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PubMed1994

Diuresis and natriuresis in non-seizing and in kindled rats from a genetically audiogenic susceptible strain.

Audiogenic seizures are evoked by acoustic stimulation in susceptible (S) but not in resistant (R) rats. Repeated audiogenic seizures recruit limbic areas, a model called audiogenic kindling. In order to evaluate excretory patterns (urinary volume, Na+ and K+ excretion), S and R animals were non-stimulated, submitted to one (acute) or 10 (kindled) stimulations or to two aqueous overloads (5% b.w.). Non-stimulated S animals displayed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Na+ excretion at 60, 80, 100 and 120 min. Acutely stimulated S animals showed greater natriuresis than non-stimulated animals at 40, 60, 80 and 100 min. Kindled S animals displayed the greatest natriuresis (p < 0.005) at 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min and the highest diuretic response (p < 0.05) at 40, 60 and 80 min. Abnormalities of the endogenous hydroelectrolytic profile of non-stimulated S animals and their overt expression in kindled rats may be related to alterations in neuroendocrine systems regulating hydroelectrolytic balance, in addition to the long-lasting effects of kindled seizures.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Quantitative static and dynamic renal scintigraphy with diuresis stimulation in renovascular hypertension.

The results of computer-assisted static and dynamic renal scintigraphy in 57 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) and 23 patients with essential hypertension (EH) are presented. The following parameters were quantified: renal size (RS), count density (CD), relative unilateral renal clearance (RRC), mean parenchymal transit time (PTT), difference of time-to-peak of activity (tmaxd) to stenosed minus non-stenosed side, effect of frusemide (FE) and renal parenchymal radionuclide retention (RI). Among 57 stenosed renal arteries we detected 54 (true-positive cases) and missed three (false-negative cases); among 23 patients with EH and no significant haemodynamic renal artery stenosis, we found 21 cases correctly negative and two patients falsely positive. These data yielded a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 92%. The quantification of renal radionuclide studies in renal artery stenoses minimizes false-positive results and increases their specificity. This study shows that, because of its sensitivity, quantitative renal scintigraphy reliably allows the assessment of the functional haemodynamic effects of a renovascular lesion (significant stenosis) in the diagnostic work-up and during follow-up after surgical reconstruction or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The evaluation of renal function is in general greatly supported by the quantitative parameters, yet particularly after medication with converting enzyme inhibitors and after intervention.

Diuresis↗
PubMed1982

Diuresis in newly emerged, unfed mosquitoes. I. Fluid loss in normal females and males during the first 20 hours of adult life.

Unfed mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) decapitated soon after emergence from the pupa survive better than those decapitated later. In a test involving more than 700 females and more than 600 males, 80% of the mosquitoes decapitated during the first hour of adult life survived a period of 45 h post emergence (p.e.), whereas about 80% of those decapitated at 12 h or later failed to survive the same period. There was a linear fall in the rate of survival between 1 and 10 h p.e., after which the rate fluctuated between 10 and 30%. The mechanism accounting for this phenomenon seemed most likely to be loss of fluid under the control of a diuretic hormone released from the head, early decapitation protecting the insects from excess loss of fluid. To test this explantation the rate of excretion was measured in normal unfed mosquitoes at regular intervals during the first 20 h of adult life. In females the rate of excretion was shown to rise from 10 nl min-1 during the first hour of adult life to each 27 nl min-1 12 h later. In males the rate of excretion fell from 7 to 5 nl min-1 during the first 3 h before rising to 12 nl min-1 by 9 h p.e. The rate of excretion decreased in both sexes from 15-16 h onwards. Newly emerged mosquitoes thus increase their preparedness for flight by loss of water through enhanced excretion during the first day.

Aedes↗
PubMed1983

Diuresis in newly emerged, unfed mosquitoes. II. The basic pattern in relation to escape from the water, preparation for mature flight, mating and the first blood meal.

A study of 2000 newly emerged adult mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) shows that the rate of excretion is high at the time of eclosion but falls rapidly over the next few minutes. In both sexes, however, the high rate of excretion is regained during a second peak in the middle of day 1. It remains high for about 6 h and then falls in a remarkably steady manner to reach a low level plain, which persists at least till the end of day 3. In females this plain is not reached till some 8 h after the onset in males. This steady low level of activity, which is higher in females than in males, is here regarded as the basic rate of excretion. The rapid loss of fluid in the newly emerged adult enables the insect to make its first teneral flight, escaping from the surface of the water within minutes of eclosion. The second peak of excretion occurs within the period of rest during the first day of adult life when muscles needed for swimming are being replaced by those needed for flight. The low rate of excretion which follows on day 2 and is continued on day 3 signals the establishment of full flight activity covering mating and, in the female, the first blood meal. During the blood meal and immediately afterwards the rate of excretion is already known to increase significantly; for a truer measure of this increase the amounts should now have the female basic rate, as here defined, deducted from it.

Aedes↗
PubMed1990

Effect of activated charcoal on frusemide induced diuresis: a human class experiment for medical students.

We have introduced to the course in pharmacology for medical students a simple human experiment that demonstrates the efficacy of activated charcoal in gastrointestinal drug binding. Sixty-one students were given 40 mg frusemide with water, water only, or 40 mg frusemide and 8 g activated charcoal with water either immediately or after different time intervals. The diuretic effect of frusemide was totally prevented when taken together with charcoal, but became apparent gradually when charcoal was taken after a lag time. This experiment is simple to carry out and demonstrates vividly the treatment principles of acute intoxications.

Charcoal↗
PubMed1993

Cold and warm infusion of Ringer's acetate in healthy volunteers: the effects on haemodynamic parameters, transcapillary fluid balance, diuresis and atrial peptides.

The effects of Ringer's acetate (RAc) infusion with different temperatures, 18 degrees C compared to 36 degrees C, were studied in 20 healthy volunteers. An infusion volume of 20% of the estimated extracellular volume was given over 45 min. Before and after the RAc infusion, interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure were measured on the lateral part of the thorax and in the lower leg. Blood sampling and pressure measurements were performed through a cannula placed in the left radial artery, and arterial oxygen saturation was measured by pulse oximetry. Atrial peptides ANF (99-126) and ANF (1-98) in plasma were measured as indicators of volume loading. Cold RAc infusion increased mean arterial pressure from 82 (s.d. +/- 7) to 96 (s.d. +/- 9) mmHg (10.9-12.8 kPa) at the end of the infusion with a simultaneous fall in heart rate. Warm RAc infusion gave no changes in blood pressure or heart rate. The arterial oxygen saturation during the infusion of cold RAc was higher than during warm RAc infusion. Cold infusion produced the expected haemodilution with a fall in erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF) from 0.39 (+/- 0.03) to 0.33 (+/- 0.03) and a fall in plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COPp) from 21.7 (+/- 1.1) mmHg to 15.0 (+/- 1.3) mmHg (2.9-2.0 kPa). Warm infusion induced a nearly identical haemodilution. Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure fell from 11.6 (+/- 2.3) mmHg to 8.9 (+/- 2.7) mmHg (1.5-1.2 kPa) after warm infusion while cold infusion gave no changes. The changes in interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗