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PubMed1996

The elderly with a learning disability (mental retardation): an overview.

This article is a review of the literature on the elderly with a learning disability, focusing on demographic data, functional abilities, mental health, physical health, and service use. This particular population is increasing and will have high health and social care needs. They share with their non-learning-disabled peers the problems of aging, namely the age-related infirmities of dementia, sensory impairment, urinary incontinence, and poor mobility. They develop psychiatric disorders that remain unrecognized and untreated. Some are cared for by aging parents who also may be frail with serious health problems. Further research is required on the quality of life, successful indicators of aging, and guidance on the type of service that will meet the needs of this group.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Cultural differences in functional status measurement: analyses of person fit according to the Rasch model.

For many reasons it is preferable to use established health related outcome instruments. The validity of an instrument, however, can be affected when used in another culture or language other than what it was originally developed. In this paper, the outcome on functional status measurement using a preliminary version of the Dutch translated 'Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory' (PEDI) was studied involving a sample of 20 non-disabled Dutch children and American peers, to see if a cross-cultural validation procedure is needed before using the instrument in the Netherlands. The Rasch model was used to analyse the Dutch data. Score profiles were not found to be compatible with the score profiles of American children. In particular, ten items were scored differently with strong indications that these were based on inter-cultural differences. Based on our study, it is argued that cross-cultural validation of the PEDI is necessary before using the instrument in the Netherlands.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Mother-infant psychotherapy: integrating techniques of group, family, and individual therapy.

Mother-infant psychotherapy groups have become an increasingly popular modality for promoting adaptive change in the dyadic relationship before dysfunctional patterns become entrenched. One unique feature of this form of therapy is that it juxtaposes several different treatment modalities. In particular, because each mother-infant dyad functions as a self-contained unit, the techniques of family therapy--including the resolution of enmeshment and triangulation--may be applied. Similarly, because the mothers of infants often interact as peers, the techniques of group therapy--including cohesion and universality--become pertinent. The overlap of these modalities contributes to effective diagnostic and therapeutic management. This article discusses how different treatment modalities--and the shifts between these modalities--may guide the course of therapy. In addition, techniques for predicting such shifts are discussed. The therapist's skill in adjusting to shifts from modality to modality enhances the effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Situation specificity in attention-seeking problem behavior. A case study.

Previous research on attention-seeking problem behavior has focused on individuals who misbehaved under general conditions of low adult attention. In general, no detailed analyses were conducted to determine whether different situations involving low levels of adult attention (such as familiar vs. unfamiliar adults, setting events, or the presence or absence of peers) exacerbated or attenuated problem behavior. The current case study demonstrates that, for one adolescent, all situations involving low levels of adult attention were not equally discriminative for problem behavior. Two functional analyses concerning different situations involving low levels of adult attention were conducted. The first analysis consisted of systematically manipulating antecedent and consequence conditions related to adult attention and task demands. This analysis indicated that low levels of adult attention evoked problem behavior. The second analysis involved two different conditions presenting low levels of adult attention. In one, the adult spoke to another child; in the second, the adult spoke to another adult. This second analysis revealed that, when the adult spoke to another adult, problem behavior resulted. However, when the adult spoke to another child, problem behavior did not occur. On the basis of these functional analyses, a positive intervention was designed to reduce problem behavior. Theoretical implications related to functional analysis are discussed, and applied issues concerning functionally based treatment selection are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Stereotactic body radiation therapy: an ablative treatment option for primary and secondary liver tumors.

Only a subset of patients with primary and secondary liver tumors are eligible for surgical resection because of either the presence of extrahepatic disease, increased number of hepatic lesions, the anatomical distribution of tumors within the liver, and/or general medical inoperability. Nonsurgical, ablative tumor treatment may benefit selected patients by preserving normal liver function. This review presents the concept and technology of stereotactic body radiation therapy and summarizes available clinical data describing applications in the treatment of malignant liver tumors. We present predominantly peer-reviewed data but also summarize recent clinical developments along with discussions of current ongoing and planned multicenter studies.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Learning style preferences: a comparison of younger and older adult females.

This study explored the learning styles of older adult females (65 + years) as compared to younger adult females (35-55 years) in the areas of immediate environment, emotionality, sociological needs and physical needs. At recreation community centers, 80 subjects were selected on a non-random basis, with one-half falling in each age category. Each subject was individually questioned using the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey, which analyzes a personal preference for each of 20 elements and identifies how adults prefer to function, learn, concentrate and perform in their educational or occupational activities. An analysis by t test showed a significant difference between the two groups in the elements of light, learning alone--peer oriented, authority figures present, and evening--morning. When the elements were combined and treated by discriminant analysis, most of these findings were confirmed, showing a significant difference in five elements: light, motivation, responsibility, learning alone--peer oriented, evening--morning. These findings might be useful to nutrition educators when developing nutrition programs for the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Electrophoresis gel image processing and analysis using the KODAK 1D software.

The present article reports on the performance of the KODAK 1D Image Analysis Software for the acquisition of information from electrophoresis experiments and highlights the utility of several mathematical functions for subsequent image processing, analysis, and presentation. Digital images of Coomassie-stained polyacrylamide protein gels containing molecular weight standards and ethidium bromide stained agarose gels containing DNA mass standards are acquired using the KODAK Electrophoresis Documentation and Analysis System 290 (EDAS 290). The KODAK 1D software is used to optimize lane and band identification using features such as isomolecular weight lines. Mathematical functions for mass standard representation are presented, and two methods for estimation of unknown band mass are compared. Given the progressive transition of electrophoresis data acquisition and daily reporting in peer-reviewed journals to digital formats ranging from 8-bit systems such as EDAS 290 to more expensive 16-bit systems, the utility of algorithms such as Gaussian modeling, which can correct geometric aberrations such as clipping due to signal saturation common at lower bit depth levels, is discussed. Finally, image-processing tools that can facilitate image preparation for presentation are demonstrated.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Auditory temporal resolution in specifically language-impaired and age-matched children.

Recently there has been renewed interest in the auditory processing capabilities of children with specific language impairment. In this study, eight children with specific language impairment and eight nonimpaired, age-matched peers completed a task to assess temporal resolution abilities. Children were asked to detect a tone in three masking conditions wherein the masker contained silent gaps of 0 msec., 40 msec., or 64 msec. in duration. Thresholds were measured in each masking condition at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz. Across the groups, thresholds decreased (improved) significantly as a function of increases in the duration of the gaps. Children in the two groups exhibited remarkably similar thresholds for the three masking conditions. However, children with specific language impairment required a significantly greater number of ascending trials to achieve the threshold criterion than did age-matched children. Results suggest that language-impaired children perceive temporal aspects of acoustic stimuli as well as their normally developing peers. Attentional mechanisms may play an important role in the difficulties they exhibit in auditory processing.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

Respiratory impairment induced by smoking in children in secondary schools.

A longitudinal study was carried out from 1975 to 1979 in a cohort of 405 secondary school children. At yearly intervals they underwent a series of tests of pulmonary function designed to monitor lung development; some of these tests are relatively sensitive indicators of early abnormalities. A self administered questionnaire provided details of smoking habits and respiratory symptoms. The prevalence of smoking increased with age; most of those smoking at 16 had already been smoking, at least experimentally, at 13. Taking up smoking was clearly associated with the early onset of cough, production of phlegm, and shortness of breath on exertion. After two years of smoking more than a few cigarettes a day the children who smoked appeared considerably less healthy than their non-smoking peers and showed some evidence of early obstruction of the airways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Deafness in a sociological context].

This article presents deafness in a social context and problems that deaf people have to establish a social network. Deaf people "grow into" the deaf community. We discuss the relationship between this deaf society and the surrounding community of hearing people and the influence of the latter upon the deaf community. The deaf society also function as a "therapy" in general for deaf people.

Deafness↗
PubMed2002

Long-term outcome and quality of life after the Swenson procedure for Hirschsprung's disease.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate long-term outcome and quality of life after the Swenson operation for rectosigmoid Hirschsprung's Disease (HD). METHODS: Forty-five patients who underwent the Swenson procedure for HD underwent follow-up for 8 to 16 years. Long-term outcome and quality of life were assessed by interviews and questionnaires including scoring systems. Forty-four healthy children with similar age, sex, and education level distributions used as controls. RESULTS: In 45 patients, 23 (51.1%) had bowel dysfunction. Seventeen patients (37.8%) suffered from fecal soiling. According to the clinical bowel function scoring system, the patients' scores (7.6 +/- 2.1) were significantly lower than those of the controls (11.4 +/- 0.6; P <.05). Because of poor fecal continence, 25 patients (55.7%) had to restrict their foods. School absence occurred in 6 (13.3%) patients. Seven patients (15.6%) had problems in peer relationships. According to the Quality-of-Life Scoring Criteria, 86.7% patients had good or fair quality of life. The patients' scores (7.7 +/- 2.9) were significantly lower than those of the controls (11.6 +/- 0.7; P <.05). And the scores of patients who had fecal soiling and incontinence (6.3 +/- 2.7) were significantly lower than those of patients without fecal soiling and incontinence (8.4 +/- 2.6; P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients had good or fair quality of life after surgical correction for HD, the long-term outcome and quality of life are not as good as surgeons expected. The bowel function and quality of life of the patients were poorer than those of healthy children. Fecal soiling is very common and affects patients' quality of life. Long-term regular follow-up is indispensable. Close attention should be paid to minimizing bowel dysfunction for patients with HD postoperatively to improve their quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Time-related changes in motor performance of the upper extremity ipsilateral to the side of the lesion in stroke survivors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine time-related changes in motor performance of daily tasks of the upper extremity ipsilateral to the side of lesion in poststroke hemiparetic patients. METHODS: Nine patients after an acute uniliteral cerebrovascular accident and 10 age-matched healthy controls were studied. Functional motor abilities of the upper extremity ipsilateral to side of lesion were examined over a 4-month time course, using validated measurement tools (Jebsen test of hand function, nine-hole peg test, and three functional activities of daily living). RESULTS: The results indicated a significant impairment in the motor function of the hand ipsilateral to the side of brain lesion in comparison with the matched extremity in control subjects. They also pointed to time-related improvement in performance speed, implying that the deterioration in the functional performance of the upper extremity on the uninvolved body side of poststroke hemiparetic patients is not static and may improve with time. The findings further suggested that the left hand of patients with an intact right cerebral hemisphere improves more than does the right hand of their peers whose left cerebral hemisphere is intact. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the small sample size and methodologic considerations, further and more extensive work is required to determine difference in improvement in motor abilities of the ipsilateral left versus the ipsilateral right upper extremities in stroke survivors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Peacemaking and consolation in Japanese preschoolers witnessing peer aggression.

This article reports developmental changes relating to reconciliation and bystanders' affiliation with victims of aggression (i.e., consolation) among 3- to 5-year-old Japanese preschool children. Use of the post-conflict-matched control (PC-MC) method revealed that the frequency with which reconciliation and consolation were offered to a victim increased steeply in 5-year-olds, compared with 3- and 4-year-olds. The complexity of contextual factors affecting the occurrence of reconciliation and the form of consolation increased with age. Consolation occurred more often before reconciliation than after among all but the 3-year-olds and occurred more often when no reconciliation occurred than when it did occur among all classes. These findings support the view that consolation functions as a substitute for reconciliation, lessening the tension experienced by the victim of aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Motherhood during the teen years: a developmental perspective on risk factors for childbearing.

The role of peer relations in childhood and behavioral and family characteristics in early adolescence as risk factors for adolescent childbearing was investigated. Sociometric surveys across third, fourth, and fifth grade and parent and child measures of behavioral and family functioning at sixth and eighth grade were collected in a lower income, urban sample of 308 African American females. Results replicated earlier findings on the role of childhood aggression as a predictor of teen motherhood. In addition, girls who displayed stable patterns of childhood aggression were at significantly higher risk not only to have children as teenagers but to have more children and to have children at younger ages. Results also indicated that females who were depressed in midadolescence were at greater risk to become parents between age 15 and 19 years. These findings demonstrate the need to take a differentiated approach to understanding teen childbearing and varying developmental pathways in the prediction of teen motherhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

School absence rates as outcome measures in studies of children with chronic illness.

Health care providers are caring for growing numbers of children with chronic illnesses and research on the effects of various interventions with these children are being increasingly published. Data from a variety of sources indicate that children with chronic illness miss more school than their healthy peers. The relative ease with which school attendance data can be obtained and analyzed and the implications of excessive school absence for children's academic performance, social adjustment, and ultimate capacity to function in society suggest that school absence rates deserve to be more broadly emphasized in research on chronic illness in childhood. Although school absence rates have not been widely used as outcome measures in such studies they do reflect a wide variety of aspects of children's health status and have been shown to be responsive to interventions with children with various physical and mental health problems. Since these rates reflect both health and non-health related factors it is important that investigators recognize the nonspecific nature of this measure and account for non-health related influences either by sampling or analytic techniques.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2005

Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents.

Breakfast has been labeled the most important meal of the day, but are there data to support this claim? We summarized the results of 47 studies examining the association of breakfast consumption with nutritional adequacy (nine studies), body weight (16 studies), and academic performance (22 studies) in children and adolescents. Breakfast skipping is highly prevalent in the United States and Europe (10% to 30%), depending on age group, population, and definition. Although the quality of breakfast was variable within and between studies, children who reported eating breakfast on a consistent basis tended to have superior nutritional profiles than their breakfast-skipping peers. Breakfast eaters generally consumed more daily calories yet were less likely to be overweight, although not all studies associated breakfast skipping with overweight. Evidence suggests that breakfast consumption may improve cognitive function related to memory, test grades, and school attendance. Breakfast as part of a healthful diet and lifestyle can positively impact children's health and well-being. Parents should be encouraged to provide breakfast for their children or explore the availability of a school breakfast program. We advocate consumption of a healthful breakfast on a daily basis consisting of a variety of foods, especially high-fiber and nutrient-rich whole grains, fruits, and dairy products.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Maltreatment, conscience functioning and dopamine beta hydroxylase in emotionally disturbed boys.

OBJECTIVE: Identify associations among early maltreatment, sufficiencies, and psychopathological interferences in the domains of conscience functioning and low serum dopamine beta hydroxylase activity. METHOD: Nineteen emotionally disturbed boys screened for maltreatment experiences were compared according to age at onset of maltreatment, enzyme activity, and their conscience functioning in the domain of moral valuation. They were also compared in conscience functions to 19 age and sex matched normal counterparts. RESULTS: Subjects who endured maltreatment prior to 36 months had developmental delays and interferences with functioning in more conscience domains than those who were either spared such experiences or who endured maltreatment later in life. Subjects with low enzyme activity had significantly more interference with authority and peer valuation than subjects with high enzyme activity. Greater interference with valuation was associated with lower enzyme activity and more frequent abuse prior to 36 months. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial sequelae of early maltreatment have been identified in the domains of conscience. An association has been established between pathological interference in the domain of moral valuation and a putative neurobiologic sequelae of early maltreatment. Implications for future research in the psychobiology of maltreatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model.

A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. Four prototypic attachment patterns are defined using combinations of a person's self-image (positive or negative) and image of others (positive or negative). In Study 1, an interview was developed to yield continuous and categorical ratings of the 4 attachment styles. Intercorrelations of the attachment ratings were consistent with the proposed model. Attachment ratings were validated by self-report measures of self-concept and interpersonal functioning. Each style was associated with a distinct profile of interpersonal problems, according to both self- and friend-reports. In Study 2, attachment styles within the family of origin and with peers were assessed independently. Results of Study 1 were replicated. The proposed model was shown to be applicable to representations of family relations; Ss' attachment styles with peers were correlated with family attachment ratings.

Adolescent↗