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PubMed1990

Effects of disinfecting solutions on tonometer tips.

We investigated the effects of selected disinfecting solutions on the structural integrity of Goldmann applanation tonometer tips. Hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol, dilute sodium hypochlorite (household bleach), and glutaraldehyde-phenate (Sporicidin) have been used for disinfecting tonometer tips. However, the effect of these solutions on the tips' structure has not been fully investigated. Haag-Steit tonometer tips were soaked separately for 30 days (723 h) in 5 different solutions and distilled water, approximately 1 working year of routine use (310 days by 14 patients per day). During the soaking period, the tips were regularly removed from solution, examined through a slitlamp, measured with vernier calipers, and photographed to monitor for structural degradation. Alcohol was the only solution that damaged the tips. The other disinfecting solutions appear to be safe for use on the tips after the equivalent of 1 working year of routine use.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1991

Effects of an experimental contact lens disinfectant on rabbit corneal epithelium cultures.

We investigated the toxicity of a new, chlorine-based, experimental contact lens disinfectant (Alcide Corp., Norwalk, CT) on rabbit corneal epithelium in tissue culture. Explants of isolated corneal epithelium were grown in tissue culture for 7 days and then exposed for 1 h to one of three different concentrations of the experimental disinfectant or to a saline control. At the manufacturer's standard concentration, and at one-half the standard concentration, the relative area covered by living cells in the culture was reduced an average of 32% 3 days after treatment. At double the standard concentration, the area was reduced 63%, which was a significant reduction in comparison with controls. All groups showed some recovery in area of living epithelial cells within 7 days after treatment. In comparison with similar studies on other chemicals used in ophthalmic preparations, these results suggest that this chlorine-based disinfectant is relatively nontoxic to corneal epithelial cells.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Disinfection efficacy in an integrated ultraviolet light contact lens care system.

We evaluated a new integrated contact lens care system that combines fluid turbulence for lens cleaning with ultraviolet (UV) light for solution sterilization. The ultraviolet light system was used to clean and disinfect 42 soft contact lenses (water contents: 38.6%, 43%, 55%, and 70%) and two rigid gas permeable lenses. Test lenses were contaminated with 10(6) cells/mL of Bacillus pumilus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acanthamoeba castellanii and subjected to a 15-minute cleaning-disinfection cycle. Bathing solutions and contact lenses were cultured at various time intervals and at the end of the cycle. All bathing solutions and all lenses but one were found to be sterile after one cycle. All units effectively disinfected solutions and contact lenses. This device may be an effective alternative to existing contact lens care systems.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed2004

Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to disinfection byproducts in drinking water has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. We pooled the primary data from 6 case-control studies of bladder cancer that used trihalomethanes as a marker of disinfection byproducts. METHODS: Two studies were included from the United States and one each from Canada, France, Italy, and Finland. Inclusion criteria were availability of detailed data on trihalomethane exposure and individual water consumption. The analysis included 2806 cases and 5254 controls, all of whom had measures of known exposure for at least 70% of the exposure window of 40 years before the interview. Cumulative exposure to trihalomethanes was estimated by combining individual year-by-year average trihalomethane level and daily tap water consumption. RESULTS: There was an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.24 in men exposed to an average of more than 1 microg/L (ppb) trihalomethanes compared with those who had lower or no exposure (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-1.41). Estimated relative risks increased with increasing exposure, with an OR of 1.44 (1.20-1.73) for exposure higher than 50 microg/L (ppb). Similar results were found with other indices of trihalomethane exposure. Among women, trihalomethane exposure was not associated with bladder cancer risk (0.95; 0.76-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: These findings strengthen the hypothesis that the risk of bladder cancer is increased with long-term exposure to disinfection byproducts at levels currently observed in many industrialized countries.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Performance of contact lens disinfecting solutions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of organic load.

PURPOSE: Contact lens wearers can become noncompliant with lens disinfection procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate multipurpose contact lens disinfecting solutions in the presence of organic soil. METHODS: OPTI-FREE EXPRESS and three products preserved with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) were inoculated with three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in organic soil. Surviving bacteria were counted at various time points, using the ISO 14729 standard method. RESULTS: Results indicated that OPTI-FREE EXPRESS was efficient in the presence of organic soil and achieved a reduction of almost 6 log. The other products were less effective under the test conditions and failed to achieve 3-log reduction of the bacteria. These products also seemed to lose activity after time, allowing surviving bacteria to multiply. Conversely OPTI-FREE EXPRESS maintained high activity for the entire 72 hours of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that OPTI-FREE EXPRESS would remain highly efficient in the case of noncompliance with disinfection procedures.

Biguanides↗
PubMed1990

Investigations of the effectiveness of detergent washing, drying and chemical disinfection on contamination of cleaning cloths.

Detergent washing, drying and chemical disinfection for decontamination of cleaning cloths was investigated with cloths contaminated by use in the domestic environment. Detergent washing produced only limited reductions in microbial contamination and cloths then stored at room temperature for 24 h showed increases in contamination due to multiplication of residual survivors. For effective and consistent decontamination of cloths, detergent washing followed by drying at 80 degrees C for 2 h was required. Hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants produced significant reductions in contamination, but chemical disinfection may be unreliable where cloths are heavily contaminated.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Bactericidal activity of disinfectants on Listeria.

The bactericidal activity on Listeria spp. of nine disinfectants used in the food industry was studied by previously published methods. The disinfectants were diluted to the test concentration in sterile standard hard water. Various types of chemical agents were evaluated, including phenolic compounds, alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, surface-active agents, aldehydes and disochlorine tablets. The following strains isolated from cheese were studied: Listeria innocua, L. welshimeri, L. monocytogenes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b. The results show that the listerias are not particularly resistant to disinfectants but the efficacy of some agents is affected by organic matter.

Cheese↗
PubMed1998

Factors influencing a suspension test method for antimicrobial activity of disinfectants.

Factors influencing the numbers of Escherichia coli DSM 682 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 surviving exposure to disinfectants were evaluated by factorial design. Aerobic conditions during pre-cultivation rendered E. coli more resistant to the lethal activity of benzalkonium chloride (BC) and a disinfectant containing grape fruit extract (GSE), whereas Staph. aureus became more sensitive. The degree of shaking and the pre-growth medium (tryptone soy broth or Mueller-Hinton broth) did not influence the result of the bactericidal test. The number of E. coli surviving BC treatment was significantly lower if the neutralizing broth contained thiosulphate, plate pouring was used instead of plate spreading, or the plates were incubated at 37 instead of 30 degrees C. The negative effect of plate pouring was also found with Staph. aureus. The use of filtration without prior neutralization of the disinfectant decreased the numbers of chlorine-treated, but not BC-treated, E. coli. The results showed that rigorous standardization is necessary to obtain good reproducibility of bactericidal suspension tests.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Disinfection of feline calicivirus (a surrogate for Norovirus) in wastewaters.

AIMS: To compare the inactivation of feline calicivirus (FCV) (a surrogate for Norovirus, NV) with the reduction of a bacterial water quality indicator (Escherichia coli), a human enteric virus (poliovirus) and a viral indicator (MS2, FRNA bacteriophage), following the disinfection of wastewaters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bench-scale disinfection experiments used wastewater (sterilized by gamma-irradiation) seeded with laboratory-cultured organisms. Seeded primary effluent was treated with different doses of applied free chlorine (8, 16 and 30 mg l(-1)). FCV and E. coli were easily inactivated by >4 log10, within 5 min with a dose of 30 mg l(-1) of applied chlorine. Poliovirus was more resistant and a reduction of 2.85 log10 was seen after 30 min, MS2 was the most resistant organism (1 log10 inactivation). In further experiments seeded secondary effluent was treated with different doses of u.v. irradiation. To achieve a 4-log10 reduction of E. coli, FCV, poliovirus and MS2 doses of 5.32, 19.04, 27.51 and 62.50 mW s cm(-2), respectively, were required. CONCLUSIONS: Feline calicivirus and E. coli seeded in primary wastewater were very susceptible to chlorination compared with poliovirus and MS2. In contrast, FCV seeded in secondary wastewater was more resistant to u.v. irradiation than E. coli but more sensitive than poliovirus and MS2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: FRNA phage was more resistant to inactivation than all the viruses tested. This suggests FRNA phage would be a useful and conservative indicator of virus inactivation following disinfection of wastewaters with chlorination or u.v. irradiation.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1986

An assessment of the fungicidal activity of antimicrobial agents used for hard-surface and skin disinfection.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger conidia and Candida albicans blastospores were employed to assess the fungicidal activity of a range of antimicrobial agents used for hard-surface and skin disinfection in hospitals in the U.K. The antimicrobials were tested at in-use concentrations. The time taken to give greater than 99.99% kill was determined by estimating the number of survivors (cfu/ml) at a variety of time intervals after exposure of washed suspensions of spores to the disinfectants. At equivalent times the recovery in the broth was investigated. An alcoholic solution of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.02%) (Hibitane), iodine in Industrial Methylated Spirit (IMS) and a phenolic (0.36% phenols, Stericol) produced a 99.99% kill of all species within 2 min, alcoholic and aqueous solutions (10%) of povidone-iodine (Betadine) and hypochlorite (0.2%) required 10 min to give a 99.99% kill of all species tested. The preparations which contained cetrimide (Cetavlon), aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibitane) and combinations of these (Savloclens and Savlodil) were only slowly fungicidal, particularly against T. mentagrophytes spores, which was the most resistant of the three fungal species to disinfection.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disinfection and endoscopy: summary and recommendations. Working party report to the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990.

This working party was convened by the organizers of the World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Sydney 1990. Its remit was to produce a report on disinfection in endoscopy. Endoscopy plays an essential role in the management of gastrointestinal disorders; its benefits far outweigh the occasional complications which arise. Nevertheless, case reports and surveys performed over a 20-year period confirm that endoscopic procedures do occasionally cause cross-infection and the current epidemic with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted the potential for more serious disease transmission if suitable precautionary measures are not generally applied in endoscopy practice. Contaminated equipment may cause infection in three ways: transmission of pathogenic organisms from one patient to another, the commonest example being Salmonellosis; transmission of infection such as hepatitis B (HBV) from patient to staff by needle-stick injury; and introduction of opportunistic organisms which colonize endoscopic and ancillary equipment on storage. This may cause focal sepsis or septicaemia, particularly in the immunocompromised, or cholangitis and pancreatic sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). These risks can be eliminated by the use of effective cleaning and disinfection techniques, by providing suitable staff training and by paying attention to endoscopy room procedures. Both HBV and HIV are inactivated by all currently accepted disinfecting or sterilizing procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Disinfection↗
PubMed2006

Solar disinfection of poliovirus and Acanthamoeba polyphaga cysts in water - a laboratory study using simulated sunlight.

AIMS: To determine the efficacy of solar disinfection (SODIS) in disinfecting water contaminated with poliovirus and Acanthamoeba polyphaga cysts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Organisms were subjected to a simulated global solar irradiance of 850 Wm(-2) in water temperatures between 25 and 55 degrees C. SODIS at 25 degrees C totally inactivated poliovirus after 6-h exposure (reduction of 4.4 log units). No SODIS-induced reduction in A. polyphaga cyst viability was observed for sample temperatures below 45 degrees C. Total cyst inactivation was only observed after 6-h SODIS exposure at 50 degrees C (3.6 log unit reduction) and after 4 h at 55 degrees C (3.3 log unit reduction). CONCLUSIONS: SODIS is an effective means of disinfecting water contaminated with poliovirus and A. polyphaga cysts, provided water temperatures of 50-55 degrees C are attained in the latter case. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This research presents the first SODIS inactivation curve for poliovirus and provides further evidence that batch SODIS provides effective protection against waterborne protozoan cysts.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed2006

Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of six multipurpose soft contact lens disinfecting solutions.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of six multipurpose disinfecting contact lens solutions (MPDS). METHOD: Six MPDS were assessed and compared: MeniCare Soft, Complete Moisture Plus, Solo-Care Aqua, Opti-Free Express, ReNu MultiPlus and ReNuMoistureLoc. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by means of the colony-forming assay (ISO 10993-5) using one cell line. One hundred Chinese hamster's fibroblast V79 cells in 2 mL of medium were inoculated into 6-well plates and cultured for 24 h. After incubation, the medium was removed and 2 mL of each MPDS was diluted with physiological saline and medium and added individually into wells at 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% concentrations. After an additional 6 days of incubation, cells were fixed and stained with Giemsa solution. Subsequently, the number of colonies was counted. Cytotoxicity was expressed in terms of the concentration of the MPDS that suppresses colony formation. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the stand-alone contact lens disinfection test (ISO 14729). RESULTS: Cytotoxicity--MeniCare Soft and Complete Moisture Plus were not cytotoxic at any of the concentrations tested. The cytotoxicity ranking of the other MPDS was as follows: Solo-Care Aqua approximately equal to Opti-Free Express < ReNu MultiPlus < ReNu MoistureLoc. Antimicrobial activity--All MPDS met the primary criteria of the stand-alone test for bacterial species. ReNu MoistureLoc showed borderline values for Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. Complete Moisture Plus failed to meet the stand-alone test criteria for Fusarium solani. CONCLUSIONS: Large differences in cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity were found among the MPDS under investigation. Multipurpose disinfecting contact lens solutions with identical concentrations of polyhexamethylene biguanide can behave differently depending on solution formulation. The new MeniCare Soft showed effective antimicrobial activity and minimal cytotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Photo-activated disinfection of the root canal: a new role for lasers in endodontics.

Because micro-organisms play a crucial role in the development of pulpal and periapical disease, the prognosis of endodontic therapy is intimately related to the presence of bacteria within the root canal system. Micro-organisms may persist in the apical region of the root canal system despite chemomechanical preparation. The usefulness of Class IV lasers (such as Nd:YAG, diode, KTP and Er:YAG) for photo-thermal disinfection of the root canal has been demonstrated in numerous studies. An alternative approach to microbial killing in the root canal system by laser light involves the use of low-power lasers to drive a photochemical reaction that produces reactive oxygen species, a technique termed photo-activated disinfection (PAD). By using exogenous photosensitisers such as tolonium chloride, killing of all types of bacteria can be achieved. In vitro studies of PAD have demonstrated its ability to kill photosensitised oral bacteria (such as E. faecalis), and more recently microbial killing in vivo in the root canal system has been demonstrated. While PAD can be undertaken as part of the routine disinfection of the root canal system, it also has potential use for eradicating persistent endodontic infections for which conventional methods have been unsuccessful.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine as an disinfectant in eye surgery.

105 patients admitted for cataract surgery were treated pre-operatively with polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) as a disinfectant, and consecutive bacterial cultures were obtained before initiating surgery and at the end of the operation. A control group (n = 99) only had a standard disinfection procedure of the eye (including instillation of Terramycin cum polymyxin B cream in the conjunctival sac the evening before surgery). The cultures obtained from the conjunctival sac of the control group principally showed growth of Staph. albus and Staph. aureus, and to a minor degree diphtheroids (Corynebacterium species). Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and micrococci. There was a significant quantitative diminished growth (P less than 0.05) of bacteria in the group of patients treated with PVP-I compared to the control group. Concerning the growth of Staph. albus, this was reduced to almost one third and other bacteria were almost eliminated in the group receiving PVP-I. As we disclosed no toxic or allergic reaction post-operatively which could be related to the use of PVP-I as a disinfectant, this agent seems to constitute an effective pre-operative antimicrobial treatment, taking into consideration the broad antimicrobial spectrum of PVP-I shown by other authors.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of Sterilex Ultra for disinfection of dental unit waterlines.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of a disinfectant agent based on hydrogen peroxide (Sterilex Ultra, Sterilex Corporation, Maryland, USA) on the microbiological water quality in dental unit waterlines (DUWL). SETTING: Six older dental units were disinfected with Sterilex Ultra and another six units with sodium hypochlorite. The results were compared to six non-disinfected units examined during a period without patient treatment. OUTCOME MEASURE: The number of colony forming units of bacteria (cfu)/ml of water was determined according to European Standards on water quality. DESIGN: The water quality was initially determined during a six week period, and subsequently in more detail for two weeks. Finally, the effect of prolonged administration of Sterilex Ultra was investigated for six weeks. RESULTS: Instillation of Sterilex Ultra according to the recommendations of the manufacturer initially reduced the number of bacteria in DUWL to <10(2) cfu/ml. However, following daily, as well as prolonged administration of Sterilex Ultra a gradual recolonisation was observed resulting in bacterial numbers >10(4) cfu/ml in a number of units. Major differences between the number of cfu/ml in individual units were observed. CONCLUSION: Neither daily nor extended administration of Sterilex Ultra was capable of maintaining an acceptable water quality in these older dental units.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Frequency of disinfectant resistance genes and genetic linkage with beta-lactamase transposon Tn552 among clinical staphylococci.

A total of 61 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 177 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from the blood of patients with bloodstream infections and from the skin of both children under cancer treatment and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The MIC analyses revealed that 118 isolates (50%) were resistant to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). The frequencies of resistance to a range of antibiotics were significantly higher among BC-resistant staphylococci than among BC-sensitive staphylococci. Of 78 BC-resistant staphylococcal isolates, plasmid DNA from 65 (83%), 2 (3%), 43 (55%), and 15 (19%) isolates hybridized to qacA or -B (qacA/B), qacC, blaZ, and tetK probes, respectively. The qacA/B and blaZ probes hybridized to the same plasmid in 19 (24%) staphylococcal strains. The plasmids harboring both qacA/B and blaZ genes varied from approximately 20 to 40 kb. The Staphylococcus epidermidis Fol62 isolate, harboring multiresistance plasmid pMS62, contained qacA/B and blaZ together with tetK. Molecular and genetic studies indicated different structural arrangements of blaZ and qacA/B, including variable intergenic distances and transcriptional directions of the two genes on the same plasmid within the strains. The different organizations may be due to the presence of various genetic elements involved in cointegration, recombination, and rearrangements. These results indicate that qac resistance genes are common and that linkage between resistance to disinfectants and penicillin resistance occurs frequently in clinical isolates in Norway. Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2003

Acanthamoeba polyphaga strain age and method of cyst production influence the observed efficacy of therapeutic agents and contact lens disinfectants.

The effects of age in culture and the type of medium used for induction of Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Ros) cysts on susceptibilities to polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; 3 micro g/ml), chlorhexidine digluconate (30 micro g/ml), myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (20 micro g/ml), H(2)O(2) (3%), and two multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPS-1 and MPS-2, based on 1 micro g of PHMB per ml) were examined. Strain Ros-02 was cryopreserved on isolation in 1991, while strain Ros-91 had been in continuous axenic culture. Significant differences in susceptibilities to the disinfectants were found depending on the medium used for cyst preparation and the age of the test strain, with Ros-02 generally being more resistant. For example, the killing of Ros-91 cysts produced from an axenic culture of trophozoites in the presence of 50 mM MgCl(2) by MPS-2 was 4 logs, but the killing of Ros-02 by MPS-2 was only 2 logs (P < 0.05) and killing of both strains with cysts obtained from monoxenic cultures with Escherichia coli was only 1 log (P < 0.001). Assays repeated with different batches of the various cyst types gave consistent results. A batch of Ros-91 cysts stored at 4 degrees C and tested over an 8-week period with MPS-1 showed progressively increasing susceptibility to disinfection, although there was no loss of viability during storage (P < 0.01). These observations have important implications for the standardization and interpretation of Acanthamoeba disinfectant and therapeutic agent testing.

Acanthamoeba↗