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PubMed1995

The evolution of medical services for students at colleges and universities in the United States.

Factors contributing to the establishment of the earliest college health programs are reviewed. The author considers the evolution of these programs for two periods: the first 100 years (1860-1960) and the next 30 years (1960-1990). The changing emphases in college health programs during these two periods are seen as responses to contemporaneous events, including the development of vaccines and other advances in science and medicine, the emergence of intercollegiate athletics--first as a significant element in the college experience and subsequently as a major business--and the expansion of higher education in response to the arrival of the baby boomers in the mid-1960s. Contemporary healthcare reform is briefly reviewed, and the author concludes with an assessment of the probable impact of current healthcare reform proposals on the future of college health programs and on campus-controlled health centers.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1996

The Storey of college health hygiene. Thomas A. Storey, MD (1875-1943) and the promotion of hygiene.

The word hygiene originally defined a comprehensive plan for preserving individual and community health in all its dimensions. In the latter half of the 19th century, Dr Edward Hitchcock Jr established a system of hygiene at Amherst College that became the model for campus hygiene programs. Dr Thomas A. Storey of Stanford University, an advocate of teaching hygiene to college students, wrote articles and textbooks and was active on national committees that promoted college hygiene programs. Storey was one of the founders of the American Student Health Association, later renamed the American College Health Association, which in its early years chose promotion of hygiene as a major objective. As the 20th century progressed, the profession of health education emerged. With its emergence came the realization that health education, once viewed as primarily a matter of delivering health information to students, required an appreciation of human behavior as well. By 1950, the word hygiene had given way to health in most contexts in recognition of this new paradigm.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2002

Transcriptome profiling to identify genes involved in peroxisome assembly and function.

Yeast cells were induced to proliferate peroxisomes, and microarray transcriptional profiling was used to identify PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome assembly and genes involved in peroxisome function. Clustering algorithms identified 224 genes with expression profiles similar to those of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins and genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis. Several previously uncharacterized genes were identified, two of which, YPL112c and YOR084w, encode proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix, respectively. Ypl112p, renamed Pex25p, is a novel peroxin required for the regulation of peroxisome size and maintenance. These studies demonstrate the utility of comparative gene profiling as an alternative to functional assays to identify genes with roles in peroxisome biogenesis.

Gene Expression Profiling↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative mass spectrometry reveals a role for the GTPase Rho1p in actin organization on the peroxisome membrane.

We have combined classical subcellular fractionation with large-scale quantitative mass spectrometry to identify proteins that enrich specifically with peroxisomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In two complementary experiments, isotope-coded affinity tags and tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantify the relative enrichment of proteins during the purification of peroxisomes. Mathematical modeling of the data from 306 quantified proteins led to a prioritized list of 70 candidates whose enrichment scores indicated a high likelihood of them being peroxisomal. Among these proteins, eight novel peroxisome-associated proteins were identified. The top novel peroxisomal candidate was the small GTPase Rho1p. Although Rho1p has been shown to be tethered to membranes of the secretory pathway, we show that it is specifically recruited to peroxisomes upon their induction in a process dependent on its interaction with the peroxisome membrane protein Pex25p. Rho1p regulates the assembly state of actin on the peroxisome membrane, thereby controlling peroxisome membrane dynamics and biogenesis.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

The mobile nucleoporin Nup2p and chromatin-bound Prp20p function in endogenous NPC-mediated transcriptional control.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) govern macromolecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm and serve as key positional markers within the nucleus. Several protein components of yeast NPCs have been implicated in the epigenetic control of gene expression. Among these, Nup2p is unique as it transiently associates with NPCs and, when artificially tethered to DNA, can prevent the spread of transcriptional activation or repression between flanking genes, a function termed boundary activity. To understand this function of Nup2p, we investigated the interactions of Nup2p with other proteins and with DNA using immunopurifications coupled with mass spectrometry and microarray analyses. These data combined with functional assays of boundary activity and epigenetic variegation suggest that Nup2p and the Ran guanylyl-nucleotide exchange factor, Prp20p, interact at specific chromatin regions and enable the NPC to play an active role in chromatin organization by facilitating the transition of chromatin between activity states.

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1993

Effect of interferon-alpha 2a on malignant mesothelioma.

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a tumor that is resistant to conventional therapy. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has been used in the treatment of some human tumors, and we have previously demonstrated an in vitro anti-proliferative effect of IFN against MM cell lines. Therefore, the effect of recombinant human IFN-alpha (IFN-alpha 2a) (Roferon-A, Hoffmann-La Roche) on previously untreated patients with MM has been studied. Twenty-five patients (24 male and 1 female), with a mean age of 59 +/- 9.9 years, were treated for 3 months with IFN-alpha 2a. The starting dose was 3 x 10(6) IU daily increasing to a maximum of 18 x 10(6) IU daily or as tolerated. All patients had measurable tumor on thoracic CT prior to commencement. CT scans were performed at 6 and 12 weeks to determine tumor response. Twenty patients completed 3 months of treatment. Five patients were withdrawn because of disease progression. Side effects were predictable and dose related. Dose reductions were necessary in 12 patients for grade 2 toxicity. One patient had a complete response (CR), 2 patients had partial responses (PR) (response rate = 12%), 13 (52%) patients remained stable, 1 of whom exhibited a delayed PR, and 9 (36%) had progressive disease. These data suggest that IFN-alpha 2a is well tolerated in patients with MM and is active against MM in a proportion of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Effects of temazepam premedication on cognitive recovery following alfentanil-propofol anaesthesia.

The effects of temazepam 20 mg and placebo were compared for premedication in patients anaesthetized with propofol and alfentanil and undergoing day surgery. Temazepam 20 mg significantly reduced preoperative anxiety and increased recovery time. A series of computerized cognitive tasks revealed significant deficits in attention and memory following anaesthesia, which were increased in range and magnitude by temazepam, which were apparent 30 min after surgery and had largely, but not completely, recovered at 4 h. This study has demonstrated that computerized cognitive testing can identify a wider profile of impairments produced by temazepam than has been found in previous work using non-computerized techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Growth hormone and sex steroid effects on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in healthy aged women and men.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with concomitant declines in activity of the growth hormone (GH) and gonadal steroid axes, and in bone mineral density (BMD), in both sexes. Long-term estrogen replacement slows bone loss and prevents fractures in postmenopausal women, whereas the effects of supplementation of GH or testosterone on bone metabolism and BMD in aged individuals remains uncertain. METHODS: Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study design, we investigated the separate and interactive effects of 6 months of administration of recombinant human GH and/or gonadal steroids on bone biochemical markers and BMD in 125 healthy, older (>65 years) women (n = 53) and men (n = 72) with age-related reductions in GH and gonadal steroids. RESULTS: In women, administration of GH, but not GH + hormone replacement therapy (HRT), increased serum levels of osteocalcin and procollagen peptide (PICP) and increased urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks. Urinary calcium excretion decreased after HRT. In men, GH, and to a greater extent GH + T, increased osteocalcin. GH increased serum PICP, and GH + T increased urinary DPD. Urinary calcium excretion was unaffected by hormone treatment in men. In women, administration of HRT and GH + HRT, but not GH, increased BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and distal radius. In men, GH + T led to a small decrease in BMD at the proximal radius; there were no other significant effects of hormone administration on BMD. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that short-term administration of HRT exerts beneficial effects on bone metabolism and BMD in postmenopausal women, which are not significantly altered by the coadministration of GH. In andropausal men, T administration to achieve physiologic levels did not result in significant effects on bone metabolism or BMD, whereas GH + T increased one marker of bone formation and decreased one marker of bone resorption. Given the known biphasic actions of GH on bone and the apparent favorable biochemical effects of GH + T in men, the longer-term effects of GH + T on BMD in aged men remain to be clarified.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-8 in women with endometriosis: relationship to stage of disease.

There is increasing evidence that immunological mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. It was therefore of interest to study interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine, in the peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood of women undergoing laparoscopic procedures. The presence and concentrations of IL-8 in relation to endometriosis, infertility and abdominal pain were evaluated. Samples of peritoneal fluid (n = 49) and peripheral blood (n = 50) were obtained from 50 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for various gynaecological indications (abdominal pain, infertility, sterilization). IL-8 was present in the peritoneal fluid of most women (87%). The concentration of IL-8 in the peritoneal fluid was higher in women with endometriosis compared to women without (P = 0.02). This difference was more pronounced in early (stage 1) endometriosis (P = 0.001). IL-8 concentrations in the peritoneal fluid were also higher in women with early endometriosis compared to women with later stages of the disease (P = 0.003). Peripheral blood concentrations did not correlate with peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-8 and/or the presence of endometriosis. We conclude that IL-8 is an important factor that may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis possibly by promoting neovascularization. This information can be a guide in the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of endometriosis.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1999

Immunological aspects of implantation and implantation failure.

The human endometrium contains a significant proportion of leukocytes (8-35% of all cells), the absolute numbers and proportions varying during both the menstrual cycle and early in pregnancy. T cells, macrophages and a population of phenotypically unusual large granular lymphocytes (LGL) are commonly present, although B cells are absent. Relative T cell numbers decrease significantly in first trimester decidua, and hence are unlikely to play an important role in maintenance of human pregnancy, but T cells could be important in implantation where their relative numbers are greater. In addition to producing cytokines, local tissue macrophages may provide an immediate antigen non-specific host defence to infection. Most attention has, nevertheless, focused on a role for LGL in implantation and maintenance of pregnancy since, at the time of implantation, LGL comprise 70-80% of the total endometrial leukocyte population. Although endometrial LGL have been shown to express natural killer (NK) cell-type cytotoxicity against classical NK cell targets, such cytotoxicity against trophoblast is induced only after activation by interleukin (IL)-2. Selective expression of the unusual class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule, HLA-G, by extravillous cytotrophoblast may assist in protecting invasive cytotrophoblast from potential maternal NK cell attack, probably via interactions with killer inhibitory receptor molecules on LGL. Many cytokines have been demonstrated to be expressed at the maternal-fetal interface although, currently, in mice only two (IL-11 and leukaemia inhibitory factor) appear to be absolutely essential for successful pregnancy outcome. Immune effector cells and cytokines may also play a role in human pregnancy pathologies, such as recurrent early pregnancy loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Final-week performance of straight-run broilers as affected by early coccidiostat withdrawal followed by increased dietary salt.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate elevated dietary NaCl levels as a means of offsetting industry-observed reductions of growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency associated with early (35-d) coccidiostat withdrawal. In the first experiment, monensin (100 ppm) was withdrawn and dietary salt levels of 0.33, 0.48, 0.63, 0.78, or 0.93% provided from 35 to 42 d of age. Experiments 2 and 3 involved lasalocid (110 ppm) withdrawal and slat amounts of 0.33, 0.53, 0.73, or 0.93%. In all studies, a positive control of 0.33% salt and the coccidiostat was also given. Monensin withdrawal reduced body weight gain, which was not overcome by slat addition. Feed efficiency during the 1-wk period was improved to the level of the group receiving continued medication by salt amounts of 0.78% or above. In contrast to industry field observations, removal of lasalocid did not reduce body weight gain, feed intake, or water consumption, and elevation of salt levels resulted in no consistent improvements of weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion. Water intake increased proportionally as salt concentration increased. Elevated salt levels do not appear to be a reliable means of offsetting reduced performance related to early coccidiostat withdrawal, nor were such performance problems demonstrable for lasalocid in these trials.

Aging↗