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PubMedDate not supplied

IUD discontinuation patterns and correlates in four counties in north China.

This study presents an in-depth analysis of IUD discontinuation patterns and correlates in four counties in North China for the years following the introduction of provincial family planning regulations and the family planning target responsibility system. It is based on contraceptive-use data from 8,630 rural married women younger than 35. The gross IUD discontinuation rate was low among women with one child. The pattern of discontinuation was determined mainly by individual demographic profile and institutional variables. IUD users with two or more children tended to undergo sterilization after the introduction of the regulations of the late 1980s. These counties appear to have been successful in shaping couples' contraceptive behavior, but at the expense of individual choice. The effect of introducing copper IUDs may be smaller than expected unless providers' training is substantially improved and couples' fertility preferences altered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short-term acceptability of the female condom among staff and patients at a New York City Hospital.

An acceptability study of the female condom undertaken at New York's Harlem Hospital between August 1993 and February 1994 enrolled 52 women aged 18-57, 41 of whom (79%) used the female condom at least once. Of these, one-half used the female condom at least three times and 40% used it once; on average, women used it 2.4 times. Two-thirds of users liked the female condom either very much or somewhat, 20% were neutral and 15% stated that they did not like it. One-half of the women reported that their partner liked the device, while 17% said he felt neutral about it and approximately one-quarter said he disliked it. Seventy-three percent of respondents and 44% of their partners preferred the female condom to the male condom.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social content of services.

Since the 1960s, survey data have indicated that substantial proportions of women who have wanted to stop or delay childbearing have not practiced contraception. This discrepancy is referred to as the "unmet need" for contraception. The traditional interpretation, that these women lack access to contraceptive supplies and services, has led in turn to an emphasis on expanding family planning programs. This study analyzes survey data and related anthropological studies on the causes of unmet need and concludes that the conventional explanation is inadequate. Although for many environments geographic access to services remains a problem, the principal reasons for nonuse are lack of knowledge, fear of side effects, and social and familial disapproval. This finding underscores the need for expanded investment in services that not only provide contraceptives, but also attend to closely related health and social needs of prospective clients. Programs are likely to be most successful when they reach beyond the conventional boundaries of service provision to influence and alter the cultural and familial factors that limit voluntary contraceptive use.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using induced abortion to measure contraceptive efficacy.

Data from a 1989-1990 case-control study of contraceptive efficacy in Norway compare contraceptive use among women who requested an abortion (1,386 cases) with women who responded to a general fertility survey (2,627 controls). In a logistic regression analysis measuring contraceptive efficacy as the odds of avoiding a pregnancy that terminated in an induced abortion compared with the odds for nonuse, consistent condom use was found to lower fecundity by 88.9%, diaphragm use by 89.3%, the pill by 97.8%, the IUD by 97.6%, vasectomy by 99.5%, and female sterilization by 99.8%. The relative contraceptive efficacy of the condom, the IUD and the pill did not vary by marital status or parity but did vary with age; the proportion by which each of these methods reduced fecundity declined among successively older age-groups.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

[Prevention of conception in adolescence].

The adolescent girl needs affection and understanding for all of her problems. She often does not find a satisfying measure of both in her familiar surroundings. Very often sex instruction is faulty, although the AIDS campaigns have led to remarkable improvements (condoms). Instructions for sexual behaviour should take place at home or at school, but not in the street. Nevertheless, the first intercourse occurs mostly unprotected. Teenage pregnancies present not only physical but also psychological problems. Termination of pregnancy means an especially difficult decision for the adolescent girl, often causes crisis and occasionally leads to negative consequences for later fertility. The choice of appropriate contraceptive methods for girls under 16 years of age may also have legal problems. Condoms and barrier methods are possible alternatives to the much safer hormonal contraception with the combination, sequence or minipill. Under certain circumstances, a progestin injection every three months or the 'morning-after pill' as postcoital contraception or, in the case of an abortion or of pregnancy termination, even an intrauterine device can be an alternative for adolescent girls under those exceptional circumstances.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge, attitudes and intentions of American women regarding the hormonal implant.

Less than one-half of a national sample of 20-37-year-old women surveyed in 1991 report having been aware of the hormonal contraceptive implant within the year following its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; there is considerable variation between groups of women in levels of awareness and in knowledge of the implant's attributes. Nearly one-third of the women surveyed say they intend to use such a method in the future. Subgroups with the greatest potential interest in using this method are young women, single women, those who already have a child and those who would like to postpone their next birth for several years or want to have no more children. Women who are using coital methods of contraception and those not using any method are more likely than others to express interest in using the implant. Interest in using the implant also increases with knowledge of the characteristics of this contraceptive method.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The acceptability of current contraceptive methods to adolescents].

The authors analyze the admissibility of present-day contraception methods in 107 adolescent girls who used oral anteovin and trisiston and in 128 ones who used copper-containing IUDs. Analysis has not revealed noticeable differences in the incidence of side effects in adolescents and a control group of women of a reproductive age. Spontaneous menses recovery occurred in all young patients within 26 to 36 days after the drugs were discontinued, and basal temperature biphasic pattern recovered in 70.2% of girls by the third month after IUD contraception discontinuation. Short courses (up to 6-12 months) of hormonal contraception are advisable for adolescents. IUD contraception complications presenting as expulsions and menstrual cycle disorders were 1.5-2 times more incident in the adolescents than in control women despite the preventive measures taken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The contraceptive practices of women seeking termination of pregnancy in an Auckland clinic.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the contraceptive knowledge and practices of women attending the abortion service at Epsom day unit, Green Lane Hospital. METHODS: Women attending the unit in December 1992 and January 1993 were asked to take part in the study. A questionnaire was administered to consenting women to assess demographic details and previous contraceptive education. If a contraceptive method was used the reason for failure was explored and if no method was used the reason for non use was explored. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of women were using a contraceptive method in the month of conception. The condom was used by 48% and the pill by 42%. Eight percent of women had never used contraception and 30% were not using a method in the month of conception. Forty-three percent had a household income of less than $22,000 and financial barriers were the reason for non use in 32% of those not using a method. Of women who did not use contraception, only 11% used emergency contraception, whereas 78% of those surveyed said they knew about emergency contraception. Sixty-three percent of women said they had received enough contraceptive education to select and use a method effectively. Pacific Island women were least likely to have received adequate contraceptive education or to have been using a method of contraception. CONCLUSIONS: A number of technical problems were identified with condom use. These problems need to be emphasised by sexuality education programmes and contraceptive prescribers. Omitting pills, diarrhoea, vomiting and drug interactions were important causes of pill failure. The seven day rule needs more emphasis when teaching women how to take the pill and when antibiotics are prescribed. Costs were an important barrier to the use of contraception for a significant proportion of women. Section 99 approval should be utilised more readily and the provision of free contraception, especially to low income groups, needs to be urgently explored.

Abortion, Legal↗