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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Secretory anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in colostrum and breast milk are not a major determinant of the protection of early postnatal transmission of HIV.

The immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 was evaluated in breast milk from HIV-infected African mothers who had transmitted and those who had not transmitted HIV to their children through breast-feeding. The levels, specific activities against gp160 and 2 HIV-derived peptides from gp41 and gp120 (V3 loop), and inhibitory activity toward viral transcytosis in vitro of secretory IgA (S-IgA) and IgG purified from breast milk were investigated in 8 transmitting mothers and 18 nontransmitting mothers. S-IgA and IgG antibodies to gp160 and to peptides were found in all breast milk samples. The specific activities of S-IgA and IgG to gp160 and peptides were similar between transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. No difference of the capacity of S-IgA and IgG to block HIV transcytosis in vitro was found between the 2 groups. These results suggest that humoral mucosal immunity to HIV does not appear as a predominant factor for protection against viral transmission through breast milk.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

In vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile.

The neutralizing activity (NA) of supernates of colostral samples collected postpartum from 55 women and tested against a 50% cytopathic dose of purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile was evaluated in Y1 adrenal cells. Thirty-one (56%) of the samples had NA against one or both toxins. Samples of breast milk were collected postpartum from five women-three had colostral NA and two did not. All milk specimens from the three women with colostral NA had NA titers of 1:1-1:4 throughout the study (609 days in one case). Samples from the two women without colostral NA did not exhibit NA during a 60-day follow-up period. In suckling mice either toxin plus human milk with in vitro NA elicited significantly less fluid accumulation than did toxin plus diluent or toxin plus milk without in vitro NA (P less than .025 to P less than .05). Twelve (63%) of 19 milk samples with in vitro NA against toxin A and 15 (65%) of 23 with in vitro NA against toxin B inhibited fluid accumulation caused by the corresponding toxin. In vitro NA against toxin A appeared to reside in the secretory IgA fraction of one milk sample assessed by immune precipitation. The results suggest that human milk may protect newborn infants against toxins A and B of C. difficile.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1977

Effect of dietary fat level on growth and lipogenesis in the colostrum deprived neonatal pig.

Thirty male neonatal pigs were obtained by cesarean section and randomly allotted from littermate groups to three diets containing 2%, 17%, and 32% fat on a dry matter basis. Butterfat was used to replace glucose in the isoenergetic liquid, semipurified diets. Each pig was placed in a sterile isolator and fed ad libitum five times daily. After 14 days, pigs were weighed, killed, and samples of liver and backfat were obtained. The carcass of each pig was ground and samples obtained for determination of total body fat and protein. An increase in the level of dietary fat resulted in a significant increase in 14 day weight gain and a tendency for improved feed efficiency. These results demonstrate not only that the neonatal pig can utilize semipurified liquid diets high in butterfat content, but also that energy from butterfat appears to be used as efficiently as energy from glucose from growth purposes. Increasing dietary fat level decreased the activity of fatty acid synthetase and citrate cleavage enzyme in adipose tissue and liver, and decreased the activity of malic enzyme in adipose tissue. The specific activities of these three enzymes were higher in adipose tissue than in liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Medium-chain fatty acid oxidation in colostrum-deprived newborn piglets: stimulative effect of L-carnitine supplementation.

To investigate the role of L-carnitine in medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA, fatty acids with 6-12 carbons) metabolism, 16 newborn pigs were fitted with umbilical arterial catheters. Pigs were placed in respiration chambers, and [1-14C]MCFA were infused for 9-12 h providing energy equivalent to 50-175% of the animals' metabolic rate. After 5-7 h (carnitine-free infusion period) of MCFA infusion, a primed (12.5, 25 or 50 mumol) co-infusion of L-carnitine [5, 10 or 20 mumol/(h.kg0.75), respectively] was started and maintained for 4-5 h (carnitine infusion period). The fatty acid oxidation rate (MCFA-derived CO2/total CO2 x 100) was calculated based on the specific radioactivity of expired CO2 (measured per 20-min interval) and the specific radioactivity of the MCFA infused. A single-pool exponential curve was fitted to the fatty acid oxidation rate of the carnitine-free infusion period and was extrapolated to the carnitine infusion period. For each piglet, the average difference between fatty acid oxidation rate during the carnitine infusion period and the extrapolated curve was calculated and tested for significance using a t test. Under steady state conditions, MCFA oxidation accounted for 40% of MCFA infused. Carnitine, independent of the level, increased the fatty acid oxidation rate by as much as 20% if the energy provided as MCFA exceeded 50% of the metabolic needs of the pig (P < 0.01), and the response above 50% was proportional to the relative rate of fatty acid infusion (increase in fatty acid oxidation rate = -3.9 + 0.07 x infusion rate, r0.76).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The colostrum-deprived piglet as a model for study of infant lipid nutrition.

The large proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3) in brain and retina structural lipids are important for normal central nervous system function. Study of dietary requirements for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids for brain growth is difficult in the human infant because of variabilities in human milk fatty acids, lack of correspondence between blood lipids and central nervous system (CNS) lipids and ethical limits of tissue analyses. Comparison of nutrient requirements, lipid digestion, absorption and transport and milk and brain lipids and the timing of intestinal maturation and the brain growth spurt during fetal-infant development show the piglet to be an excellent choice for studies relevant to lipid nutrition of term gestation infants. Of practical relevance, piglets are easily hand-fed and, with a relatively large body size and rapid growth, provide ample tissue for analyses of the effects of diet fat on specific CNS cell membranes. Use of the piglet to define omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid requirements and the effects of addition of marine oils to formulas and the lactating mother's diet on the developing CNS are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

15N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine.

To evaluate true ileal digestibility of bovine immunoglobulins, seven healthy human adults ingested a 15N-labeled preparation of an immunoglobulin concentrate. After fasting overnight, subjects drank 400 mL of immunoglobulin concentrate (77 mmol), and ileal effluents were collected for 8 h at 20-min intervals using a naso-intestinal intubation technique. In addition to osmolality and pH, the concentrations of exogenous and endogenous nitrogen and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+) in the effluents were measured. Bovine immunoglobulin concentrations (IgG, IgM, IgA) were estimated by a radial immunodiffusion technique. The mean flow rate of the liquid phase was 22.3 +/- 6.1 mL/20 min and did not vary significantly during the collection period. No change was observed for osmolality, pH or Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations. Two hours after meal ingestion, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05). The recoveries of nitrogen of ingested IgG and IgM still immunologically active were 19 +/- 3% and 19 +/- 4%, respectively. No IgA was detected in the ileum. Mean digestibility of the exogenous nitrogen fraction was 79 +/- 3%. In comparison to literature data, which show that other milk proteins have ileal digestibilities of > 90%, our results demonstrate a lower ileal digestibility of bovine immunoglobulins in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

An overlap of breastfeeding during late pregnancy is associated with subsequent changes in colostrum composition and morbidity rates among Peruvian infants and their mothers.

An overlap of breast-feeding and late pregnancy is associated with decreased intake of human milk and reduced infant growth. We evaluated the association of an overlap with macronutrient and immunological components of milk, infant urinary IgA, and infant and maternal morbidity. On d 2 and 1 mo postpartum, staff measured 24-h intake of breast milk and collected samples from 133 Peruvian women; 68 had breast-fed during the last trimester of pregnancy (BFP) and 65 had not breast-fed during pregnancy (NBFP). Data on maternal and infant anthropometry and health were collected for 1 mo. On d 2, lactose and lysozyme concentrations were higher, total lysozyme intake was higher and concentration and total intake of lactoferrin were lower in the BFP than the NBFP group (P < 0.05). The total 1-mo IgA intake was lower among BFP than NBFP infants (P = 0.01). Urinary IgA concentration was correlated with breast milk IgA concentration (r = 0.29; P = 0.01) but not with breast-feeding during pregnancy. An overlap was not associated with diarrhea but BFP infants were 5 times as likely to have a cough for at least 7 d than NBFP infants (P < 0.05). Reported mastitis was rare and occurred only in the NBFP group (P = 0.05). An overlap of breast-feeding and late pregnancy was associated with changes in milk composition, an increased frequency in symptoms of infant respiratory illness but decreased reported mastitis. Further in-depth studies are warranted to determine the cumulative effects associated with a breast-feeding/pregnancy overlap on infant and maternal outcomes.

Adult↗