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PubMedDate not supplied

Suicidal behaviours among adolescents in northern Nova Scotia.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the 12-month prevalence of suicidal behaviours by gender and to investigate the gender-specific factors associated with suicidal behaviours and to describe health service utilization by suicidal adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The baseline data of the Adolescent Health Study conducted in northern Nova Scotia were used. RESULTS: Female students were more likely to report suicidal behaviours than male students (p < 0.005). There was no gender difference in injurious suicide attempts. Depression was the strongest risk factor for suicidal behaviours in the two genders (p < 0.005). Female students who reported drug use and living in a non-intact family were at higher risk of suicide attempts. Low self-esteem was positively associated with suicidal ideation and suicide planning among male students. Suicidal girls were more likely to seek professional help for emotional disturbance than boys. Family doctors were the most frequently contacted professional by suicidal adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Some factors associated with suicidal behaviours among adolescents may be gender specific. Suicidal behaviours have been considered a depressive symptom. Most suicidal students, however, had not contacted a health professional for an emotional problem in this population. This presents challenges for prevention of suicidal behaviours among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Behaviour at 2 years of age in very preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks).

AIM: The objective of this study was to determine behavioural outcome and risk factors for abnormal behaviour at 2 y corrected age in very premature infants in a regionally defined, prospective cohort study. METHODS: The Leiden Follow-Up Project on Prematurity includes all liveborn infants of < 32 wk gestational age, born in 1996/1997 (n = 266). Behaviour was assessed with the Child Behaviour Checklist 2-3. RESULTS: An analysis of 158 questionnaires of 206 survivors (77%) was carried out. Fourteen children (9%) had a total problem score > p90 ("clinical range"). This percentage is comparable with the 10% found in a sample of 2- to 3-y-olds from the Dutch general population. Univariate analysis showed higher syndrome scale scores in one or more of the Child Behaviour Checklist scales in children of lower gestational age, small for gestational age (birthweight < p10), with neurological abnormalities at term or at 2 y and of non-Dutch origin. Lower socioeconomic status and postnatal treatment with dexamethasone were associated with higher scores in the somatic problems scale and lower maternal age at birth with a higher total problem score. After correction for confounding variables, the associations between small for gestational age, neurological abnormalities at 2 y and the anxious/depressed and/or withdrawn scales remained significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of behavioural problems at 2 y corrected age in this cohort of very premature infants (gestational age < 32 wk) was comparable with that in a general population sample. Children born small for gestational age or with neurological abnormalities at 2 y of age had higher syndrome scale scores, mainly for anxious/depressed and/or withdrawn behaviour.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Private speech in preschool children: developmental stability and change, across-task consistency, and relations with classroom behaviour.

This study examined (a) developmental stability and change in children's private speech during the preschool years, (b) across-task consistency in children's self-speech, and (c) across-setting relations between children's private speech in the laboratory and their behaviour at home and in the preschool classroom. A group of 32 normally developing three- and four-year-old children was observed twice (six month interobservation interval) while engaging in the same individual problem-solving tasks. Measures of private speech were collected from transcribed videotapes. Naturalistic observations of children's behaviour in the preschool classroom were conducted, and teachers and parents reported on children's behaviour at home and school. Individual differences in preschool children's private speech use were generally stable across tasks and time and related to children's observed and reported behaviour at school and home. Children whose private speech was more partially internalized had fewer externalizing behaviour problems and better social skills as reported by parents and teachers. Children whose private speech was largely task-irrelevant engaged in less goal-directed behaviour in the classroom, expressed more negative affect in the classroom, and rated as having poorer social skills and more behaviour problems. Developmental change occurred during the preschool years in children's use and internalization of private speech during problem-solving in the form of a reduction over time in the total number of social speech utterances, a decrease in the average number of words per utterance, and an increase in the proportion of private speech that was partially internalized.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

The effect of different dental health programmes on young adult individuals. A longitudinal evaluation of knowledge and behaviour including cost aspects.

The goal of this study was to report the long-term effect of different dental health programmes on young adult individuals' knowledge and behaviour relative to oral health. Over a 3 years period, the effect of three different dental health programmes on caries, gingivitis/periodontitis, and knowledge and behaviour concerning oral health in 400 Swedish young adults was evaluated. During the following 2 years, additional prophylactic measures--now based on the individual's symptoms and the prophylaxis previously received--were conducted and evaluated. Five years later still one follow-up was made. The evaluations were based on clinical and radiographic examinations and on a questionnaire survey whose purpose was to study the short- and long-term effects of the different preventive measures, including cost aspects. At the end of the 3 years period, the three test groups exhibited better knowledge and significantly improved behaviour compared with the control group concerning approximal cleaning, from approximately 50% of the individuals at the baseline examination to approximately 90% at the end of the period. Improvement was observed as early as the first year. There were no differences between the test groups. The intensified, individual-related prophylaxis carried out in the following 2 years did not significantly increase knowledge in the test groups; a significant increase in approximal cleaning, however, was found in the control group during this time. At the 10-year follow-up, the individuals' knowledge was undiminished while behaviour concerning approximal cleaning had sunk from 90% to approximately 70% of the individuals. A slight behavioural change concerning number of snacks was found in the course of the study with a shift towards fewer snacks per day. In conclusion, it can be said that simple prophylactic models have an effect on and maintain young adult individuals' knowledge and behaviour concerning oral health and that new knowledge is remembered for long periods of time while changes in behaviour are maintained less well. Moreover, it was found that the scope of the prophylactic programme measured in time and cost had little effect on the long-term result.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Can the behavioural phenotype of fragile X syndrome be attributed to mental retardation and to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?].

INTRODUCTION: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) reveals itself as dysmorphic stigmata, systemic manifestations, neurological symptoms and cognitive-behavioural manifestations. Mental retardation (MR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) nearly always appear as examples of this last case, but most patients also present a series of fairly common behavioural characteristics. The most characteristic types of conduct seen in FXS include: language problems, lack of attention, hyperactivity, anxiety, shyness, behavioural problems, stereotypical hand flapping, gaze aversion, obstinacy and aggressiveness. AIMS: The purpose of this work is to determine which behavioural aspects of the syndrome are linked to the genetic specificity and are not, therefore, determined by MR and ADHD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three groups of patients were compared: 30 children diagnosed as suffering from FXS, 30 children with MR caused by diverse aetiologies and 323 children diagnosed as suffering from ADHD. RESULTS: It was found that there were no significant differences between the IQ and the age of the FXS and MR groups. To determine the behavioural characteristics of the three groups the parents of the patients answered Achenbach's CBCL/4-18 survey. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that certain types of conduct that are very typical of FXS are represented significantly more frequently in the FXS group than in the groups of patients with MR and ADHD. This behaviour includes: timidity, attachment to adults, shyness, repetition of certain actions over and over again, pronunciation and speech problems, fear of animals, situations or places, and concern for tidiness and cleanliness. These findings lend support to the idea that the behavioural phenotype of FXS is linked to the genetic disorder and is not, therefore, a consequence of MR or ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Early motherhood and disruptive behaviour in the school-age child.

AIM: To determine the significance of young maternal age, family adversity and maternal behaviour during mother-toddler interaction in the prediction of child disruptive behaviour at age eight. METHODS: From an ongoing longitudinal study of infants at risk for later psychopathology (n = 362), 72 young mothers aged between 15 and 24 y (median 22 y) at first birth were compared with 197 primiparous older mothers ranging in age from 25 to 41 y (median 29 y). Family adversity at childbirth was assessed using a modified version of Rutter's Family Adversity Index (FAI) and measures of child disruptive behaviour at age eight were obtained using Achenbach's Teacher Report Form (TRF). An observational procedure was used to assess maternal behaviour during mother-child interaction at the age of 2 y. RESULTS: Young mothers encountered more adverse family characteristics and were more inadequate, restrictive and more negative during interaction with their toddlers. Their school-aged children showed higher scores on all disruptive behaviour scales of the TRF. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that family adversity and maternal behaviour during toddler interaction could account for most of the association between early motherhood and child disruptive behaviour. CONCLUSION: The impact of young motherhood on child mental health is not confined to teenage mothers and is mainly attributed to psychosocial and interactional factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Perception of peers' behaviour regarding sexual health decision making among female undergraduates in Anambra State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: High-risk sexual behaviours are prevalent in tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria, but little is known about the social influences that bear on the reproductive health decision-making and behaviour of the undergraduates. On the other hand, perceptions regarding the behaviour and influence of peers have been documented to be key social factors associated with reproductive health behaviour of young people. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the perception of Nigerian female undergraduate about sexual behaviours of their peers and the type of influence their peers tend to exert on them. METHOD: The study was cross-sectional in nature and involved 588 randomly selected unmarried female undergraduates in two tertiary institutions in Anambra state, Nigeria. The study instrument was a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using Epi-Info statistical package. RESULTS: Three-quarters of respondents were between 15 and 24 years and the majority were from homes with formally educated parents (91.2 % of mothers and 93.9 % of fathers). Regarding sexual behaviour, 80.1% of respondents indicated that their age mates were already sexually active, and 92 % indicated that most of their friends had regular sexual partners. The use of condoms by sexually active friends was reported by 58.5 % of respondents. Almost half (47.1 %) of respondents indicated that they were under pressure by friends to engage in pre-marital sex, and 22.1 % indicated that the pressure was moderate or severe in degree. However, 64.6 % of respondents indicated that they would receive moderate or lots of support for their friends if they made the decision to abstain from sex. CONCLUSION: Perception of sexual behaviour of peers and the nature of the pressure that peers exert support pre-marital sex. It appears peers would also respect and support the decision of those that choose to practice sexual abstinence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Disability due to mental and behavioural disorders in Iceland.].

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of disability in Iceland on December 1st 2002 due to mental and behavioural disorders according to gender, place of residence and marital status and main subcategories. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The disability register of the State Social Security Institute was used to obtain information on the number, gender, age, place of residence, marital status and main diagnosis of recipients of disability pension. From Statistics Iceland the same information was obtained for the Icelandic population between the age of 16 and 66. RESULTS: The prevalence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders was 2.32% for females and 1.98% for males. For males receiving disability pension the proportion having mental disorders as the main cause of disability was larger than for females. Among females the most common cause of disability was mood disorders whereas among males it was schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders. Most of those with schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders in Iceland receive full disability pension. The prevalence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders was significantly higher in the capital region than in the rest of the country. Marriage and registered co-habitation was considerably less common among recipients of disability pension due to mental and behavioural disorders than among the nation in general. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders in the capital region is in excess of what is to be expected from the prevalence of these disorders and from disability in general in Iceland. The relatively high prevalence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders among males is in line with epidemiological data. The prevalence of disability due to mental and behavioural disorders in Iceland has been rising. This needs to be addressed by improving vocational rehabilitation programs for those suffering from these disorders.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2006

Social behaviour and mood in everyday life: the effects of tryptophan in quarrelsome individuals.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that increasing brain serotonin in healthy individuals with high scores on 2 self-report measures of trait quarrelsomeness would reduce quarrelsome behaviours and enhance agreeable behaviours when measured ecologically using an event-contingent recording method. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind crossover study, in which participants took tryptophan (3 g/d) and placebo for 15 days each and recorded how they behaved, felt and perceived others during everyday social interactions. RESULTS: Tryptophan significantly decreased quarrelsome behaviours and increased agreeable behaviours and perceptions of agreeableness. Men also behaved less dominantly, whereas both men and women perceived others as more dominant. CONCLUSION: Tryptophan's effects on behaviours and perceptions, while more marked in the men, were generally positive and accompanied by improved affect. Increasing serotonin in quarrelsome people may not only reduce behaviours associated with a predisposition to various mental and physical disorders but also enhance socially constructive behaviours and improve social perceptions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Qualitative study of oral health norms and behaviour among elderly people in Scotland.

This study was undertaken to examine oral health norms and behaviour among elderly people in Scotland. Qualitative methodology in the form of informal group discussions was used. The study population comprised 9 groups of 6-8 respondents aged 65 years and over, selected according to the quota criteria of sex, social class, level of dependency and oral health status. All groups were recruited by a professional market research interviewer, using a random route procedure. Discussions were conducted under the guidance of an experienced group moderator and tape recorded. Each group discussion lasted between 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 hours. The results showed that oral and denture hygiene was a sensitive issue and part of individual routine behaviour which most respondents were reluctant to change. Tooth loss was expected and accepted as part of a natural ageing process. Dental visits were regarded as problem-solving behaviour; self-care was preferred to professional care; non-attendance was explained by no perceived need, low interest, fear or expected high cost. Health was seen in an illness context or in a positive lifestyle context and not associated with oral health. The main conclusions were: oral health behaviour was characterised either as personal routine behaviour or as problem-solving behaviour. Tooth loss was expected. Oral health was perceived as unrelated to general health. The elderly saw no incentive or reason to change these norms and behaviours.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Precopulatory behaviour of male rats: developmental aspects and dependence on female's solicitation.

Sexual communication between sex partners can involve just one sensory modality or a combination, depending upon such factors as species, habitat, and context. Ethological aspects of sexual communication has been widely documented in rodents. In rats, sexual communication between male and female varies according to the production of signals by a female that signal receptivity, proceptivity, and attractivity. However, in the laboratory experiment, such approach is often neglected. In the present study, two types of stimulus female--Lordotic and Darting--were used with the aim to examine developmental changes in precopulatory behaviour of males. Besides the dependence of the male's precopulatory repertoire on the strength of proceptive stimuli emitted by the female was studied. Male rats ranging from 30 to 175 days of age were observed under the dyadic interaction. It was found: (a) Precopulatory behaviour of the 30-day-old males was not clear-cut, the males devoted more time to social investigation of adult (Darting) female. (b) All the 40-day-old males exhibited precopulatory behaviour in the range of the repertoire displayed by adult animals. (c) Precopulatory activity of juvenile (45-day-old) as well as of adult (90-day-old) males exposed to Lordotic female was significantly lower as compared with that exhibited by males toward Darting female. (d) Copulatory readiness of males increased with the age, in fact, all animals aged from 75-135 day were able to pass from the precopulatory into the copulatory phase of sexual interaction. (e) Although the 175-day-old males exhibited pronounced precopulatory activity, they did not initiate copulations. The implications of each of these findings are discussed from the point of view of both the developmental aspects and the stimulus-response relationships. To sum up, the development of normal flow of sexual behaviour of male rats proceeds simultaneously with the development of physiological and morphological parameters. The appearance of precopulatory behaviour is less dependent on the internal (hormonal) readiness than copulatory behaviour. The connection of both phases, i.e. precopulatory and copulatory, is terminated at about Day 75, and is the key moment of sexual interaction from the point of view of reproductive success. In fact, a successful course of sexual interaction is codetermined by the intensity of behavioural stimuli and/or by the completeness of proceptive patterns provided by the female partner. It is clear that the reproductive process cannot be completed without some degree of communication. The deterioration of sexual interaction found in males aged 175 day seems to be the consequence of their absolute heterosexual abstinence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1986

The behavioural approach in medical practice.

This paper gives a description of the behavioural approach, behaviour therapy, and behavioural medicine in a medical and general hospital setting and describes the intimate link between behaviour and illness, showing how knowledge of the way learning takes place and influences behaviour can lead to a better understanding of the aetiology of illness and thus to appropriate treatment. A behavioural approach can be applied to the understanding and treatment of medical problems associated with sphincteric disturbances, such as childhood encopresis and urinary retention, as well as to the improvement of patient compliance and to the better management of pain. In the field of preventive medicine this approach is of importance in modifying behaviour associated with cardiovascular disorders, obesity, and smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on neonatal sleep-wake behaviour and adult alcohol consumption in the AA and ANA rat lines.

To study the role of genetic factors in the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on behaviour, dams of two rat lines developed to differ in voluntary alcohol intake, alcohol-preferring (AA) and alcohol-avoiding (ANA) rats were given a 5-10% alcohol solution mixed with a 1% sucrose solution as a sole drinking liquid throughout gestation. Sleep-wake behaviour of the offspring was studied at the ages of 7, 14 and 20 days, using a movement-sensitive mattress. In ANA rats, sleep recordings showed that prenatal alcohol exposure increased the percentage of waking but decreased the percentage of active sleep. Sleep-wake behaviour of the AA rats was not affected by alcohol exposure in utero. Prenatal alcohol exposure did not change open field behaviour in 1 month old rats, except that the alcohol-exposed AA rats' defaecation was decreased. When rats were 3 months old, voluntary intake of 10% (v/v) alcohol increased for alcohol-exposed ANA rats and decreased for alcohol-exposed AA rats as compared to the controls. The results indicate that AA rats may compensate for the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on behaviour, whereas offspring of the alcohol-exposed ANA dams suffer from severe behavioural disturbances. These findings further suggest that genetic factors are responsible for the differences in the susceptibility of rat foetuses to alcohol-induced long-term effects on behaviour.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1979

Hypothalamic hormones and behaviour.

In recent years evidence has accumulated that hypothalamic hormones may influence behaviour directly, independently of their hypophysiotropic effects. Such a dual role has also been shown for several peptide hormones of pituitary and peripheral origin. The present synopsis is concerned with the effects of neuropeptides on spontaneous behaviour, acquired responses in certain psychological test situations, and drug-induced behavioural effects. A growing body of evidence suggests, that neuropeptides are involved in different behavioural processes. Some peptides selectively influence behaviours such as feeding, drinking, sexual responses etc. Other neuropeptides seem to influence behaviour by acting on processes which are a common integral part of the production of behaviour, namely the ability to receive environmental stimuli, to consolidate, retain and retrieve information. The insight into these mechanisms is important for the understanding of mental disturbances and in order to find specific therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Visually guided behaviour of cats in the absence of retino-geniculo-cortical pathways.

Visually guided behaviour was studied in cats after various lesions of the central nervous system in order to obtain further information about the functional capacity and developmental plasticity of subcortical visual areas. Hemidecortications were made in all cats either within 5 days of birth (neonatal) or more than one year after birth (adult). In addition the optic chiasm was transected at another time in some cats, or the optic tract contralateral to the hemidecortication in the other cats. Visual behaviour was investigated with several tests: Locomotion among obstacles (free field). Search for openings of chambers (labyrinth). Jumping from/between boxes of different heights (jumpbox). Object vision and visual field (fish-picking cage). Visual learning (T-maze). Pupillary light reactions. Visual placing reactions. Reactions to moving visual stimuli. The hemidecortications caused different visual defects for the adults and the neonatals, which in addition showed varying prominence depending on type of test. All cats showed defects which were caused by hemianopia. Less defects were found in the free field, labyrinth and jumpbox tests for the neonatals compared to the adults. The difference is attributed to a better ability of the neonatals to utilize subcortical visual areas for visual orientation in space. The subsequent optic chiasm or optic tract sections permitted comparison between the functional capacity of crossed and uncrossed retinal fibres to subcortical structures. The uncrossed fibres were found to be unable to maintain any visually guided behaviour even for the above described neonatals. It appears likely that the better vision of the neonatally hemidecorticated cats was mediated via crossed retinal fibres to subcortical structures. It was eventually possible to demonstrate visually guided behaviour which was mediated via subcortical structures also in the adult hemidecorticated cats in the T-maze. The residual vision consisted of an ability to discriminate contrast differences. The present findings emphasize the potential functional importance of subcortical visual areas in the cat, especially after early brain damage. The differential findings from the different tests have shown the limitations of single test investigations. The presence of learnt visual behaviour in the absence of spontaneous visual behaviour for individual animals of this study advocates for greater use of spontanous behaviour for investigations of visual defects caused by brain lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacological studies on serotonin-mediated behaviour.

1. Administration to rats of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (for example tranylcypromine: Tcp) followed by L-tryptophan increases the rate of synthesis and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and results in a series of behavioural changes, some of which can be recorded on activity meters or scored. Various putative 5-HT agonists and the releasing drugs, fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine, also produce these changes. 2. A supersensitive behavioural response was produced by specific lesioning or p-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment and lesioning and sectioning experiments suggested several of the behaviours to be either hind-brain or spinally mediated. 3. A role for dopamine and GABA in the behaviour was demonstrated, but depletion of brain noradrenaline by specific lesioning or administration of disulfiram did not influence the behavioural changes. 4. The behaviour produced by administration of Tcp/L-tryptophan or 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyl tryptamine was inhibited by the suggested 5-HT antagonists, methysergide, methergoline and (--)-propranolol, but not by cinanserin, mianserin and cyproheptadine, other putative antagonists. In contrast, all the antagonists inhibited the behaviour when it was produced by injection of the agonist, quipazine. 5. The possible reasons for these differences is discussed in the light of the receptor binding characteristics of the drugs and the possible existence of different 5-HT receptor populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The welfare of confined sows: physiological, behavioural and production responses to contrasting housing systems and handler attitudes.

Experiments on individual and group housing, and the effects of man-animal interactions on the physiological, behavioural, productive and reproductive responses of pigs demonstrate first, that chronic stress can be measured in the pig, and second, the interactive nature of these responses. The effects of housing pigs in tethers, pairs, a group indoors, a yard and a paddock outdoors on their behaviour and physiology determined at intervals over 12 months showed that pigs housed in pairs exhibited a chronic stress response, evidenced by altered adrenal function. Behaviourally these pigs spent more time lying alone than pigs in other treatments, and there was a significant regression between lying alone behaviour and free corticosteroid levels. There was a similarity between treatments in the occurrences of active, inactive and resting behaviours and of various active behaviours. While the occurrence of inappropriate behaviours such as champing, biting and excessive manipulation of drinkers was generally low, it was higher in pigs housed indoors, particularly the tether and pair treatments. A comparison of the two most contrasting environments (tethers and paddock) showed no clear welfare advantage to housing dry, adult pigs in a more extensive (natural) environment.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1984

The identification of behavioural key features and their incorporation into a housing design for pigs.

An ethological approach is presented which aims at meeting the welfare requirements of domestic pigs by satisfying their motivations and behavioural needs. Based on the causation of behaviour, welfare may be defined by motivational balance and behavioural needs by environmental and behavioural key features that are essential for the performance of behavioural sequences. Ethological minimum requirements were determined from observations of adult and juvenile large-white pigs in semi-natural enclosures, in increasingly restricted and in conventional conditions. Obligatory features in the environment which consistently enabled the pigs to perform their frequent or regular sequences of behaviour were the design factors for the enriched pens. Each is composed of a nesting, an activity and a rooting area and includes a corridor connecting 4 neighbouring pens. Such an unit houses 4 familiar sows with their fattening offspring, a boar and replacements. Basic features of social structure of the outdoor reference groups were maintained in such pig families. The social contacts in stable family groups enhance the synchrony of heats and lactational oestrus. Thus 2.3 litters/year may be obtained if sows are well fed before mating. As there is no weaning check, the growers reach bacon weight for market around 155 days of age. The system shows, what basic ethological research may contribute to reach practical housing conditions which meet the main behavioural requirements of a species.

Animals↗