dieldrin, mirex, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane (and/or trans-nonachlor), cis-nonachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), toxaphene, and endrin, and for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Shell thicknesses of recent eggs of these species were compared with archival eggs that had been collected before 1947. With the exception of the limpkin, the majority of eggs analyzed contained residues of p,p'-DDE and PCBs. Geometric means ranged from 0.10 ppm to 1.3 ppm. Small amounts (less than 1.0 ppm) of mirex, dieldrin, cis-chlordane (and/or trans-nonachlor), TDE, and DDT were detected in a few eggs. No evidence of eggshell thinning was found for any of the species studied. DDE residues in clapper rail eggs were higher in New Jersey and Virginia than in South Carolina.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Organochlorine residues in fish: National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1970-74.

As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service analyzed organochlorine contaminant residues in fish samples collected from about 100 stations each year from 1970 to 1974. During this period, mean residues of DDT and its metabolites declined nationally but remained widespread, and high concentrations continued to be present in areas where DDT use was extensive. Results of interlaboratory crosscheck analyses supported these conclusions, despite interpretation problems posed by intercompound analytical interferences in 1970 and 1971. Temporal trends in PCB residues were less obvious. Highest PCB residues were found in the industrialized areas of the Northwest and Midwest, and traces were present at most stations. Dieldrin and endrin residues remained essentially unchanged during this period; dieldrin residues were widespread and were highest in Hawaii and in areas of the Midwest where aldrin was used extensively. Toxaphene occurrence increased; it was formerly found only in fish from streams draining cotton-farming regions, but residues were detected in 1974 samples from other areas. According to the recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences' Water Quality Criteria, organochlorine residues in freshwater fish may have represented a hazard to piscivorous fish and wildlife at 71 percent of the stations sampled in 1970 and 66 percent in 1974.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78.

One egg from each of 114 red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) nests in 1977 and 92 nests in 1978 was collected and later analyzed for organochlorines, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated styrenes (PCSs), and metals. One egg was also collected from each of the dabbling duck nests located. Twenty-nine of these eggs were analyzed for organochlorines and metals in 1977; 10 eggs were analyzed in 1978. All merganser eggs contained DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin; all but one egg collected in 1978 contained DDT. DDE and PCB levels had declined since 1975 to a geometric mean of 7.4 ppm DDE and 20 ppm PCBs in 1977 and 7.6 ppm DDE and 19 ppm PCBs in 1978. Dieldrin residues in eggs had not declined from 1975 levels; the geometric mean was 0.78 ppm in 1977 and 0.76 ppm in 1978. Other organochlorines were present at low levels. Mercury residues averaged greater than 0.50 ppm in merganser eggs and had not declined since 1975. Other metals were present at low levels. Dabbling ducks generally had much lower organochlorine and Hg residues than mergansers; DDE and PCBs were the only organochlorines present in the majority of eggs. Geometric means of PCBs and DDT in dabbling duck eggs did not exceed 2.0 ppm and 1.0 ppm, respectively. PBBs and PCSs were detected only in a few merganser eggs, at low levels. Eggshell thickness for red-breasted merganser eggs averaged 0.359 mm in 1977 and 0.355 mm in 1978, which is only 2%-3% below pre-1946 thicknesses. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggshell thicknesses averaged 0.331 mm in 1977 and 0.377 mm in 1978.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of nonpolar organochlorine pesticide residues in a crude vegetable oil and its refinery by-products.

A crude soybean oil, several of its refinery by-products (described as soapstock, deodorizer distillate, and clabber stock), and the completely refined oil were analyzed for pesticide residues. Fourteen organo-chlorine pesticides and pesticide metabolites were found in the deodorizer distillate; 5 of these were also found in the clabber stock. Levels in these by-products ranged from 0.3 to 8 ppm. Only endrin and dieldrin were detected in the crude oil at levels of 0.01 and 0.05 ppm, respectively. Forty to 150 times these levels were found in the deodorizer distillate and clabber stock. Pesticide residues were not detected in the refined oil or in the soapstock at limits of detection for dieldrin of about 0.01 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. The method used by the Food and Drug Administration to analyze fats and oils for multiple organohalogen pesticide residues was inadequate for the extraction of pesticide residues from vegetable oil refinery by-products. The method used to analyze the crude vegetable oil and the refinery by-products involved dissolution of the oil samples in ethyl acetate-toluene, filtration if necessary, cleanup by gel permeation chromatography, and then Florisil column chromatography. The oil was isolated from aqueous-oil mixtures by extraction with hexane before analysis. The crude soybean oil was fortified with 12 organohalogen pesticides and Aroclor 1254 at levels of 0.5-3.7 ppm. Recoveries ranged from 83 to 102%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. 1. Analytical method].

An analysis method for quantitative serial estimation of organochlorine insecticide residues in tobacco is reported. This method is based on an hexane extraction followed by column chromatographic clean-up and preseparation as well as qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic analysis. The following 16 substances are analyzed: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, O,P'-TDE, p,p'-TDE, o,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. In a sample of 5 g of tobacco there can be detected: HCB, alpha-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide--o,oo1 ppm; o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin--o,oo3 ppm; o,p'-TDE, p,p'-TDE-- o,o1 ppm; o,p'-DDT, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan--o,o2 ppm; endosulfan sulfate--o,o3 ppm; p,p-DDT--o,o5 ppm.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1978

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in human fat in Belgium.

In 1975, 60 samples of human body fat taken during the course of routine examinations by pathologists were analysed for organochlorine pesticide residues. The mean detected concentrations are 1.36 ppm for HCB, 0.76 ppm for betaHCH, 0.38 ppm for heptachlor epoxide, 0.26 ppm for dieldrin, 6.50 ppm for ppDDE, 0.27 ppm for ppDDD and 1.52 ppm for ppDDT. By comparing these results with earlier studies in 1969 and 1966 a decrease in the total HCH and ppDDT content and an increase in the dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide content is observed. HCB was not determined in earlier studies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Adult population differences in response to six insecticides in Culex fuscocephala Theobald.

Adult bioassay was conducted in the laboratory on two populations of Culex fuscocephala, a vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in India, against two organochloride compounds (DDT and dieldrin), an organophosphate compound (malathion), a carbamate pesticide (propoxur) and two synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin) using WHO techniques. The adult populations from Mandya an irrigated agricultural area, and Mysore, a non-agricultural place in Karnataka, India, have been employed for the experiments. JE outbreaks were reported from these places at different times. Among the insecticides used malathion in 5% concentration was found to be the most effective while, cyfluthrin (0.05%) and deltamethrin (0.025%) were very effective in much lesser concentration. For both propoxur (0.1%) and DDT (4.0%) the two populations of Cx. fuscocephala expressed least susceptibility in terms of the LT50. Against dieldrin (0.4%), cyfluthrin, DDT and malathion Mysore population showed relatively more susceptibility than Mandya population. However for deltamethrin and propoxur the Mandya population registered less tolerance than the Mysore population. Thus adult population responses to different insecticides are variable in the present study.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Disruption of GABA-dependent chloride flux by cyclodienes and hexachlorocyclohexanes in primary cultures of cortical neurons.

The effect of convulsant and nonconvulsant hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and cyclodienes on GABA-induced Cl- flux was studied in primary cultures of neocortical neurons by measuring the GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake. GABA induced a dose-dependent chloride uptake. The convulsant agents gamma-HCH and cyclodienes alpha-endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin blocked this 36Cl- uptake. A total or partial inhibition of GABA-induced 36Cl- uptake was produced by the noncompetitive GABAA antagonists picrotoxinin (PTX) and pentylenetetrazol, respectively. The inhibitory potencies of 36Cl- uptake by the organochlorine compounds (alpha-endosulfan > dieldrin > gamma-HCH > aldrin) were well correlated with their inhibitory potencies of [35S]TBPS binding. Positive modulators of GABAergic function (flunitrazepam and phenobarbital) prevented the blocking of GABA-induced chloride uptake by PTX but not that induced by alpha-endosulfan. The depressant beta- and delta-HCH isomers produced a biphasic response, increasing or decreasing the GABA-stimulated chloride uptake, depending on the HCH isomer and GABA concentrations used. The present results support the idea of cyclodienes and gamma-HCH action at the GABAA receptor by interacting with the TBPS binding site. A different interaction of PTX and alpha-endosulfan in the same recognition site is also suggested. An increase of GABA-induced 36Cl- flux by beta- and delta-HCH can account for the depressant activity of these compounds. This work also demonstrates the usefulness of primary neuronal cultures to perform functional studies of the GABAA receptor, taking into account allosteric interactions between the different recognition sites of the GABAA receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Distribution of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water, sediments, and seston of the upper Great Lakes--1974.

Samples of water, seston, and sediment from the upper Great Lakes were collected during the summer of 1974 for analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCS's), 15 organochlorine pesticides, and 17 organophosphorus pesticides. Samples were taken from 9 sites in Lake Huron, 2 in the North Channel, 5 in Georgian Bay, and 17 in Lake Superior. In the water samples all compounds analyzed were below quantification limits and traces of lindane were found in each sample. In seston samples, PCB's were above quantification limits at nearly every station and some traces of dieldrin and DDE were measured. Sediments contained PCB compounds at all stations. Dieldrin was occasionally observed, and DDT and/or its derivatives DDE and TDE were found in over one-third of all samples. No clear correlation was found between quantities of these compounds in sediments and either the percentage of clay or organic matter in the samples. Nor were any definite geographic trends present in terms of distributions observed, although concentrations were higher in areas of higher sedimentary deposition such as deeper basins. No organophosphorus compounds were detected in any sample. The highest level of DDT residues detected, 20 ppb, was lower than levels found in other studies in the lower Great Lakes and some tributary river sediments of Georgian Bay. In general, DDT residues were higher in Lake Huron and Georgean Bay sediments than in Lake Superior although PCB's were higher in some Lake Superior sediments.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed1976

Chlorinated hydrocarbon and PCB residues in tissues and lice of northern fur seals, 1972.

DDT, dieldrin, and PCB contents of tissues and the sucking lice of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were studied in samples collected in July 1972 in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. They included the analyses of two nursing cows and their two newborn pups, three 2-month-old pups, and the sucking lice inhabiting these animals, Antarctophthirus callorhini and Proechinophthirus fluctus. The sigmaDDT content of fat tissue was 5.2, 5.6 and 63 mug/g (-/x) for cows, newborns, and 2-month-old pups, respectively. Dieldrin appeared at trace levels. PCB residues (Aroclor 1254) were 5.8, 5.5, and 33 mug/g (-/x), respectively. The sigmaDDT content of blood was less than 0.01 mug/g for cows and newborns and 4.6 mug/g for 2-month-old pups. PCB's were found only in trace amounts in the blood of all animals except one 2-month-old pup which contained 3.4 mug/g. Lice contained 0.2-6 percent, respectively, of the sigmaDDT and PCB's detected. All residues were expressed on a wet-weight basis. Two-month-old pups had far higher residue levels than had cows. A high percentage of sigmaDDT occurred as the DDE metabolite: 60 percent in cows and newborn pups and 90 percent in 2-month-old pups.

Animals↗