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Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid detection in strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group.

Resistant populations of the Bacteroides fragilis group bacteria (two reference ones and two isolated from human and Callithrix penicillata marmoset) were obtained by the gradient plate technique, to clindamycin, penicillin G, metronidazole and mercuric chloride. All the four tested strains were originally susceptible to the four antimicrobial drugs at the breakpoint used in this study. MICs determination for the four cultures gave constant values for each antimicrobial, on the several steps by the gradient plate technique. The intestinal human B. fragilis strains showed three DNA bands, that could be representative of only two plasmids in the closed covalently circular (CCC) form with molecular weights of approximately 25 and 2.5 Md. The results do not permit an association between the presence of plasmid in the human strain with the susceptibility to the studied drugs. The four strains were beta-lactamase negative in the two methods used, and no particular chromosomal genetic resistance marker was demonstrated. The resistance (MIC) observed, after contact with penicillin G and mercuric chloride, were two-fold in the four tested strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Genetically engineered Mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. The Audubon Park Zoo, (New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed EMCV vaccine with mixed results. This paper reports an attempt at vaccination against EMCV using a genetically engineered, live attenuated Mengo virus (vMC0) at the Audubon Park Zoo and Miami Metro Zoo, (Miami, Florida, USA) from December 1996 to June 1997. Several species of animals were vaccinated with vMC0, which is serologically indistinguishable from the field strain of EMCV. Serum samples were taken at the time of vaccination and again 21 days later, then submitted for serum neutralization titers against EMCV. The vaccinate species included red capped mangebey (Cercocebus torquatus), colobus (Colobus guereza), angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis), ruffed lemur (Lemur variegatus ruber and Lemur variegatus variegatus), back lemur (Lemur macaco), ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), siamang (Hylobates syndactylus), diana guenon (Cercopithicus diana), spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), talapoin monkey (Cercopithecus talapoin), Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), guanaco (Lama glama guanicoe), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), Vietnamese potbellied pig (Sus scrofa), babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa), collard peccary (Tayass tajacu), and African crested porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis). The vaccine response was variable, with high virus neutralizing antibody titer responses in some primate species and mixed to poor responses for other species. No ill effects were seen with vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Two new species and new records of nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma (Acarina: Rhinonyssinae) from birds in Texas.

Two new species and new host and locality records are established for nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma from birds in Texas. Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence is reported for the first time from Pipilo fuscus and Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, respectively. Additionally, a new host record for Sternostoma porteri Hyland from Centurus aurifrons and a new locality record for Sternostoma pirangae Pence from Piranga rubra are established. A redescription is provided for Sternostoma augei Amaral from Speotyto cunicularia. Sternostoma crotophagae sp. n. is described from Crotophaga sulcirostris. It differs from the other species of the genus by the heavily sclerotized margins of the anal plate and tiny cribrum, the two small rounded bifuractions of the movable digit of the chelicerae, abscence of dorsal opisthosomal setae (J, Z, and R series), and chaetotaxy of tarsi II, III, and IV which have only 3 ventral club-shaped setae in the distal row (al1, av2, and pl1 with pv1 apparently absent) and 2 club-shaped setae in the more proximal row (al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta in the more proximal row and al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta having an enlarged base and pl2 shorter and with a rounded tip). Sternostoma sayornis sp. n. is described from Sayornis nigricans. The new species is most similar to Sternostoma hedonophilum Fain but differs in the absence of enlarged punctate areas around the stigmata, 5 additional pairs of seta on dorsal opisthosoma (Z and R series), absence of gnathosomal and capitular setae, and slight differences in the leg chaetotaxy with al1 and pl1 on tarsi II, III, and IV very long and whip-like and slight differences in the solenidia on and adjacent to the sensorial area of tarsus I. The host-parasite relationships and affinities of the species of Sternostoma from the host family Tyrannidae are briefly discussed and Sternostoma callithrix Fain and Aitken is reduced as a synonym of Sternostoma longisetosa Hyland on the basis of their existing descriptions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Indoor-outdoor housing systems for a self-sustaining marmoset breeding colony.

Indoor-outdoor housing of three types was designed, constructed, used and evaluated for housing a breeding colony of common (Callithrix jacchus) and cottontop (Saguinus oedipus) marmosets. All types were relatively inexpensive to construct, required minimal care, simulated a natural environment and allowed for some isolation between units and between individual runs within units.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Puzzle Feeders and Gum Feeders as Environmental Enrichment for Common Marmosets.

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) are highly social New World monkeys that consume a principally gummivorous and insectivorous diet. We examined the efficacy of two types of foraging devices, Puzzle-Feeders(tm) and gum feeders, as environmental enrichment for marmosets housed singly (n = 16) or in sibling (n = 4) and heterosexual (n = 8) pairs. In experiment 1, marmosets were exposed to each of the two types of foraging devices for three hours, once per week for two weeks. Thirty-minute observations were conducted at the beginning and end of each exposure period. Marmosets in all housing conditions experienced significant reductions in the frequency of stereotyped pacing and significantly less time sitting still while exposed to the foraging devices. Marmosets experienced significantly lower levels of feeder use and significantly more time sitting still at the end of the three-hour exposure than at the beginning. Marmosets that were singly or sibling housed used the devices the most and had the largest reductions in time spent sitting still during enrichment. In experiment 2, singly housed marmosets were given two types of gum feeders, a wooden and a Gumabone(tm) gum feeder, each for a week-long period. Thirty-minute observations were conducted three times per week immediately after loading the feeders with fresh gum. The wooden gum feeders were heavily gouged during the week-long exposure, although significantly less use of both types of gum feeders was observed on the third and fifth days. These results indicated that marmosets in variable social housing conditions can benefit from environmental enrichment additional to social housing, and that foraging enrichment promotes increased non-stereotyped movement and decreased pacing in this species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Quantification and excretion profiles of pteridines in primate urine.

Biopterin, 6-hydroxymethyl-pterin, isoxanthopterin, neopterin and, pterin were quantified in stress-free collected spontaneous morning urine samples from Callithrix jacchus, Saguinus fuscicollis, Saguinus labiatus, Saimiri sciureus, Presbytis entellus, Cercopithecus albogularis, Cercocebus torquatus, Macaca fascicularis, Hylobates concolor, Pongo pygmaeus, and Gorilla gorilla. In most species, biopterin was the most frequent urinary pteridine followed by neopterin. Sex differences in biopterin and neopterin excretion were observed in Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus. Pterin and isoxanthopterin were only present in minor concentrations. 6-hydroxymethyl-pterin was barely detectable and not present in the urine of Saguinus labiatus, Saimiri sciureus, and both male Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pygmaeus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Taste thresholds and above-threshold responses to fructose solution in relation to diet in Callitrichidae primates].

Taste thresholds and consumption responses to above-threshold concentrations of fructose solutions were determined in eight callitrichid primate species using the "two-bottle preference test". Although taste thresholds are relatively similar across species, above-threshold responses may differ considerably between marmosets and tamarins. As fructose concentration increases, the rate of consumption increases less for most marmoset species (Cebuella and Callithrix spp.) than for Goeldi's monkey (Callimico) and tamarins (Saguinus and Leontopithecus spp.). It is proposed that distinct shapes of the curves illustrating these responses characterize species in terms of global taste system adaptations to different diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Environmental enrichment techniques in non-human primates. The case of Callitrichids.

In this paper, we discuss issues concerning the welfare of non-human primates used in laboratory research from an eco-ethological standpoint and suggest means of improving welfare. Following a brief review of the use of non-human primates in European countries and of the legislation that governs this use, we illustrate how a thorough eco-ethological knowledge of the species being studied can play a vital role in improving both its conditions and the quality of the experimental protocols, arguing that the animal's quality of life is closely linked to the quality of data. As a model for describing environmental enrichment techniques, we have used the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2004

Refinement techniques in experimental protocols involving Callitrichids.

The invasiveness of biomedical experiments on laboratory animals should be limited to the greatest extent possible yet without sacrificing the quality of the data collected. To this end, refinement techniques can be used. In the present work, we describe some of these techniques, focussing on the familiarity of the experimental environment, alternative sampling techniques (including the use of positive training), telemetry, and methods for improving ethological experiments. As a model, we have chosen the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), which is frequently used in biomedical research.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1991

Development of a monoclonal antibody, anti-6C2, which is involved in the interaction of CD4 T helper cells and activated B cells.

We have developed a mAb anti-6C2, by immunizing mice with T cell line derived from the Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset). Anti-6C2 is reactive with approximately 50% of unfractionated T cells, 50% of CD4+ cells, and 40% of CD8+ cells. Regarding CD4+ cells, anti-6C2-reactive cells substantially overlap with the CD29+CD45RO+ Th cell population. Moreover, anti-6C2 can divide these T cells into 6C2+ and 6C2- subpopulations. The CD4+CD45RO+6C2+ cells maximally respond to soluble Ag such as tetanus toxoid and provide strong helper function for PWM-driven B cell IgG synthesis. Most interestingly, anti-6C2 was also reactive against activated B cells but not resting B cells; furthermore, this epitope was inducible through activation of resting B cells or B cell line. Biochemical characterization showed that anti-6C2 precipitated two glycoproteins with the relative molecular weights of 180,000 and 95,000 from 125I-surface labeled cell lysate. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that these two glycoproteins were the lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) Ag complex (CD11a/18). Significantly, although this antibody did not inhibit cytotoxic killer T cell responses and Ag-induced T cell proliferation as did conventional anti-LFA-1, it did inhibit PWM-driven B cell IgG synthesis. Because 6C2 expression was induced after B cell activation, the above results strongly suggest that the 6C2 molecule may play a role in the interaction of CD4 helper cells and activated B lymphocytes.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

Olfactory bulb granule cell aggregates: morphological evidence for interperikaryal electrotonic coupling via gap junctions.

Anaxonic interneurons of the granule cell type in the mammalian main olfactory bulb (MOB) are characterized by prominent membrane specializations, which include reciprocal, interdendritic chemical and electrical synapses; however, the latter are thought to be restricted to the external plexiform layer (EPL) and connect granule-mitral- and granule-tufted-cell dendrites (Landis et al., 1974). The present study focuses on interperikaryal membrane specializations between tangentially oriented aggregates of granule microneurons in the lamina granularis interna (IGL). Both infraprimate (Rattus norvegicus, Gerbillus perpallidus) and primate species (Callithrix jacchus) were studied using the following methods: (1) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (2) freeze-fracture analysis, (3) light and TEM immunohistochemistry using affinity-purified antibodies directed against the connexin-32 or connexin-43 carboxy tail fragment of the gap-junction protein (GJP), and (4) intracellular Lucifer yellow injections in fixed tissue (LYF technique). Freeze-fracture replicas of the MOB-IGL showed that adjacent granule cell perikarya have numerous particle aggregates on the cytoplasmic membrane; in terms of their structure and arrangement, such particles are characteristic of gap junctions. The existence of junctional membranes was substantiated by application of antibodies against GJP demonstrating punctate immunoreactivity, frequently confined to the interperikaryal plasmalemmae of granule cells in the IGL and their dendritic processes in the EPL. Upon TEM analysis, GJP-like immunoreactivity was additionally found in membranous organelles, including Golgi apparati and associated vesicular components. In order to test the permeability of identified membrane specializations, the LYF technique was used, which resulted in bright fluorescence of the perikaryal and dendritic components of the transsomatically injected neuron and staining of neighboring neurons with similar morphology. These findings imply that small molecules can diffuse across the interperikaryal membrane specializations. The existence of gap junctions between granule cell perikarya suggests that there is a significant, low-resistance electrical transmission between aggregated granule cells. This coupling might permit synchronization of neural discharge among small aggregates of these neurons. Gap junctions between granule cells may also serve signaling functions associated with the protracted period of granule cell development.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The significance of PCDD's/PCDF's (dioxins) in pediatrics].

No epidemiological data are available up to now which reveal adverse effects induced by dioxins during an exposure through breast milk. Furthermore, very few data on the concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs in the newborn and during the first year of life have been published. Of all PCDDs/PCDFs, the substance with the highest toxicity is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. However, in the environment this congener is often only a minor component. A sensitive biological effect triggered by TCDD is the enzyme induction of hepatic monooxygenases. Using a 14CO2-breath-test the apparent enzyme induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) of the metabolic conversion of [3-methyl14C]-caffeine was studied during the perinatal period in Wistar rats and in a non-human-primate (marmoset, Callithrix jacchus). It could be shown that the apparent induction of monooxygenase activity by TCDD in rat offspring as measured with the breath-test, is dose-dependent and mainly achieved by postnatal exposure via mothers' milk. Our data indicate that caffeine is a convenient substrate for studying monooxygenase activities (probably P450 IA-dependent) to be induced by TCDD, and very likely also by other congeners. These results, therefore, may provide the rationale for applying a [13C]-caffeine breath-test in human newborn and infants to analyse possible biological effects induced by TCDD and similar pollutants in breast-fed children. Since PCDDs/PCDFs are pollutants without any benefit, strong efforts should be continued to further reduce the output of dioxins, the human exposure, and thereby also concentrations in human milk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies with the baboon endogenous virus and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus in marmosets.

Three marmoset species (Saguinus oedipus oedipus, S. fuscicollis, Callithrix jacchus) failed to show evidence of infection or disease following inoculation of baboon endogenous type-C virus (BaEV). Cells infected with a Kirsten murine sarcoma-BaEV pseudotype (MSV[BaEV]) produced a progressive fibrosarcoma in S. o. oedipus and tumors in S. fuscicollis and C. jacchus which regressed. Tumor formation is believed to be due to growth of inoculated, virus-infected cells and not transformation of marmoset cells. S. o. oedipus showed the best serum neutralizing antibody response to BaEV and MSV(BaEV), S. fuscicollis a moderate response and C. jacchus no response.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Genetically distinct cell populations in naturally occurring bone marrow-chimeric primates express similar MHC class I gene products.

The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a naturally occurring "A" + "B"----"A" bone marrow-chimeric species. These primates usually are born as dizygotic twins and, due to placental vascular anastomoses, develop sharing each others' bone marrow elements. Strikingly, almost 50% of the PBL of a member of a twin pair are derived from the hematopoietic stem cells of its cotwin. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of tolerance in these stable chimeras, MHC gene products have been biochemically characterized in cloned, genetically distinct, male and female lymphocytes from two male/female cotton-top tamarin twin pairs. Extensive MHC class II sharing between the genetically distinct cell populations was not seen in the two twin pairs. This was consistent with the MHC class II polymorphism seen in the species. However, the MHC class I gene products expressed by one member of a twin pair were almost identical to those expressed by its cotwin. A human minisatellite probe demonstrated restriction fragment length polymorphism in DNA from these animals, indicating extensive polymorphism. Thus, MHC class I sharing did not occur due to inbreeding in these animals. Additionally, another bone marrow-chimeric primate species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), expresses MHC class I molecules with low levels of variation. These studies suggest that the stable chimerism of bone marrow-chimeric primates may be facilitated by MHC class I similarity between the genetically distinct bone marrow derived-cell populations in their circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

In vitro transforming activity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). II. Differences between M81 and B95-8 EBV strains.

Lymphocytes from 38 human cord blood and 9 adult circulating blood were aliquoted and infected in parallel either with the B95-8 EBV strain (produced by cotton-top marmoset lymphocytes transformed by EBV originating from an infectious mononucleosis line) or with the M81 EB virus (produced by callithrix jacchus marmoset lymphocytes transformed by EBV originating from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) derived line). Significant differences were observed in the lymphoblastoid lines obtained and involved cell morphology, cell growth and synthesis of viral antigen. Cord blood lymphocytes infected with M81 virus resulted in lymphoblastoid lines where EA and VCA synthesis and production of virions took place, whereas this was not observed in B95-8 induced lines.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Afferent connections of the substantia innominata/basal nucleus of Meynert in carnivores and primates.

Afferent connections to the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis complex of monkeys and cats were traced by using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Altogether ten injections of HRP were performed in four monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Callithrix jacchus, Galago senegalensis) and in four cats, with either vertical or oblique needle approaches. The entire brains excluding the olfactory bulbs and the cerebellum were then screened for labeled neurons. In both monkey and cat brains, many retrogradely labeled neurons could be detected in the amygdala, hypothalamus, midline thalamus, zona incerta, and the fields of Forel. Further but weaker labeling occurred in the medial septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, olfactory tubercle, paraventricular, anterior, mediodorsal, and central lateral thalamic nuclei, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, parabrachial, raphe, dorsal tegmental nucleus and the locus caeruleus. Cortically, prefrontal, insular, entorhinal, prepiriform, and periamygdaloid areas of both species showed considerable labeling as well as the whole temporal lobe of the monkeys used. The perirhinal and basal temporal cortex of all cats showed moderate labeling. In both monkeys and cats, extremely scarce labeling occurred within the cingulate, retrosplenial, and subicular cortex. From an anatomical point of view, the manifold connections of the substantia innominata/basal nucleus of Meynert found in this study underscore the participation of these nuclear groups in motivational, emotional, and cognitive (e.g. mnemonic) functions. Considering the widespread cortical efferents of this complex, it is suggested that the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis of Meynert serves the transmission of information arising within the limbic system to the whole neocortex.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1987

Difference in serum ascorbate in two species of Callithricidae.

In one species each of the subfamilies marmosets and tamarins of the New World monkey family Callithricidae, serum levels of ascorbic acid were compared. Although the feeding regimen had been the same for both species for several years, the average concentration of serum ascorbate in the tamarins Saguinus fuscicollis (n = 21; 0.54 +/- 0.29 mg/100 ml) was only one-fifth that of the marmosets Callithrix jacchus (n = 19; 2.56 +/- 1.07 mg).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of colonic cellular glycoconjugates in colitis and cancer-prone tamarins versus colitis and cancer-resistant primates.

Differences in colonic secretory glycoconjugates (ie, mucin) between normal and ulcerative colitis-prone patients have been noted. Similar differences may occur in a corresponding primate model, the cotton-top tamarin (CTT), Saguinus oedipus, a New World monkey which suffers from spontaneous chronic colitis and colon cancer. Lectin reagents were used to characterize and compare colonic cell surface, cytoplasmic, and secretory glycoconjugates of 9 clinically healthy cotton-top tamarins, 7 colitis-susceptible, cancer-resistant tamarins (Callithrix jacchus, Saguinus fuscicollis), and 8 colitis and cancer-resistant primates (Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, Macaca fascicularis, and Macaca mulatta). Paraffin-embedded colonic sections were labeled with ten different biotinylated lectins and visualized by the avidin-biotin peroxidase (ABC) method. Significant differences were demonstrated in the pattern of lectin staining between the colitis-resistant and colitis-prone groups of primates. The differences were noted with Griffonia simplicifolia-I (GS-I), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA) before and after neuraminidase, Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I), soybean agglutinin (SBA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and succinylated WGA (S-WGA). Significant differences between the CTT and phylogenetically related colitis-prone but cancer-resistant tamarins were demonstrated with SBA, UEA-I, and PNA after desialylation with neuraminidase. These results suggest that differences in colonic cellular glycoconjugates between colitis- and cancer-susceptible species versus colitis-susceptible, cancer-resistant species may be associated with risk of cancer.

Animals↗