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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Visually impaired children's visual characteristics and intelligence.

The results are presented of the mentally normal, visually impaired, Braille-educated population of Dutch and Dutch-speaking Belgian children on verbal and non-verbal tests of intelligence and school achievement. The children were aged between six and 15 years old. Their visual characteristics were strongly inter-related and correlated similarly with the test scores. Colour perception did not contribute to the intelligence test score variation after controlling for near visual acuity. Congenital blindness had a positive influence on verbal memory and a negative influence on spatial ability.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Boys with Asperger's disorder, exceptional verbal intelligence, tics, and clumsiness.

Five boys with both Asperger's disorder and Tourette syndrome, exceptional verbal intelligence, and clumsiness are reported. Each presented at early elementary school age with a prominent complaint of social difficulties with peers. History was notable for a flapping stereotypy and the neurological examination revealed motor and/or vocal tics and numerous motor soft signs. Highly specialized interests were characteristics. Language prosody and/or pragmatics was impaired. Despite exceptional verbal intelligence, the children were not, according to their teachers and parents, faring well either socially or academically. Motor difficulties, manifested psychometrically as a significant performance IQ disadvantage, interfered with school performance and social adjustment. Tics, although not noted by parents in the clinical history, compounded their social difficulties. Asperger's disorder in these highly verbal children overlaps with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) on account of the socioemotional difficulties and stereotypies seen in both. Asperger's disorder and Tourette syndrome overlap in these children on account of the tics. Finally, Asperger's disorder and the right-hemisphere-based learning disorders overlap on account of the visuoperceptual and attentional deficits that can occur in both.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

Modern pacemakers: implantable artificial intelligence?

For over twenty years computer programs have been written for applications in cardiology. Approximately one decade ago the first Expert Systems using knowledge on cardiology were built. The use of Expert System shells enabled a breakthrough. Many systems were developed, each covering a small part of cardiology. In the pacing environment Expert Systems can be used to select the optimal pacemaker therapy or to analyze complex pacemaker electrocardiograms. With the help of these artificial intelligence techniques pacemakers can be designed, that behave in an intelligent way. Finally this knowledge representation enables the reproducible simulation of the heart-pacemaker interaction.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Association between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence in a sample of 304 Dutch families.

The CHRM2 gene is thought to be involved in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and feedback regulation of acetylcholine release and has previously been implicated in higher cognitive processing. In a sample of 667 individuals from 304 families, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRM2 gene on 7q31-35. From all individuals, standardized intelligence measures were available. Using a test of within-family association, which controls for the possible effects of population stratification, a highly significant association was found between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence. The strongest association was between rs324650 and performance IQ (PIQ), where the T allele was associated with an increase of 4.6 PIQ points. In parallel with a large family-based association, we observed an attenuated - although still significant - population-based association, illustrating that population stratification may decrease our chances of detecting allele-trait associations. Such a mechanism has been predicted earlier, and this article is one of the first to empirically show that family-based association methods are not only needed to guard against false positives, but are also invaluable in guarding against false negatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The relationship of intelligence and memory to interrogative suggestibility: the importance of range effects.

This paper looks at the relationship between intelligence, memory and interrogative suggestibility, particularly with reference to range effects. The subjects were 60 normal subjects and 100 forensic patients who had completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Clear range effects of IQ and memory were evident in their relationship with suggestibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Development of the Cambridge Contextual Reading Test for improving the estimation of premorbid verbal intelligence in older persons with dementia.

OBJECTIVES: The Cambridge Contextual Reading Test (CCRT), which sets the NART words within semantic and syntactic context, has been shown to yield a higher prediction of premorbid intelligence than the National Adult Reading Test (NART) for patients with mild/moderate dementia (Beardsall & Huppert, 1994). This study validates and standardizes the CCRT in a sample of healthy older persons. DESIGN: The CCRT was validated against WAIS-R verbal IQ (VIQ) and the Mill Hill Vocabulary Test (MHVT). Regression equations were used to compare predictions of WAIS-R VIQ from CCRT and demographic variables. A conversion table was constructed for predicted VIQ from the equation derived from CCRT scores. METHODS: Seventy-three healthy British older persons aged over 70 years completed the CCRT, NART, WAIS-R verbal subtests and MHVT. RESULTS: The benefit of context was greatest for those with lowest word reading ability. The CCRT was satisfactorily correlated with VIQ and the MHVT. Whereas the regression equation predicting VIQ using CCRT alone accounted for 61 per cent of the variance, 68 per cent was accounted for when demographic variables were included. CONCLUSIONS: The CCRT is a valid measure of verbal ability for older persons. When accurate information about years of full-time education is available, prediction of verbal intelligence should be made combining CCRT with demographic variables. Otherwise, prediction should be made using CCRT alone. The CCRT may be used in preference to NART in neuropsychological batteries with older persons provided caution is exercised when language difficulties are indicated.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Intelligence as an information-processing concept.

Attempts to relate information-processing capacities to intelligence test scores have had modest success when normal subjects are used but have been very successful in showing differences between extreme groups in information-processing capacity. This is illustrated by reviewing studies relating memory to verbal comprehension. The reason for these disparate results may be that in normal subjects individual competence may depend largely on differences in choice of a problem-solving strategy. Using sentence verification as an example, it is shown that information-processing and psychometric measures are in much closer correspondence when account is taken of one's problem-solving strategy. This, however, still leaves us with the problem of explaining positive manifold, i.e. the psychometric evidence for a concept of general intelligence. The relation between g and the idea of attentional resources is explored, by applying the dual task methodology to memory and reasoning tests. The results support the notion that g can be related to attentional resources.

Attention↗
PubMed1980

The significance for intelligence of differences in birth weight and health within monozygotic twin pairs.

This paper presents further evidence to demonstrate the existence of intra-uterine effects within the normal range of intelligence. The argument is then extended further to estimate the effects of organic factors in the environment that are also pathogenic for intelligence. The combination of these and intra-uterine effects is found to be a substantial part of the variance associated with environmental factors. Various implications of these factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The general intelligence and spatial abilities of gifted young Belgian chess players.

Thirty-three tournament-level young Belgian chess players aged 8 to 13 were tested with the French WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). The mean full scale IQ = 121, verbal IQ = 109 and performance IQ = 129. The results suggest that a high level of general intelligence and of spatial ability are necessary to achieve a high standard of play in chess. The high spatial ability of these young chess players suggested by the high performance IQs may go some way towards explaining why males tend to be more numerous than females among high-standard chess players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Intelligence, inspection time and cognitive strategies.

The use of apparent motion cues to guide discriminations on the inspection time (IT) task has been taken to imply the vulnerability of IT to strategic processes by higher IQ subjects, and the questionable generality of the IT/IQ correlation. The current study examined verbal and non-verbal intelligence, personality and IT in 74 young adults, using light-emitting diodes to present IT, obtaining perceptual self-reports during IT itself. Forty-three (58 per cent) subjects in the sample reported using motion cues to guide IT discriminations; these subjects had faster ITs than individuals who did not use motion cues (t = 2.97, p < .005; effect size = .73). Cue users did not have higher verbal or non-verbal IQ than non-users. Although cue users were lower in neuroticism than non-cue users, this did not account for their faster ITs. Slower IT correlated with lower scores on a measure of non-verbal intelligence (r = -0.41, p < .001); the size of this correlation remained similar when the sample was divided into groups reporting the use of motion cues or not. Thus, despite motion cues enhancing performance on an IT task, the perception of these cues neither causes, nor reduces, the correlation between IT and IQ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Using statistical decision theory to predict speech intelligibility. I. Model structure.

This article introduces a new model that predicts speech intelligibility based on statistical decision theory. This model, which we call the speech recognition sensitivity (SRS) model, aims to predict speech-recognition performance from the long-term average speech spectrum, the masking excitation in the listener's ear, the linguistic entropy of the speech material, and the number of response alternatives available to the listener. A major difference between the SRS model and other models with similar aims, such as the articulation index, is this model's ability to account for synergetic and redundant interactions among spectral bands of speech. In the SRS model, linguistic entropy affects intelligibility by modifying the listener's identification sensitivity to the speech. The effect of the number of response alternatives on the test score is a direct consequence of the model structure. The SRS model also appears to predict the differential effect of linguistic entropy on filter condition and the interaction between linguistic entropy, signal-to-noise ratio, and language proficiency.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2004

Using the Speech Transmission Index for predicting non-native speech intelligibility.

While the Speech Transmission Index (STI) is widely applied for prediction of speech intelligibility in room acoustics and telecommunication engineering, it is unclear how to interpret STI values when non-native talkers or listeners are involved. Based on subjectively measured psychometric functions for sentence intelligibility in noise, for populations of native and non-native communicators, a correction function for the interpretation of the STI is derived. This function is applied to determine the appropriate STI ranges with qualification labels ("bad"-"excellent"), for specific populations of non-natives. The correction function is derived by relating the non-native psychometric function to the native psychometric function by a single parameter (nu). For listeners, the nu parameter is found to be highly correlated with linguistic entropy. It is shown that the proposed correction function is also valid for conditions featuring bandwidth limiting and reverberation.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Developing a speech intelligibility test based on measuring speech reception thresholds in noise for English and Finnish.

A subjective test was developed suitable for evaluating the effect of mobile communications devices on sentence intelligibility in background noise. Originally a total of 25 lists, each list including 16 sentences, were developed in British English and Finnish to serve as the test stimuli representative of adult language today. The sentences, produced by two male and two female speakers, were normalized for naturalness, length, and intelligibility in each language. The sentence sets were balanced with regard to the expected lexical and phonetic distributions in the given language. The sentence lists are intended for adaptive measurement of speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in noise. In the verification of the test stimuli, SRTs were measured for ten subjects in Finnish and nine subjects in English. Mean SRTs were -2.47 dB in Finnish and -1.12 dB in English, with standard deviations of 1.61 and 2.36 dB, respectively. The mean thresholds did not vary significantly between the lists or the talkers after two lists were removed from the Finnish set and one from the English set. Thus the numbers of lists were reduced from 25 to 23 and 24, respectively. The statistical power of the test increased when thresholds were averaged over several sentence lists. With three lists per condition, the test is able to detect a 1.5-dB difference in SRTs with the probability of about 90%.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Experimental comparison between speech transmission index, rapid speech transmission index, and speech intelligibility index.

During the acoustical design of, e.g., auditoria or open-plan offices, it is important to know how speech can be perceived in various parts of the room. Different objective methods have been developed to measure and predict speech intelligibility, and these have been extensively used in various spaces. In this study, two such methods were compared, the speech transmission index (STI) and the speech intelligibility index (SII). Also the simplification of the STI, the room acoustics speech transmission index (RASTI), was considered. These quantities are all based on determining an apparent speech-to-noise ratio on selected frequency bands and summing them using a specific weighting. For comparison, some data were needed on the possible differences of these methods resulting from the calculation scheme and also measuring equipment. Their prediction accuracy was also of interest. Measurements were made in a laboratory having adjustable noise level and absorption, and in a real auditorium. It was found that the measurement equipment, especially the selection of the loudspeaker, can greatly affect the accuracy of the results. The prediction accuracy of the RASTI was found acceptable, if the input values for the prediction are accurately known, even though the studied space was not ideally diffuse.

Audiometry, Speech↗
PubMed2006

Auralization study of optimum reverberation times for speech intelligibility for normal and hearing-impaired listeners in classrooms with diffuse sound fields.

Speech-intelligibility tests auralized in a virtual classroom were used to investigate the optimal reverberation times for verbal communication for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adults. The idealized classroom had simple geometry, uniform surface absorption, and an approximately diffuse sound field. It contained a speech source, a listener at a receiver position, and a noise source located at one of two positions. The relative output levels of the speech and noise sources were varied, along with the surface absorption and the corresponding reverberation time. The binaural impulse responses of the speech and noise sources in each classroom configuration were convolved with Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) and babble-noise signals. The resulting signals were presented to normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adult subjects to identify the configurations that gave the highest speech intelligibilities for the two groups. For both subject groups, when the speech source was closer to the listener than the noise source, the optimal reverberation time was zero. When the noise source was closer to the listener than the speech source, the optimal reverberation time included both zero and nonzero values. The results generally support previous theoretical results.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1982

Speech intelligibility in noise: effects of fluency and hearing protector type.

This research investigated the effect of car protectors on the intelligibility of speech in noise. Listeners with normal hearing, high-frequency, and flat loss were tested. Half the subjects in each group were fluent in English and half-poorly conversant. Taped lists of 25 words were presented free field under conditions defined by the speech-to-noise ratio, spectrum of noise background, and presence of ear protection. The results showed that intelligibility decreased with speech-to-noise ratio and was poorer in crowd noise than in white noise. The protector had no effect for the normal listener, but caused a substantial decrement in those with impairment. In all groups nonfluency contributed an additional loss of 10% to 20%. Significant differences in performance were noted for different muff and plug types.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The intelligibility of sentences in quiet and in noise in aged listeners.

The monaural speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and under four noise conditions for 80 male subjects (age 60-90) and 30 female subjects (age 71-89). The noise levels used were 28, 43, 58, and 73 dBA. The noise had the long-term average spectrum of speech. It is shown that a model developed by Plomp [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 533-549 (1978)], which interprets any hearing loss for speech (SHL) as a combination of a loss of class A (attenuation of both speech and noise) and a loss of class D (distortion of the sound signals), enables one to make an accurate description of the SRT values measured. Fitting this model, for each individual, to the SRT data yielded values for SHL in quiet (= A + D) and in noise (= D). These individual SHL values were studied in relation to one another and in relation to such parameters as the pure-tone average (PTA), the Fletcher Index (FI), and the increment in intelligibility score per dB near SRT. It was found that (1) subjects with the same SHL in quiet may differ considerably in their SHL in noise; (2) for an individual, PTA and FI are inaccurate measures for predicting SHL in quiet and in noise, and (3) the higher an individual's SHL in noise, the lower is the increase per dB of the intelligibility score for sentences in noise.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Speech intelligibility studies in classrooms.

Speech intelligibility tests and acoustical measurements were made in ten occupied classrooms. Octave-band measurements of background noise levels, early decay times, and reverberation times, as well as various early/late sound ratios, and the center time were obtained. Various octave-band useful/detrimental ratios were calculated along with the speech transmission index. The interrelationships of these measures were considered to evaluate which were most appropriate in classrooms, and the best predictors of speech intelligibility scores were identified. From these results ideal design goals for acoustical conditions for classrooms were determined either in terms of the 50-ms useful/detrimental ratios or from combinations of the reverberation time and background noise level.

Adolescent↗