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PubMed1982

Response characteristics and stratification of tectal neurons in the toad Bufo bufo (L.).

In the optic tectum of Bufo bufo the activity of single neurons was recorded during the presentation of moving visual stimuli. The location of the recorded cells was marked iontophoretically by means of alcian blue dye. A total of 132 cells were studied, most of which showed clear differences within their responses to a square and to rectangles oriented either horizontally or vertically. The cells were found primarily within the tectum layers 8 and 6. The majority of them preferred the square to the horizontal bar, and this stimulus to the vertical one. Another group responded best to the horizontal rectangle. Relatively few cells were found in which the vertical stimulus was preferred to the horizontal one. A considerable number of tectal cells showed a change of stimulus preference if the stimulus velocity was changed. No clear correlation between response types and anatomical distribution within the tectum layers could be found.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Alpha-helical CRF blocks differential influence of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) on appetitive and aversive memory retrieval in rats.

This study examined whether corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), given prior to test, would produce an improved retrieval of aversive memory in the same way as pre-exposure to inescapable footshocks and the CRF antagonist, alpha-helical CRF 9-41 (a-h CRF), blocks this effect in rats. For this purpose animals conditioned in a T-maze with appetitive (10% sucrose) and aversive (2.0mA footshock) events were given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 20 min before testing, a single dose of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 microgram/rat of CRF, or 5 micrograms/rat of a-h CRF, or both at 10 min interval. In the retention test conducted with the same training apparatus 72-hr after conditioning, CRF (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 microgram) treated rats showed a dose-dependent increase in latencies to enter the previously shocked goalarm, with the absence of such a difference in responding to the nonshocked goalarm. The highest dose of CRF (0.4 microgram), however, increased the latencies to enter both the goalboxes. Alpha-helical CRF, administered 10 min before, antagonized the memory-enhancing effect of CRF. Further, CRF (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 microgram) significantly decreased the total number of center entries in the open field, consistent with the view that i.c.v. administered CRF produces "anxiogenic-like" effect. Alpha-helical CRF reversed this effect. The effect of CRF on memory retrieval was similar to that seen following inescapable footshock in rats. The results thus suggest the possible involvement of central CRF mechanisms in the differential enhancement of memory of helplessness condition.

Animals↗