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Results for “COMMUNICABLE DISEASES”

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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Communicable diseases law: new legislation for infectious disease control].

On April 1st, 1999 the new law on control of infectious diseases (the Infectious Diseases Act) came into effect. This law replaces former legislation, largely dating from 1928. The Infectious Diseases Act legally enables the government to take action against the spread of infectious diseases. This legal base is necessary because constitutional rights of individuals might be affected. The Infectious Diseases Act only applies to diseases specifically mentioned in the law. The Act regulates the statutory notification and the enforceable actions the authorities can take to protect the community. The mayors of municipalities decide on the appropriate measures, acting on advice of the municipal or regional public health agencies. The Infectious Diseases Act does not provide for detailed regulations regarding the control of infectious diseases but contains obligations that are the end piece of a policy continuum.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2000

Communicable disease surveillance with limited resources: the scope to link human and veterinary programmes.

Zoonoses are an important cause of human disease in much of Africa, but limitations in current diagnosis and surveillance strategies restrict the effectiveness of control and prevention programmes. Outbreaks of disease, ranging from Ebola virus infection to Rift Valley Fever, that have occurred recently in Africa have demonstrated the need for improved disease surveillance and monitoring. Strategies are suggested for co-ordinating human and animal disease surveillance programmes, at the district and regional level, to make more effective use of limited resources.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

[The federal communicable disease law and refuse disposal from hospitals and medical practices].

Several laws and guidelines on the disposal of waste from hospitals and practice differentiate between diverse types of waste. The LAGA instruction sheet lists five types: type A = hospital waste, type B = medical waste, type C = infectious waste, type D = chemical waste, and type E = human pathological material. Especially the basis of differentiation between medical and infectious waste is the list of notifiable infectious diseases according to section 3 of the Federal Law on Epidemic diseases. Section 10a confines the list to contagious infectious diseases. However, some tropical epidemics and endemic infectious diseases are not taken into account. On the other hand, the list includes a few harmless childhood and other diseases. There is not scientific evidence that wastes of this kind have led to infections in the community. Therefore, the Federal Law on Epidemic Diseases does not seem to be a suitable basis for the differentiation between medical and regulated medical wastes.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1996

Impact of institution size, staffing patterns, and infection control practices on communicable disease outbreaks in New York State nursing homes.

Institutional risk factors associated with the occurrence of nosocomial respiratory or gastrointestinal disease outbreaks in 1992 were examined in a case-cohort study of New York State nursing homes conducted in 1993. Facility size, staffing patterns, and employee sick leave policies were the principal effects found in an unconditional logistic regression model. The risk of having respiratory or gastrointestinal disease outbreaks was greater in larger nursing homes (adjusted risk ratio (RR) = 1.71 for each 100-bed increase in size, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-2.42), for nursing homes with a single nursing unit (adjusted RR = 3.93, 95% CI 0.98-15.71), or those with multiple nursing units with shared staff (adjusted RR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.07-5.89). The risk was less for nursing homes with paid employee sick leave policies (adjusted RR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.15-0.99). Other potential risk factors examined in this study, such as the ratio of beds per unit, type of sponsorship, daily review of laboratory test results, and the proportion of private beds and patient-to-staff ratio, were not significantly associated with the risk of disease outbreaks. The results of this study have direct implications for control of nosocomial disease outbreaks in nursing homes.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Use of an Internet-based community surveillance network to predict seasonal communicable disease morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: We designed an Internet-based surveillance network that linked community clinic diagnoses with viral isolation rates and admission patterns at a related children's hospital. We hypothesized that community surveillance would successfully predict subsequent hospital admissions and laboratory viral isolations. Secondarily, we expected the network to monitor trends in disease and that posting this information on a Web site would be useful to physicians in daily practice. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected from December 1999 through August 2000. Information was summarized and posted weekly on a Web site. Active public piloting of the site took place during August 2000, after which the project was evaluated through an electronic mail survey. The predictive ability of the community surveillance data was evaluated by multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Increases in the community diagnosis of most syndromes under surveillance, including lower respiratory infections (adjusted R(2) = 0.7086) and gastroenteritis (adjusted R(2) = 0.6532) successfully predicted an increase in subsequent hospital admissions. Community surveillance also successfully predicted laboratory isolation of associated viral organisms. Physicians completing the evaluation (N = 11) indicated that the site provided information useful in daily practice for both physician and parent education. CONCLUSIONS: An Internet-based surveillance network linking a hospital with community physicians is beneficial to the hospital in predicting waves of severe cases requiring admission and reciprocally provides useful information to physicians in daily practice regarding the incidence and cause of seasonal disease in the community.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1988

Comparison between the weekly returns service and the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme for monitoring communicable diseases.

Weekly data for seven conditions reported to the weekly returns service of the Royal College of General Practitioners' Birmingham research unit over a 52-week period have been compared with those reported to the Oxford regional sentinel practice scheme. The mean weekly recorded rates for otitis media, asthma and intestinal infectious disease were similar in both systems; in the weekly returns service, mean weekly rates for common cold, acute bronchitis and influenza/influenza-like illness were approximately twice and for sore throat/tonsillitis slightly higher than rates in the Oxford scheme.In the weekly returns service no recommendations are made about criteria for diagnosis but in the Oxford scheme diagnostic criteria agreed by the participants are used. Where rates in both monitoring systems are the same, agreed criteria are likely to be conventional clinical practice and therefore superfluous. Where rates are different, the use of criteria enhances specificity of the information content but results in an underestimation of the total incidence of - respiratory disease presented to general practitioners.For common cold, acute bronchitis, otitis media and influenza/ influenza-like illness the associations between the rates in the two systems were high (R>/=O. 79), as might be expected, but these high values cross validate both recording systems in their monitoring of trends. For the remaining (non-epidemic) conditions the associations were low. There were no significant associations between the rates for asthma and the upper respiratory infectious diseases in either recording system, which suggests there was effective discrimination of asthma.

Communicable Disease Control↗