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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Drug discrimination studies of the interoceptive cues produced by selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and selective serotonin releasing agents.

MMAI (5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan) is a nonneurotoxic, highly selective neuronal serotonin (5-HT) releasing agent. MMAI and other 5-HT releasing agents produce a robust discriminative cue in drug discrimination (DD) studies. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) sertraline and citalopram may also serve as discriminative stimuli, but acquisition of their discrimination required almost twice as much time as for MMAI. In vitro, 5-HT release by MMAI can be blocked by selective SSRIs. However, in the present DD studies, pretreatment with fluoxetine, sertraline, or citalopram 60 min before the training drugs MMAI or (+)-MBDB produced only partial inhibition of the discriminative cue. In substitution tests, sertraline and citalopram partially mimicked the training drugs, whereas only 40% substitution occurred with fluoxetine in MMAI or (+)-MBDB trained rats. In generalization tests, the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and clomipramine partly substituted for the sertraline, citalopram, and MMAI stimuli. The increase in extracellular 5-HT produced by SSRIs leads to a subtle or feeble drug cue that is apparently difficult for an animal to recognize. This observation contrasts with the 5-HT releasing agents, which clearly produce robust cues that are easily recognized by the animals. However, mechanism(s) responsible for the discriminative stimulus effects of SSRIs and 5-HT releasing agents seem to be similar, at least in part.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed1998

The role of learned pictorial cues in the programming and control of grasping.

Binocular information has been shown to be important for the programming and control of reaching and grasping. Even without binocular vision, people are still able to reach out and pick up objects accurately - albeit less efficiently. It remains unclear, which of the many available monocular depth cues humans use to calibrate manual prehension when binocular information is not available. In the present experiment, we examined whether or not subjects could use a learned relationship between the elevation of a goal object in the visual scene and its distance to help program and control the required grasp. The elevation of the goal object was systematically varied with distance in some blocks of trials by presenting the object at different positions along a horizontal plane 35 cm below eye level. In other blocks of trials, elevation did not vary with distance because the objects were always presented along the subject's line of sight. When subjects viewed these two displays monocularly, they showed fewer on-line adjustments in the trajectory of the limb and the aperture of the fingers when the elevation of the target object in the visual scene could be used to help program the required movements. No such difference between performance on the two arrays was seen when subjects were allowed a full binocular view. This study confirms that subjects are indeed able to use a learned relationship between the elevation of an object and its distance as a cue for programming grasping movements when binocular information is not available. Together with evidence from work with neurological patients who have difficulty perceiving pictorial cues, these findings suggest that the visuomotor system might normally "prefer" to use binocular cues, but can fall back on learned pictorial information when binocular vision is denied.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of spectral and temporal cues in voice gender discrimination by normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant users.

The present study investigated the relative importance of temporal and spectral cues in voice gender discrimination and vowel recognition by normal-hearing subjects listening to an acoustic simulation of cochlear implant speech processing and by cochlear implant users. In the simulation, the number of speech processing channels ranged from 4 to 32, thereby varying the spectral resolution; the cutoff frequencies of the channels' envelope filters ranged from 20 to 320 Hz, thereby manipulating the available temporal cues. For normal-hearing subjects, results showed that both voice gender discrimination and vowel recognition scores improved as the number of spectral channels was increased. When only 4 spectral channels were available, voice gender discrimination significantly improved as the envelope filter cutoff frequency was increased from 20 to 320 Hz. For all spectral conditions, increasing the amount of temporal information had no significant effect on vowel recognition. Both voice gender discrimination and vowel recognition scores were highly variable among implant users. The performance of cochlear implant listeners was similar to that of normal-hearing subjects listening to comparable speech processing (4-8 spectral channels). The results suggest that both spectral and temporal cues contribute to voice gender discrimination and that temporal cues are especially important for cochlear implant users to identify the voice gender when there is reduced spectral resolution.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

An additive factors analysis of the effect(s) of location cues associated with auditory stimuli on stages of information processing.

The additive factors method (AFM) was used as a tool for assessing the locus (or loci) of the detrimental effect of auditory location cues in the chain of (visual) information processing. In the first experiment the location variable was factorially combined with response specificity, which is assumed to affect the response adjustment stage. A second experiment was performed in which movement amplitude, assumed to affect the response programming stage, was manipulated in addition to the location variable and a different variety of response specificity. Finally, the location variable was combined with relative S-R frequency, which is also assumed to affect the response programming stage, in a third experiment. The results of these experiments showed additive effects of the location variable with motor variables. The remaining two experiments were designed to assess the effects of location cues on response selection. In these experiments the location variable was combined with the number of response alternatives. Response speed decreased with an increase in the number of response alternatives. However, the effects of the location variable and number of response alternatives were additive. According to the additive factor logic, then, the results of experiments 1, 2 and 3 seem to indicate that the locus of interference of the location cues is not in the later response stages of the reaction process. The results of the last two experiments were interpreted to suggest that the effects of location cues and the number of response alternatives affect either different processes within the response selection stage or affect different process stages. It was concluded that the latter alternative explains most of the data currently available and that the stimulus identification stage is the most likely candidate for the locus of the location effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effects of grouping and cueing in the performance of location tasks.

In location tasks such as assembly of a control panel, operators respond to stimulus information by locating a given target in an extensive set of response alternatives. Arrangement of the response alternatives and the method of presenting the location information (cueing), as well as the interaction between these factors, were hypothesised to influence performance in this type of task. To test these hypotheses, a factorial experiment involving 60 subjects was performed in which five levels of grouping and four levels of cueing were investigated. Grouping appeared to affect location accuracy more than location time, whereas the effects of cueing were found to be significant for both location accuracy and time. The absence of an interaction effect between grouping and cueing suggested that the effects of these factors on performance were independent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Changes in estrogen receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus mediate the facilitory effects exerted by the male's olfactory cues and progesterone on feminine behavior in the male rat.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether facilitory effects exerted by olfactory cues on lordosis behavior in the male rat involved changes in estradiol receptors at the hypothalamic level. Male rats were orchidectomized as adults. They were given either 25 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or 25 micrograms EB and 100 micrograms progesterone (P) sequentially and exposed or not to the odor of male urine. Some of them were tested for lordosis behavior at 8 h after P. The other ones were killed 4 h after P and used for estradiol (E2) and P receptor assay in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Olfactory cues were shown to increase the number of E2 receptors in both the animals given EB or EB + P. Progesterone as such appeared to be capable of increasing the number and the rate of occupancy of E2 receptors. A population of constitutive and estrogen-inducible P receptors was detected in the MBH. Since only the animals given EB + P were shown to be sensible to the facilitory effects of male urine on lordosis behavior, it may be assumed that E2 and P on one hand and olfactory cues on the other exert cumulative effects at the level of the MBH and that both a high level and a high rate of occupancy of E2 receptors are necessary for the olfactory cues to facilitate the display of lordosis behavior in the male rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Caffeine-phenylethylamine combinations mimic the amphetamine discriminative cue.

Although caffeine-phenylethylamine combinations are widely available as over-the-counter medications or as "legal" stimulants, little information is available concerning their behavioral pharmacology or abuse potential. In the present study, rats were trained in a food-reward, two-lever operant drug discrimination paradigm to differentially respond after saline or 0.5 mg/kg amphetamine injections. Tests for generalization to the amphetamine cue indicated only modest amphetamine-lever responding at various doses of caffeine alone or at various doses of ephedrine/phenylpropanolamine (PPA) combinations, but complete generalization to the training cue was found with higher doses of the triple combination (caffeine, ephedrine, and PPA) or with caffeine-ephedrine or caffeine-PPA combinations. All drugs produced response rate decreases at higher doses. These data clearly indicate that certain "legal" stimulants mimic the amphetamine cue and suggest that caffeine may interact additively with phenylethylamines to produce the cue.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1995

Visual attention in Huntington's disease: the effect of cueing on saccade latencies and manual reaction times.

Studies of eye movements in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) have suggested that frontal lobe-basal ganglia structures are more involved in HD than the parietal lobes. To test this hypothesis further we compared the ability of HD patients and normal subjects to direct "covert" visual attention, using saccade latency and thumb press reaction time tasks that have been shown to be sensitive to parietal lobe dysfunction. Subjects were instructed to move their eyes or to press a button when a peripheral target was illuminated. The peripheral stimulus appeared at various intervals after the appearance of a central arrow(s) that pointed in the direction of the target (valid cue), in the opposite direction (invalid cue), or pointed simultaneously in both directions (neutral cue). For both saccade and thumb press paradigms, the difference in the latencies for trials with invalid and valid cues was the same in HD patients and normals. These findings suggest that the ability to direct visual attention is normal in HD and are compatible with the hypothesis that in HD, frontal-basal-ganglia circuits are more affected than parietal lobe pathways.

Attention↗
PubMed1979

Responses of spiny mouse weanlings to conspecific chemical cues.

Twenty-five-day-old A. cahirinus pups (weanlings) were tested for their responses to chemical cues produced by various classes of conspecific agemates. In Experiment 1, both male and female pups preferred bedding soiled by weanlings of either sex over clean bedding material. Subsequent experiments indicate that male but not female weanlings prefer chemical cues emanating from littermates over comparable stimuli from unfamiliar agemates. Also, chemicals produced by agemates maintained on the same diet as the animals were preferred by weanlings of either sex over cues from unfamiliar-diet weanlings. At weanlings, as for other periods of development, the individual's responsiveness to conspecific chemical cues is probably a function of age-specific environmental and social demands and the salience of various classes of conspecifics for ultimate reproductive success.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Unilateral lesions of the anteromedial cortex in the rat impair approach to contralateral visual cues.

This experiment determined the effects of large unilateral lesions of the anteromedial cortex (AMC) on visually guided performance of rats in a cross maze. Deficits were found in the approach to only visual cues that were located in the arm contralateral to the lesion. The deficit appeared in three testing conditions: when the cue was continuously visible throughout the trial; when it was visible only at the choice point; and when it was seen only at the start of the trial but not at the choice point. The failure to approach a contralateral cue was not due to a simple ipsilateral turning bias; rats with lesions could approach cues in the anterior arm as efficiently as controls. The deficit was most apparent on the initial sessions and recovery occurred for all conditions. The findings indicate that the AMC participates in the visual guidance of approach behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Dissociation of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic substrates for cues produced by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area.

The present study provides evidence for the existence of multiple substrates for cues produced by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in rats. Two different procedures were employed to assess the effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on the discrimination of high and low intensity cues produced by electrical brain stimulation (EBS). When the procedure involved frequent presentation of brief trials, amphetamine and haloperidol had no effect on the discrimination of EBS. In contrast, when the trials were less frequent and extended in duration, amphetamine enhanced the perceived intensity of the cues whereas haloperidol had the opposite effect. These results indicate that the use of different discrimination procedures may result in the measurement of separate dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic substrates for cue properties of EBS in the ventral tegmental area.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1985

Antagonism of the LSD cue by putative serotonin antagonists: relationship to inhibition of in vivo [3H]spiroperidol binding.

In two groups of rats trained to discriminate 0.08 or 0.16 mg/kg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from saline, pirenperone and ketanserin completely blocked the stimulus effect of LSD. Pizotifen (BC-105) blocked the LSD cue when the training dose was 0.08 mg/kg, but had variable effects in the 0.16 mg/kg of LSD-trained group. The antagonism of the 0.08 mg/kg cue occurred at doses of the antagonists which blocked [3H]spiroperidol labeled 5-HT2 receptors in the frontal cortex in vivo; binding in the striatum was unaffected by the LSD antagonists. However, in doses which produce the LSD cue, neither LSD nor the 5-HT agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, which substitutes for LSD, inhibited the binding in either the cortex or the striatum. The results are discussed in relation to the possible neuropharmacological basis for the LSD cue.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Monaural and binaural spectral cues created by the external ears of the pallid bat.

The acoustic properties of external ears transform the spectra of incident sound in a location-dependent manner, and provide monaural and binaural spectral information used in 2-dimensional localization. Human studies suggest that binaural spectral differences, and spectral peaks and notches in monaural transfer functions, may all provide spatial information. This study examined the acoustic properties of the pallid bat ear to determine directionality, interaural intensity differences spectral peaks and notches in transfer functions, as well as acoustic gain. The pallid bat is a gleaning bat that uses passive sound localization to find prey, and echolocation for general orientation. It is capable of very accurate passive sound localization, and the primary focus of this study was to determine the spectral cues that might support this localization acuity. Results show that the external ears of this bat create spectral maxima and minima that vary systematically with azimuth and elevation. The monaural spectral cues resemble those reported in humans and cats and suggest that similar spectral cues are used across taxa. The ears also create robust interaural spectral differences that vary systematically with both sound azimuth and elevation. These monaural and binaural spectral cues may provide the basis for the 1 degrees angular resolution apparent in it this bat's passive sound localization performance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Long-term retention and overshadowing of proximal and distal cues following habituation in an object exploration task.

The object displacement task is a popular tool used to investigate spatial learning and memory. However, little attention has previously been given to long-term retention of spatial information following habituation to this task. Furthermore, the role of both proximal and distal cues in this type of passive retention of spatial information is controversial. In Study 1, we examined habituation in the object displacement task across 4 days and examined reactivity to spatial change 7 days post-acquisition. We found that rats habituated rapidly to the environment and retained this environment for the 7 days. Furthermore, this experiment shows that both proximal and distal spatial cues are important in the encoding of the environment during object displacement learning task. In Study 2, we examined the effect of overshadowing and demonstrate that proximal visual spatial cues can overshadow distal spatial cues if a conflict arises between both set.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Attentional modulation of the human somatosensory evoked potential in a trial-by-trial spatial cueing and sustained spatial attention task measured with high density 128 channels EEG.

We investigated the modulation of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) elicited by mechanical stimuli in a spatial sustained attention and a spatial trial-by-trial cueing design by means of high density electrode array EEG recordings. Subjects were instructed to detect rare tactile target stimuli at the to-be-attended hand while ignoring stimuli at the other hand. Analysis of the SEP revealed a highly complex pattern of results. The P50 component was significantly increased for attended stimuli in the sustained attention as opposed to the trial-by-trial cueing condition. However, no difference in amplitude was found for attended as opposed to unattended stimuli. High density electrode array recordings revealed a centero-frontal N140 component (N140c), which preceded the parietal N140 (N140p) by about 20 ms. The N140c exhibited an attention effect in particular in the trial-by-trial spatial cueing condition. The N140p was significantly enlarged with attention across both experimental conditions, but a closer inspection demonstrated that this was mainly due to the great attention effect in the trial-by-trial spatial cueing condition. The late positive component (190-380 ms after stimulus onset) exhibited a significant attention effect in both experimental conditions. The present experiment provides evidence that the attentional modulation of the SEP is different when tactile as opposed to electrical stimuli were used and when only somatosensory stimuli are presented with no further sensory stimulation in other modalities. Furthermore, transient as opposed to sustained spatial attention affected various components of the SEP in a different way.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contribution of tactile and interoceptive cues to the perception of the direction of gravity.

Without relevant visual cues, the Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) is biased in roll tilted subjects toward the body axis (Aubert or A-effect). This effect is generally ascribed to changes in the vestibular and somatosensory inputs following a body tilt. This study focused on the contribution of interoception and tactile cues in the SVV. The body-cast technology and gastric fullness were used to obtain a diffuse tactile stimulation and an overload stomach stimulation, respectively. Fifteen subjects placed in a tilt-chair were rolled sideways from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. They were asked to adjust a luminous line to the vertical under two body restriction conditions (strapped vs. body-cast) and two stomach load conditions (empty vs. full). Results showed (1) an improvement in the SVV judgment when somaesthetic cues were available in the full stomach condition (p < 0.001), (2) an increased A-effect for the higher body tilt values in the body-cast condition (beyond 45 degrees, p < 0.001), and (3) a smaller disrupting effect of the body-cast in the SVV judgment in the full stomach condition (p < 0.05). Since the vestibular system produced the same gravity response in all conditions, it can be stated that somaesthetic cues are involved in the SVV. Tactile mechanoreceptors may have contributed by detecting the changing pattern of pressures generated on the skin that results from changes in body orientation. The stomach load may act through the inertial forces exerted against the gravity load when the stomach is full by the mechanoreceptors in the fundus. Thus, the somaesthetic system can indicate the direction of gravity via patterns of pressure within and at the surface of the body.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Touch and go: guidance cues signal to the growth cone cytoskeleton.

Growth cones, the highly motile tips of growing axons, guide axons to their targets by responding to molecular cues. Growth cone behaviors such as advancing, retracting, turning and branching are driven by the dynamics and reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton through signaling pathways linked to guidance cue receptors. Actin filaments play a major part in growth cone motility, and because of their peripheral locations were thought to be the primary target of molecular cues. However, recent studies have shown that dynamic microtubules can penetrate the growth cone periphery where guidance molecules can influence them directly. Moreover, guidance cues can regulate growth cone steering by modulating dynamic actin-microtubule interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Nestmate recognition in Parischnogaster striatula (Hymenoptera Stenogastrinae), visual and olfactory recognition cues.

The recognition of nestmates from alien individuals is a well known phenomenon in social insects. In the stenogastrine wasp Parischnogaster striatula, we investigated the ability of females to recognize nestmates and the cues on which such recognition is based. Recognition of nestmates was observed in naturally occurring interactions between wasps approaching a nest and the resident females on that nest. This recognition was confirmed in experiments in which nestmates or alien conspecifics were presented to resident females. In naturally occurring interactions, nestmates generally approach their nest with a direct flight, while aliens usually hover in front of the nest before landing. In experiments in which the presented wasps were placed close to the nest in a direct manner, antennation of the presented wasp generally occurred, indicating that chemical cues are involved. Experiments in which dead alien individuals, previously washed in hexane, and then reapplied with extracts were recognized by colonies giving further evidence that chemical cues mediate nestmate recognition. Epicuticular lipids, known to be nestmate recognition cues in social insects, were chemically analysed by GC-MS for 44 P. striatula females from two different populations (13 different colonies). Discriminant analysis was performed on the data for the lipid mixture composition. The discriminant model showed that, in the samples from these two populations, 68.2% and 81.9% of the specimens could be correctly assigned to their colony.

Journal Article↗