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PubMed1986

Neuropeptides as regulators of consummatory behaviors.

The control of ingestive behavior involves a variety of neurotransmitters, including monoamines, peptides and amino acids. For the past decade many investigators have focused their research on the role that regulatory peptides play in eating behavior. Many peptides, including cholecystokinin, bombesin, calcitonin, corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin and somatostatin, have been reported to decrease the amount of food ingested by laboratory animals. In contrast, a relatively small number of peptides increase food intake. The present review describes the effects of these peptides on consummatory behaviors in various species and their sites of action.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A review of behavioral factors involved in the development and continued performance of stereotypic behaviors in pigs.

Environmentally induced stereotypies, commonly observed in farm and zoo animals, are behaviors that are relatively invariant, that are regularly repeated, and that serve no obvious function. However, there is as yet no accepted means of discriminating between normal and abnormal behavior, and the assumption that stereotypies are abnormal may mask the fact that they arise in part through processes that "normally" control behavior. There is growing evidence that stereotypies in sows and broiler breeders are strongly related to feeding motivation. For example, sows only develop oral stereotypies if their feed intake is restricted, and operant conditioning experiments have shown commercial levels of feed restriction to give rise to high levels of feeding motivation. Stereotypies in animals whose feed intake is restricted largely occur in the postprandial period, and ingestion of food has specifically been shown to elicit stereotypies in sows. These observations suggest that positive feedback from feeding produces a short-term increase in feeding motivation that at the end of the meal is directed toward available, alternative stimuli such as chains, the choice of stimuli reflecting the sensory feedback from the activity. Drinking behavior may also become an expression of feeding behavior after metabolic water requirements are met. In addition to these processes specific to feeding motivation, it seems likely that nonspecific processes, which operate more generally across motivational systems, contribute to the persistence of the behavior. Behavioral arousal may facilitate performance of active behaviors, and sensitization of the underlying neural elements may lead to the behavior being more easily elicited and maintained. A crucial factor in the sensitization process would seem to be the channeling of complex behavior by the environment into a few and very often repeated sequences of behavior. This approach suggests that stereotypies can be prevented by either reducing the level of motivation underlying the stereotypy, or by allowing for the expression of more complex behavior and thereby preventing the processes of channeling and sensitization from occurring.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed2003

Characterizing aggressive behavior.

In the research literature, aggressive behavior has traditionally been classified into two distinct subtypes, impulsive or premeditated. Impulsive aggression is defined as a hair-trigger aggressive response to provocation with loss of behavioral control. Premeditated aggression is defined as a planned or conscious aggressive act, not spontaneous or related to an agitated state. The present study outlines the development of a clinically useful self-report instrument, the Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scales (IPAS), designed to characterize aggressive behavior as predominately impulsive or predominately premeditated in nature. The IPAS showed strong reliability and validity. Analysis of the IPASscores demonstrated thepresence of two types of aggressive behavior, impulsive and premeditated, in men referred for anger problems. The aggression of most individuals in the present sample was characterized as predominately impulsive in nature (90%).

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Patient behavior for blood pressure control. Guidelines for professionals.

Behaviors critical to hypertensive patients' achieving therapeutic control and assuming active responsibility for their own care were defined by an interdisciplinary group brought together by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The report focused on the achievement and maintenance of long-term control through drug therapy and concentrated on the patient-physician interaction as a critical factor. The basic hypothesis that active participation by the patient favors successful management of hypertension identifies the physician, the prime diagnostician and initiator of the subsequent interaction, as a promotor of that important collaboration. The working group views the patient as the decision-maker and problemsolver, with the professional functioning as advisor and guide. This synthesis of available theory and practice in therapy adherence includes knowledge, attitudes, and skills defined under four major behaviors: making the decision for control, taking medication, monitoring progress, and problem solving.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1993

Serotonin-containing neurons in lobsters: the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid, octopamine, serotonin, and proctolin on activity of a pair of identified neurons in the first abdominal ganglion.

1. Serotonin has been shown to be an important neurohormone that modulates behavioral output in lobsters. This study explores the neurochemical identity of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to a pair of identified serotonin-containing neurons in the first abdominal ganglion (A1) of the lobster that also contain the pentapeptide proctolin. These neurons are spontaneously active, appear to be driven by an endogenous pacemaking mechanism, and have been shown to play a role in circuits that control behaviorally relevant postures. 2. To explore the exogenous control of neuronal activity, a number of putative neuroactive compounds were superfused over the A1 serotonin-containing neurons in isolated ventral nerve cords. Three amines, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), octopamine, and serotonin, were found to be potent inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner. GABA inhibition had a rapid onset and termination and yielded a transient postinhibitory rebound activity immediately after amine washout; activity eventually returned to the preinhibition level. Octopamine inhibition had a less rapid onset and termination, and the steady-state activity after inhibition was higher than preinhibition firing in most cells (22% of which were statistically significantly increased). Serotonin inhibition had a relatively slow onset and termination, and the steady-state activity after inhibition remained low in most cells (19% significantly decreased). 3. Repeated or prolonged exposure to these three amines reduced the efficacy of inhibition. Three types of desensitization have been empirically defined: 1) rapid desensitization, which tended to dampen the initial inhibition; this was particularly strong for GABA inhibition; 2) low-dose desensitization, in which the A1 serotonin containing neurons became less sensitive to inhibition by a particular concentration of amine after prior exposure to a lower concentration, although the lower concentration may not by itself have had inhibitory effects; this was seen with octopamine inhibition; and 3) long-term desensitization, in which the efficacy of inhibition of a particular amine concentration dwindled with repeated applications (even with up to 160 min washout between applications); this was seen with octopamine and serotonin inhibition, although not for every A1 serotonin-containing neuron analyzed. 4. Bath application of these three amines was still capable of inhibiting the A1 serotonin-containing neurons when inhibitory synaptic transmission was blocked by use of low Ca2+/high Mg2+ solutions. 5. The pentapeptide proctolin excited the A1 serotonin-containing neurons: it activated silent neurons and increased the firing rate of spontaneously active neurons. The excitatory effect outlasted the presence of the peptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abdomen↗

PubMed2004

Novel features of cryptochrome-mediated photoreception in the brain circadian clock of Drosophila.

In Drosophila, light affects circadian behavioral rhythms via at least two distinct mechanisms. One of them relies on the visual phototransduction cascade. The other involves a presumptive photopigment, cryptochrome (cry), expressed in lateral brain neurons that control behavioral rhythms. We show here that cry is expressed in most, if not all, larval and adult neuronal groups expressing the PERIOD (PER) protein, with the notable exception of larval dorsal neurons (DN2s) in which PER cycles in antiphase to all other known cells. Forcing cry expression in the larval DN2s gave them a normal phase of PER cycling, indicating that their unique antiphase rhythm is related to their lack of cry expression. We were able to directly monitor CRY protein in Drosophila brains in situ. It appeared highly unstable in the light, whereas in the dark, it accumulated in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, including some neuritic projections. We also show that dorsal PER-expressing brain neurons, the adult DN1s, are the only brain neurons to coexpress the CRY protein and the photoreceptor differentiation factor GLASS. Studies of various visual system mutants and their combination with the cry(b) mutation indicated that the adult DN1s contribute significantly to the light sensitivity of the clock controlling activity rhythms, and that this contribution depends on CRY. Moreover, all CRY-independent light inputs into this central behavioral clock were found to require the visual system. Finally, we show that the photoreceptive DN1 neurons do not behave as autonomous oscillators, because their PER oscillations in constant darkness rapidly damp out in the absence of pigment-dispersing-factor signaling from the ventral lateral neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Steroid sensitive sites in the avian brain: does the distribution of the estrogen receptor alpha and beta types provide insight into their function?

Studies in avian species have often been useful in elucidating basic concepts relevant to the regulation of reproductive behaviors by sex steroid hormones. Once a link between a steroid hormone and a behavioral response has been established, one can use the localization of steroid hormone receptors in the brain to facilitate the identification of neural circuits that control behavior. The recent identification of a second type of estrogen receptor called estrogen receptor beta or ERbeta has raised new issues about the action of steroid hormones in the brain. A hypothesis has been proposed by Kuiper et al. [1998] based on studies in mammalian species suggesting that ERalpha (the name given to the ER that was previously described) is important for reproduction while ERbeta is more important for non-reproductive functions. In this paper we apply this hypothesis more generally by examining possible functions of ERbeta in avian species. We have initiated studies of the ERbeta in the brain of two avian species, the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). ERbeta was cloned in both species and the mRNA for this receptor type was localized in the brain employing in situ hybridization histochemistry methods. In both species ERbeta was found to be diffusely present in telencephalic areas consistent with a role for this receptor subtype in cognitive functions. However, ERbeta mRNA was also found in many brain areas that are traditionally thought to be important in the regulation of reproductive functions such as the preoptic region, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the nucleus taeniae. Of the two receptor types, only mRNA for ERalpha was observed in the telencephalic vocal control nucleus HVc of male starlings. Steroid receptors in this nucleus are thought to be an example of an evolutionary specialization that has evolved to coordinate the production of courtship vocalizations with other aspects of reproduction. The lack of ERbeta mRNA expression in HVc is consistent with the hypothesis that ERalpha is preferentially involved in reproductive behaviors while ERbeta is involved in the steroid regulation of other neural functions. However, the widespread occurrence of ERbeta in other nuclei involved in reproductive function suggests that one must be cautious about the general applicability of the above hypothesis until more is known about ERbeta function in these other nuclei.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Feedback and delays in neurological diseases: a modeling study using dynamical systems.

Numerous regulatory mechanisms in motor control involve the presence of time delays in the controlled behavior of the system. Experimentally, we have shown that an increase of the time delay in visual feedback induces different oscillations in control subjects and in patients with neurological diseases during the performance of a simple compensatory tracking task. A preliminary model is proposed to describe the oscillations observed in control subjects and in patients with neurological diseases. The influence of delays in two feedback loops are the main components of the motor control circuitry involved in this task and are studied from an analytical and physiological perspective. We analytically determine the influence in the model of each of these delays on the stability of the finger position. In addition, the influence of stochastic elements ("noise") in the modeling equation is seen to contribute qualitatively to a more accurate reproduction of experimental traces in patients with Parkinson's disease but not in patients with cerebellar disease.

Cerebellar Diseases↗

PubMed1992

The role of histamine in the anterior hypothalamus and its functional interaction with the hippocampus on exploratory behavior in adult male rats.

The possible effects of histamine (HA) locally applied into the preoptic area (POA) on hippocampus-mediated behaviors were studied in adult male rats. Animals were double-implanted unilaterally with microinjection cannulae into POA and hippocampus (HPC). In experiment 1, HA was injected into POA and pyrilamine (H1-HA antagonist) or ranitidine (H2-HA antagonist) were microinjected into the ipsilateral HPC in two different doses. In Experiment 2, HA was injected into POA and the histamine antagonists were microinjected into the contralateral HPC. Ten min later the animals were tested in an automatic monitor activity. Horizontal, ambulatory and vertical movements were measured as general motor exploratory behaviors. Contact time (in seconds) to a circular metal rack positioned in the center of the animal activity monitor was also recorded as goal-directed exploratory activity. Results of Experiment 1 showed that HA in POA exerted an inhibitory influence on general motor behaviors and also on goal-directed activity. Ipsilateral administration of HA-antagonists into HPC blocked the HA effect on behavior. Results of Experiment 2 showed that the administration of the HA-antagonists in any of the two doses used were not able to block the depressive actions on behavior caused by HA into POA. In conclusion, data suggest that POA is linked to the ipsilateral HPC through histaminergic influence to control behavioral patterns induced by novelty.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Disordered eating behaviors and bone-mineral density in women who misuse alcohol.

Because lower bone-mineral density is one potential physiological consequence of eating disorders and chronic alcohol misuse, the risk for osteoporosis may be compounded in women who have both conditions. This study investigated the frequency of eating disorders in 25 women who misuse alcohol and compared bone-mineral density between those with and without multiple disordered eating behaviors. Disordered eating behaviors were assessed through the EAT-26 (Eating Attitudes Test) and a structured interview addressing binge eating, purging, and other weight-control behaviors. Bone-mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray densitometry. Although only one woman met the DSM-III-R criteria for a current eating disorder, 12% had past histories suggestive of anorexia nervosa and 40% had multiple disordered eating behaviors with bulimic features. Bone-mineral density of the femoral neck was 9.3% greater in women with multiple disordered eating behaviors (p < or = .05).

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1992

Eating disorders in adolescents with IDDM. A controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of clinical eating disorders and lesser degrees of disturbed eating in adolescents with IDDM and a matched sample of nondiabetic control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of eating habits and attitudes conducted in 76 adolescents with IDDM, and age- and sex-matched nondiabetic control subjects. Eating disorder features were assessed by standardized research interview adapted for use with patients with diabetes (EDE). Glycemic control was assessed by GHb assay. RESULTS: Adolescent girls with IDDM were heavier than nondiabetic female control subjects and were dieting more intensively to control their shape and weight. However, clinical eating disorders were no more common among adolescent girls with IDDM than among nondiabetic control subjects. Nine percent of the IDDM girls met diagnostic criteria for an operational version of "Eating disorder not otherwise specified." Fifteen percent had omitted or reduced their dose of insulin to influence their shape and weight. Eating disorder features and insulin misuse for shape and weight control were not found in IDDM or nondiabetic boys, and these two groups did not differ in their body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls with IDDM are heavier than their nondiabetic counterparts and diet more intensively to control their shape and weight. Disordered eating habits and weight control behavior are common, but no more so in IDDM than in nondiabetic subjects. Insulin misuse for the purpose of shape and weight control is not restricted to subjects with a clinical eating disorder. Disordered eating is associated with impaired glycemic control.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Between safety and risk: the propensities and resistance to prevention in the daily behavior of adolescents].

Various levels of awareness and attitudes in 2500 High School students regarding prevention of daily risk were examined before and after a special training program on prevention (promoted by the Clinica del Lavoro della Università di Pavia). The concept of prevention was examined in four analytical realms, through questionnaire and projective tests: actual notion, cognitive organization of knowledge, emotional level, social approval. The data collected showed that the tendency towards prevention of risk is limited in adolescents: from a cognitive point of view, since the conceptual probability of risk is comprehended with difficulty; emotionally, since risk-producing behavior usually provides gratification at various levels; socially, since adolescent usually views risk-producing behavior as associated with a positive social image. The informative training session proved to effectively orient the students towards a more rationally controlled behavior, therefore favoring a more positive attitude towards prevention.

Accident Prevention↗

PubMed2004

NMDA receptor blockade attenuates locomotion elicited by intrastriatal dopamine D1-receptor stimulation.

Previous behavioral studies suggest that the striatum mediates a hyperactive response to systemic NMDA receptor antagonism in combination with systemic D1 receptor stimulation. However, many experiments conducted at the cellular level suggest that inhibition of NMDA receptors should block D1 receptor-mediated locomotor activity. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of NMDA receptor blockade on the ability of striatal D1 receptors to elicit locomotor activity using systemic and intrastriatal injections of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 combined with intrastriatal injections of the D1 full agonist SKF 82958. Following drug treatment locomotor activity was measured via computerized activity monitors designed to quantify multiple parameters of rodent open-field behavior. Both systemic (0.1 mg/kg) and intrastriatal (1.0 microg) MK-801 pretreatments completely blocked locomotor and stereotypic activity elicited by 10 microg of SKF 82958 directly infused into the striatum. Further, increased activity triggered by intrastriatal SKF 82958 was attenuated by a posttreatment with intrastriatal infusion of 1 microg MK-801. These data suggest that D1-stimulated locomotor behaviors controlled by the striatum require functional NMDA channels.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Adherence in social context.

Much has been written about adherence to interventions in older adults. What has not been discussed as extensively is how adherence is influenced and affected by the multiple interacting layers of the social context. Guided by an ecological or multilevel system model, this paper explores how social context may impact adherence. We conclude that when considering strategies to promote adherence to a particular regime, one must take into consideration the interplay between the social context and the adherence-related behavior. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:184S-187S

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Social control of health behaviors: a comparison of young, middle-aged, and older adults.

Social control can positively influence health behaviors, but changes in social networks over time may cause older adults to experience less health-related social control. The size and composition of social control networks, and receipt of health-related social control, were examined in a probability sample of 509 household residents (aged 25-80 years) in Los Angeles County who completed a telephone survey. Compared with younger and middle-aged adults, older adults identified fewer people who attempted to influence their health behaviors and fewer health behaviors that others urged them to change. Older adults also reported less frequent social control attempts aimed at modifying their health behaviors, even after health status, health habits, and social network characteristics were controlled for. Possible explanations for these age-related differences are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Perseverative behavior and adaptive control in older adults: performance monitoring, rule induction, and set shifting.

Older adults, like patients with dorsolateral frontal lobe lesions, have been shown to be progressively susceptible to errors of perseveration in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). This deficit may result from several types of endogenous adaptive control abilities. First, to enable behavioral modifications in response to sudden changes in task demands, one has to consider and evaluate the possible alternative categorization rules and select one for further testing (rule induction). Second, to perform the required shift appropriately, one should suppress the no-longer relevant task set and replace it by an appropriate new one (set shifting). Third, however, proper application of rule-induction and set-shifting abilities requires the ability to monitor and interpret task cues and feedback signals appropriately to guide behavior and to recognize the need to apply rule-shift operations (performance monitoring). To explore the extent to which these different endogenous adaptive control abilities are differentially sensitive to the effect of aging, young and older adults were tested in two experiments using WCST-like tasks. From the finding that older adults were not able to capitalize on explicit shift cues (either nonspecific or specific) the inference can be drawn that basic set-shifting abilities, rather than rule-induction or performance-monitoring abilities, were the primary factor responsible for the increased tendency to perseverate as adults grow into senescence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

A lesion and neuroanatomical tract-tracing analysis of the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in rats.

The ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis forms a junctional region between the medial and lateral preoptic areas. Previous work has shown that the neurons in this region express Fos-like immunoreactivity during maternal behavior, suggesting their involvement in maternal behavior control. Supporting this hypothesis, the first experiment shows that excitotoxic amino acid lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupt retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in postpartum rats. The second study traces the efferent projections of the ventral bed nucleus with the anterograde tracer Phaseolis vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The following regions receive strong projections: lateral septum, substantia innominata, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, paraventricular thalamus, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, retrorubral field, and the region surrounding the locus coeruleus.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Binge eating and purging in a multi-ethnic community sample.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to document the frequency of three eating disorder-related behaviors (binge eating; self-induced vomiting; and use of laxatives, diuretics, and diet pills) among a multi-ethnic community sample. METHOD: A questionnaire was administered to 1225 Hispanic, Asian, black, and white women and men. Participants responded to items (based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders) about binge eating and purging behavior. RESULTS: Binge eating and purging were more common among women than among men in Hispanic, black, and white subsamples (frequency rates were similar among Asian men and women). Ethnic differences were found in frequency of purging among women (ethnicity was not associated with behavior rates among men). Fewer Asian than Hispanic, black, and white women induced vomiting and used laxatives, diuretics, and diet pills as weight control methods. CONCLUSION: The fact that frequency rates differed as a function of participant sex and ethnicity underscores the importance of considering both of these group variables when examining disordered eating and weight control behaviors.

Adult↗