Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Deception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

New perspectives on a developmental dilemma: the kinetic signaling model and the importance of signal duration for the CD4/CD8 lineage decision.

Double-positive thymocytes are short-lived bipotential cells whose developmental fate is determined by the specificity of their TCRs. A relatively small number of double-positive thymocytes undergo positive selection in the thymus and these are signaled to differentiate either into CD4(+) or CD8(+) mature T cells. The mechanism by which double-positive thymocytes determine their appropriate CD4/CD8 fate has been the subject of intense theoretical debate and rigorous experimental analysis. In the last year, 'signal duration' has been offered as a replacement for 'signal strength' as a major determinant of the CD4/CD8 decision, a deceptively minor refinement that requires a major change in our understanding of how signaled double-positive thymocytes differentiate into mature T cells. Indeed, the kinetic signaling model provides a radically new perspective on the mechanism by which the CD4/CD8 lineage decision is made.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Unusual MHC-like molecules: CD1, Fc receptor, the hemochromatosis gene product, and viral homologs.

The MHC fold, with its well-characterized peptide-binding groove, can perform other functions in addition to presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells. Homologs of MHC molecules have diverse roles that include presentation of lipid antigens (by CD1), transport of immunoglobulins (by the neonatal Fc receptor), regulation of iron metabolism (by the hemochromatosis gene product, HFE), and deception of the host immune system (by viral homologs). Recent crystal structures of two of these non-standard MHC-like molecules have allowed comparison of the recognition properties of classical. MHC molecules with those of their unusual homologs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A simple rule of thumb for elegant prehension.

Reaching out to grasp an object (prehension) is a deceptively elegant and skilled behavior. The movement prior to object contact can be described as having two components, the movement of the hand to an appropriate location for gripping the object, the "transport" component, and the opening and closing of the aperture between the fingers as they prepare to grip the target, the "grasp" component. The grasp component is sensitive to the size of the object, so that a larger grasp aperture is formed for wider objects; the maximum grasp aperture (MGA) is a little wider than the width of the target object and occurs later in the movement for larger objects. We present a simple model that can account for the temporal relationship between the transport and grasp components. We report the results of an experiment providing empirical support for our "rule of thumb." The model provides a simple, but plausible, account of a neural control strategy that has been the center of debate over the last two decades.

Hand↗
PubMed1997

Cortical development: layers of complexity.

Studies of spontaneous mutant mice with neurological phenotypes, particularly the cloning and analysis of the genes responsible, are shedding light on the complex processes that lead to formation of the deceptively simple layered structure of the cerebral cortex.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bone cyst of a fishy origin: from an old catfish spine puncture wound to the foot.

A rare first metatarsal unicameral-type bone cyst with a deceptive radiographic appearance and size and an unusual pathological etiology was identified in a female patient. This eccentric cyst was observed only postoperatively by radiograph. Review of the patient's history documented a foot injury from a catfish spine as the etiology of this chronically inflamed cyst.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The "hidden cystic duct" syndrome and the infundibular technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy--the danger of the false infundibulum.

BACKGROUND: The "classical" biliary injury usually involves misidentification of the common bile duct as the cystic duct. The purpose of this study was to determine if the method of cholecystectomy, specifically the "infundibular technique," might be a contributing factor in this injury. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-one operative notes of patients who were referred with injury to the common bile duct were examined. Notes were classified as to informativeness. Patient and operative variables potentially related to injury were searched for. RESULTS: Inflammation was the main patient variable associated with injury. The main operative variable was that in most of the injuries the cystic duct was isolated and divided as the first step in the procedure. Often the operative note contained a statement indicating that the surgeon believed that the "cystic" duct (actually the common bile duct) was emanating from the infundibulum of the gallbladder and that this was the anatomic rationale for identification of the cystic duct. In no case was the triangle of Calot completely dissected before injury. CONCLUSIONS: The cystic duct may be hidden in some patients having laparoscopic cholecystectomy, especially in the presence of inflammation. This may lead to the deceptive appearance of a false infundibulum that misleads the surgeon into identifying the common duct as the cystic duct. Biliary injury is more likely when cystic duct identification is made by relying solely on the appearance of the junction of the cystic duct with the infundibulum of the gallbladder, and this technique should be abandoned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Contact dermatitis.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Reading this article will reinforce the reader's knowledge of the definition, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the most common of all the "eczemas," contact dermatitis, which can have an allergic and/or an irritant pathogenesis. DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles and current texts on contact dermatitis were referenced and reviewed. The personal experiences of the authors in an Environmental Medicine Clinic, their private practices, and their teaching of residents and other physicians were evaluated. A MEDLINE database using subject keywords was searched from 1986 to date. STUDY SELECTION: Book chapters, pertinent articles, data source abstracts, guidelines for the management of contact dermatitis set by the American Academy of Dermatology, and the American Contact Dermatitis Society were critiqued. RESULTS: The recent elucidation of the pathoimmunology of contact dermatitis is concisely reviewed, highlighting its clinical implications. The protean clinical presentations of contact dermatitis, both "allergic" and "irritant" type are cited. The signs and symptoms warranting the search for a contactant are outlined. The most likely regional contactants are listed, but the need to reference a more complete textbook is often required. That patch testing is the gold standard to identify an allergenic agent causing allergic contact dermatitis is stressed. While the "who" and "when" to patch test is amply described, a cookbook "how" to patch test has been omitted in order to emphasize the importance of "hands on" experience for such testing. The advantages and limitations of the commercially available standard patch tests (Hermal, and T.R.U.E.) are described, plus the sources for "nonstandard" patch tests is made available. Therapeutic modalities, topical and systemic, for management of the uncomfortable patient are outlined. CONCLUSION: The physician who manages a patient with an "eczematous" rash must be aware of the complete differential diagnosis of that clinical presentation. Suspicion that a "contactant" is the cause must have high priority, especially when the rash is persistent, and fails to respond to "appropriate" therapy. The value of a skin biopsy is limited to confirming its eczematous (spongiotic) nature and ruling out other diseases. Appreciating the paradox of patch testing, namely the deceptive simplicity of application versus the required expertise for interpretation and recognition of clinical significance, is the key to the proper management of the patient with contact dermatitis.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug product selection: legal issues.

OBJECTIVE: To review the potential legal liability of the pharmacist in the drug product selection process. DATA SOURCES: Published articles identified through MEDLINE, published law reviews identified through InfoTrac, and appellate court decisions. Search terms used included pharmacist liability, drug product selection, and generic substitution. Additional articles, books, and appellate court decisions were identified from the bibliographies of retrieved articles and citations in appellate court decisions. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pharmacists engaging in drug product selection are civilly liable under three legal theories: negligence, express or implied warranties, and strict product liability. Potential criminal liability includes prosecution for insurance fraud, deceptive business practices, and violation of state drug product selection laws and regulation. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists increase their liability when engaging in drug product selection, but the increase is small. Still, the law continues to evolve as pharmacists seek expanded roles and responsibilities. When courts give closer examination to pharmacists' expanded role, it is likely that pharmacists' liability will increase.

Drugs, Generic↗
PubMed1997

Plagiarism--an act of stealing.

Plagiarism is one of those ethical issues no one wants to talk about. This article sets the stage for educating readers, authors, and researchers in the fundamentals of scholarship. Legal ramifications for professional theft, deception, and misconduct provide information regarding the perpetration, constituents, and aftermath of the act of plagiarism. The article then communicates a shift in thinking about the deviation from ethical standards and strategies for the prevention of the ethical issue. Plagiarism can be prevented.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2000

Non-verbal behavior as courtship signals: the role of control and choice in selecting partners.

In this work, we provide evidence based on direct observation of behavior in encounters of opposite-sexed strangers, that women initiate and "control" the outcome. In the first minute of these videotaped 10-min interactions, neither female "solicitation" behavior nor "negative" behavior is strongly related to professed interest in the man, while female "affirmative" behavior at this stage modulates male verbal output in later stages (4-10 min). Although the rate of female courtship-like behavior is significantly higher in the first minute, it is only in the fourth to tenth minute that the rate of female courtship-like behavior is correlated with professed female interest. We hypothesize that this serves as a strategic dynamic reflecting sexual asymmetry in parental investment and the potential cost of male deception to women. Ambiguous protean behavioral strategies veil individuals' intentions and make their future actions unpredictable. These behavioral strategies may result in men's overestimation of female sexual interest.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The psychology of social chess and the evolution of attribution mechanisms: explaining the fundamental attribution error.

Theory of mind is the field devoted to understanding how organisms discern the mental states of others. Because mental states are not directly observable, they can only be inferred from observable features of the actor (such as behavior) and the situational context that the actor is in. Social psychologists, who study theory of mind processes under the rubric of attribution research, have shown that people often make a logical error of inference: The "fundamental attribution error" (FAE) is the tendency to assume that an actor's behavior and mental state correspond to a degree that is logically unwarranted by the situation. The social environment in which theory of mind capacities evolved may have influenced attributional processing in ways that could explain the error. In particular, the error could be caused by a psyche that is designed (1) to consider only those noncorresponding mental states (such as deception) that could have fitness consequences to the mind reader; (2) to bias inferences in a way that reduces the costs of erroneous inferences; or (3) to bias inferences in a way that yields reputational benefits. The existing literature is reviewed in light of these hypotheses.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of ampullary villous adenomas that may harbor carcinoma.

Villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater is a rare tumor. It is a deceptive tumor because it is a premalignant lesion and biopsies of the lesion are false negative in 25% to 56% of patients. The primary focus of this report is 23 of 30 patients with villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater who underwent Whipple operations. Paraffin blocks from 22 patients were available. In eight patients, blocks of the biopsies and the corresponding resected specimens were available. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies to p53 and Ki-67 were performed to determine whether accumulation of these antibodies in the biopsy specimens would identify false negative biopsies. There was one operative death. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates for the 22 patients surviving a Whipple operation were 74%, 57%, and 35%, respectively. Three patients died of cancer. The mean p53 expression index was increased in adenomas to 88 (P = 0.001) and in carcinomas to 114 (P = 0.01), compared with 12.6 for normal ampullary epithelium adjacent to tumor. Significant differences in the Ki-67 proliferation index were noted between normal adjacent epithelium (13%), adenoma (34%, P = 0.0002), and carcinoma (53%, P = 0.034), as well as between adenomatous epithelium and carcinoma (34% vs. 53%, P = .012). Villous ampullary adenocarcinoma was present in 65% of patients with villous adenoma (87% if patients with carcinoma in situ in resected specimens are included). Because of the high false negative rate of ampullary biopsies, and the inability to accurately stage these lesions, we recommend pancreaticoduodenectomy in most patients. Studies with p53 and Ki-67 markers suggest that they may be helpful in the recognition of ampullary villous cancer not identified on routine biopsies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, gastric foveolar type, of the extrahepatic bile ducts: A previously unrecognized and distinctive morphologic variant of bile duct carcinoma.

Two examples of a rare but distinctive morphologic variant of extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts are reported. One tumor arose in the common bile duct of a 51-year-old man; the other arose in the common hepatic duct of a 27-year-old man. Both tumors were composed predominantly (>95%) of gastric foveolar-type epithelium. Because of their bland nuclear features, low mitotic index, and focal polypoid and lobular architecture, they were initially confused with adenomas. Foci of less-differentiated adenocarcinoma and perineural invasion present in the deep portions of the tumors facilitated recognition. The neoplastic cells and extracellular mucin were periodic acid-Schiff- and alcian blue-positive. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells expressed cytokeratins 8 and 20 as well as cathepsin D, as reported in normal foveolar cells. Likewise, p53 overexpression was documented immunohistochemically in both adenocarcinomas, which also stained with the Ki-67 antibody. Despite the well-differentiated nature of the neoplasms and their deceptively benign microscopic appearance, one patient developed recurrence and liver metastasis 5 years after surgery. The other patient is disease-free 2 years following a segmental resection of the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and gallbladder. The cell phenotype of these tumors can be explained by the ability of the bile duct epithelium to differentiate along gastric cell lines.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Examination for the late physical after effects of torture.

This paper describes the experience of doctors at the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, London, in documenting torture as recounted by survivors, mostly refugees from one of 63 countries, and in writing medico-legal reports to support their asylum claims. More than 2000 new patients are seen each year and 500 reports written. Few patients are seen in the acute phase; many not until 10 years following their torture. Patterns of torture practised in different countries are described, with the resulting physical signs. Methods of history-taking and examination are discussed, with emphasis on the detection of subtle forms of torture, recognition of deception and encouragement of full disclosure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Masking effects of social desirability response set on relations between psychosocial factors and sport injuries: a methodological note.

Social desirability has long been viewed as a potential source of error variance in self-report measures. We suggest that social desirability (whether in the form of impression management or self-deception) has the capacity to mask relations between psychosocial variables and sport-related outcome or criterion measures that are not measured by selfreport. To illustrate what can occur, we present data from a longitudinal study in which life stress and psychological coping skills were studied as predictors of behaviorally-defined athletic injuries. When data from the entire sample of 352 athletes were analyzed, virtually no injury variance was accounted for by life stress, psychological coping skills, or their interaction. In contrast, deletion from the sample of athletes with high social desirability response set scores resulted in significant predictive relations involving both life stress and coping skills, as well as a significant moderator effect for coping skills. We propose that social desirability masking effects can significantly increase the likelihood of Type II errors in sports medicine research that involves self-report measures, and that social desirability responding needs to be controlled or minimized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Using variance analysis to detect hazards in a bar-code-assisted medication preparation process.

BACKGROUND: Medication errors have received significant attention, with studies pinpointing problems in the physician ordering, pharmacy dispensing, and nurse administering processes. Yet, the nursing process for preparing medications, which typically occurs in a medication room on the unit, has not received much attention. This process is deceptively complex, and without proper design, it could break down at numerous points. HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING ANALYSIS: Prospective hazard analysis methods allow the detection of potential hazards during the planning, assessment, and design phases of a process or technology. A specific technique-variance analysis-is used within one type of prospective hazard analysis, the sociotechnical systems analysis (STSA). STSA provides guidance to (1) analyze existing or planned systems to understand the social, technical, and environmental system components; (2) collect and analyze the system data; and (3) use the analysis to design or redesign the system. DISCUSSION: The STSA variance analysis is an additional tool that health care clinicians, administrators, and risk managers can use to proactively identify hazards for control. Although this larger analysis is more time consuming, it forces the analysts to conduct a true systems analysis before implementing technical, social, environmental, or organizational changes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

A narcotic foreign body in the throat.

The impaction of a cannabis-filled condom in the upper oesophagus of a 28-year-old prisoner is reported. The history was deceptive and smoking and drug abuse denied. The ENT surgeon being unaware of the identity of the drug faced tackling a possibly lethal foreign body, technically difficult to remove by the usual forceps method. (The Dormier basket is recommended for this task but we were unable to try it). Passage of the condom into the stomach occurred during attempted removal and its further progress was uneventful, indicating that gastroscopic removal of cannabis is unnecessary unless obstructive symptoms occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Retropharyngeal abscess. A rare presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Early symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) can often be deceptive and confusing. Most patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present at an advanced stage with metastatic cervical nodes present at the time of diagnosis. A deep neck abscess as the presenting feature has not been reported. We report two cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma which presented with retropharyngeal abscesses and persistent lymphadenopathy. These two patients illustrate that refractory lymphadenopathy, despite adequate treatment of the associated infection, should prompt a search for underlying disease. The relationship between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and retropharyngeal abscess is discussed.

Adult↗