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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Kinetics of peripheral blood stem cell collection in large-volume leukapheresis for pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy and adult patients before chemotherapy.

The present study investigated the kinetics involved in collection CD34+ cells and colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophages (CFU-GMs) during large-volume leukapheresis (LVL) in pediatric patients with malignancies and attempted to correlate the number of cells with the processed blood volume. In addition, adult cases were also examined using the same continuous flow blood cell separator to investigate the difference between children and adults. We examined 5 pediatric patients who had undergone chemotherapy before apheresis and 3 adult patients who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy following apheresis. Collection was performed using a continuous-flow blood cell separator. Patients received granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), except in the case of acute myelocytic leukemia. The processed blood volume was set to approximately 300 ml in children and 500 ml/kg of body weight in adults and the leukapheresis component was collected when approximately 50 ml of blood was processed. Six sequential samples were taken from each component in pediatric patients and 10 sequential samples from adults to obtain CD34+ cells and CFU-GMs. Counts of mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34+ cells in peripheral blood were measured just before and after each apheresis. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet counts in peripheral blood were monitored during apheresis. A total of 11 collections were performed for pediatric patients. The mean total CD34+ cells and CFU-GMs in each fractionated yield did not show a remarkable increase with increasing volume of blood processed. In adults, the kinetics of CD34+ cells in each fractionated yield were determined on a continuous basis and CFU-GMs increased during the course of apheresis. In pediatric patients, circulating MNCs and CD34+ cells were stable during apheresis, whereas in adult patients these cells decreased in the peripheral blood after apheresis. In both pediatric and adult patients, the platelet count in the peripheral blood decreased after apheresis. In contrast to adults, in pediatric patients who had been undergone chemotherapy, the collection efficiency did not appear to increase with increased volume of blood processed. Moreover, there was a marked platelet reduction in peripheral blood following apheresis. We conclude that the kinetics of collecting PBSCs by continuous flow blood cell separator is different between pediatric cases and adults cases. The application of LVL may be prudent in some children with malignancies, including those with a low platelet count and low body weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Source localization from axial image sets by iterative relaxation of the nearest neighbor criterion.

The use of axial image sets has become widely used to localize interstitial brachytherapy sources. One application of this method of localization is to perform post-implant dosimetry following transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy (TIPPB) where the target structure and the source locations are displayed on the same image. The design of an appropriate scanning sequence often results in abutting slices of an intermediate slice width (3, 4, or 5 mm). Because a single source may be imaged on more than one slice, the resultant scans always show many more source locations than actual sources implanted. The physicist is then faced with the tedious task of determining which sources appear on more than one slice and deciding which source locations to eliminate from the data set. We have developed an algorithm, similar to one employed by Roy et al., which automates this process by relaxing the nearest neighbor criterion until the number of sources is reduced to either the number of sources implanted or the number counted on a projection radiograph. This paper details this algorithm and the results of its application to phantom studies, comparing to known source locations, as well as clinical studies, comparing to orthogonal film source localization, on a series of ten patients. Phantom studies demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm over orthogonal film reconstruction, locating 100% of the sources within 5 mm of the actual location as compared to 66% for the paired radiographs. The clinical study findings are commensurate with these results, with 72% of the sources on average located within 5 mm of the corresponding source in the other data set. The positive correlation of the quality of the orthogonal film reconstruction results with the quality of the coregistration results suggests that differences in registration between the two data sets may be due primarily to the uncertainties in the orthogonal film reconstruction.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

A new approach for treatment of deep skin infections by an ethosomal antibiotic preparation: an in vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: Dermal and subdermal bacterial infections, caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus, are currently treated by systemic antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate a new approach to treat deep skin and soft tissue bacterial infections by dermal application of erythromycin in an ethosomal carrier. METHODS: A model for deep dermal S. aureus infection in mice was developed. The efficiency of ethosomal erythromycin applied to the skin-infected site was compared with intraperitoneal erythromycin administration and with local application of hydroethanolic erythromycin solution. The parameters evaluated were the development of dermal wound, histological sections and bacterial count of the infected tissue. RESULTS: The in vivo experiments demonstrated a very efficient healing of S. aureus-induced deep dermal infections when the mice were treated with ethosomal erythromycin. Bacterial counts and histological evaluation of the skin treated with ethosomal antibiotic revealed no bacterial growth and normal skin structure. On the contrary, no subdermal healing was observed in infected animals treated with topical hydroethanolic erythromycin solution. In this group, animals developed deep dermal abscesses and the dermal structures were destroyed where S. aureus colonies were present. Bacterial counts of the infected tissues were 1.06 x 10(7) and 0.27 x 10(7) cfu/g of tissue, respectively, on days 7 and 10. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with ethosomal erythromycin applied to the skin of S. aureus-infected mice was as effective as systemically administered erythromycin, suggesting a new possibility to treat deep dermal infections by local application of antibiotic in ethosomal carrier.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hair medullary cell counts following low-dose-rate gamma- and high-energy neutron irradiation.

Young adult Balb/c mice with hair follicles synchronously in the middle of the hair growth cycle received whole-body or partial-body doses of gamma-radiation or neutron radiation. The hair follicles were analysed either 3 days after irradiation in the dose-response experiments, or at various times after a constant dose in the time-course experiments, for changes in the number of cells in the forming medulla of the hair in the region just above the germinal matrix of the growing (anagen) hair follicle. Time-course experiments showed that 3 days after irradiating growing follicles (2 or 4 Gy of gamma-rays or 1 or 2 Gy of neutrons), the maximum reduction in the hair medullary cell count (HMCC) was observed. Survival curves were obtained for gamma-rays over a range of dose-rates (4.0-0.0023 Gy/min) using total doses between 0.5 and 5.0 Gy. A survival curve was also obtained for 62 MeV neutrons at a dose-rate of 0.31 Gy/min and doses of 0.1-2.0 Gy. The D0 for the HMCC dose-response curve following caesium gamma-irradiation at 4.0 Gy/min was 2.1 +/- 0.2 Gy with n = 1.7 +/- 0.2. The dose-response curve for low-dose-rate gamma-rays was best fitted by a simple exponential function with no evidence of a shoulder. The D0 was 3.0 +/- 0.1 Gy at a dose-rate of 0.04 Gy/min. The data for 62 MeV neutrons (at 0.35 Gy/min) had a small but significant shoulder n = 1.5 +/- 0.1 and a D0 of 1.0 +/- 0.1 Gy. These data further illustrate the sensitivity of this assay and its potential application as a biological dosimeter.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Leukocyte mobilization induced by hypervolemia is due to a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor activation.

A phenomenon of leukocytosis induced by hypervolemic stress was discovered. Although a single injection of 350 microl of saline (equivalent to approx. 70 ml in humans, 1 ml/kg of body weight) did not have an effect on the leukocyte counts in long-term intravenously cannulated, freely behaving rats, a single injection of 750 microl of saline (equivalent to approx. 150 ml in humans, 2.1 ml/kg) induced rapid leukocytosis of 160% within 1 minute followed by a gradual increase up to 180% after 1 hour. Measurement of serum norepinephrine concentration revealed a significant increase in rats of the hypervolemic group, compared with those of the low volume group. Pretreatment with either the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist nadolol or the selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine prevented both leukocyte peaks in the high volume group, suggesting a combined receptor activation. This critical dependence of leukocyte counts on changes in blood volume should be taken into consideration in experiments with laboratory animals (the quantity of volume applications can falsify results of experiments).

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2005

Processing and cryopreservation for 1963 units of human umbilical cord blood.

The study was aimed to establish a standard procedure for human umbilical cord blood bank. The hematopoietic nucleated cells in cord blood were processed by using sedimentation and centrifugation method. After finishing CD34(+) cell counting, hematopoietic progenitor cell assay, microbial culture, infectious disease test and HLA typing, cord blood units were stored in the liquid nitrogen for further application. The results showed that nucleated cells of cord blood were (10.94 +/- 2.74) x 10(8) per unit; recovery rate of nucleated cells was (79.82 +/- 17.76)%. CD34(+) cells in cord blood were counted as (51.62 +/- 30.53) x 10(5) per unit. Eight units of cord blood were thawed after two years of cryopreservation, the recovery rate of nucleated cells, CD34(+) cells and CFU-GM were (91.4 +/- 6.0)%, (84.6 +/- 20.0)% and (85.8 +/- 14.9)% respectively. It is suggested that the methods and procedure reported for processing and cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the human umbilical cord blood is effective.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed1989

Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid organic anions: review of biokinetics and clinical application in hepatology.

Technetium-99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid analogs are a new class of organic anions, taken up and secreted by hepatocyte into hepatic bile by a carrier-mediated organic anion pathway. They provide a new dimension in the assessment of pathophysiology and morphology of the hepatobiliary system. The amount of uptake and the rapidity of its elimination from the liver is dependent upon the structural configuration of the agent as well as the functional integrity of the hepatocyte and the patency of the biliary system. The clinical areas for application are wide and include most of the hepatobiliary diseases. Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid, an agent well suited for both planar and single photon tomographic scintigraphy, is ideal for early diagnosis prior to anatomical changes in the hepatobiliary system. The data collection directly from the liver provides quantitation of both regional and global liver diseases. The count-based method for measuring gallbladder emptying overcomes the theoretical disadvantages of geometric tests. Biokinetics and current clinical application of six of the 99mTc-iminodiacetic acid agents are reviewed, and the potential future clinical and research areas of application are indicated.

Anions↗
PubMed1978

Microbial changes in clover rhizosphere after foliar and soil application of cobalt.

Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules. Counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere, content of ammonia and production of carbon dioxide in rhizosphere soil were also higher, whereas the content of nitrates decreased. Differences in the counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, anaerobic bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria in the rhizosphere of control and treated plants were not directly related to the way of application of cobalt. Genera Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma predominated among fungi. The relative occurrence of penicillia was higher after the application of cobalt, the incidence of fusaria was lower. The effects of foliar and soil application of cobalt on rhizosphere microflora were not identical.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1977

Enumeration of lymphocyte populations in whole peripheral blood with alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents. A method for routine clinical use.

An improved method is described for the enumeration of lymphocyte surface markers in whole peripheral blood using reagents labelled with alkaline phosphatase. A suspension of washed whole blood is exposed to the labelled reagents and then smeared on slides. Endogenous peroxidase in monocytes is detected by the diaminobenzidine reaction amplified by osmication, and this identifies more cells than are recognised as monocytes by morphological criteria in Romanovsky-stained films. Lymphocytes are identified as peroxidase-negative mononuclear cells and those binding alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents are demonstrated by treating the smears with naphthol ASMX phosphoric acid and fast red TR salt. By avoiding the loss of lymphocytes which is inevitable in any procedure for isolation of mononuclear cells from the blood, and by permitting elimination of monocytes from the counts, this method enables the proportion and absolute number of different circulating lymphocyte populations to be accurately enumerated. In the peripheral blood of seventeen normal individuals alkaline phosphatase rabbit F(ab)'2 anti-human immunoglobulin stained the following numbers (mean +/- s.d.) of lymphocytes, 9-0 +/- 1-5%, 214 +/- 66/microliter (B cells), and specific rabbit anti-T-cell serum followed by alkaline phosphatase goat F(ab)'2 anti-rabbit immunoglobulin stained 77 +/- 3%, 1846 +/- 488/microliter (T cells). The method, which is applicable to any surface marker which can be detected on living cells in suspension with a soluble reagent, provides permanent preparations which are counted in an ordinary light microscope and permits the use of counterstaining to reveal cellular morphology. Provided that appropriate specific reagents are available it is therefore suitable for routine clinical application.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Rapid and sensitive photometric quantification of the proliferation of adherent vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in 96-multiwell plates after may-grünwald giemsa staining.

A simple, sensitive, and rapid photometric method has been developed to measure the proliferation of adherent cells in 96-multiwell plates quantitatively. The cultured cells were fixed with methanol and stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa. The multiwell plate was scanned at two wavelengths (lambda max 540 nm and lambda reference 405 nm or 690 nm). The correlation coefficient (r) between cell densities measured by direct microscopic cell counting or photometric light absorbance was greater than 0.9, in the range 400 to 66,000 cells/cm2. The method is applicable to adherent cells such as vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. In addition, the morphology of the fixed and stained cells was examined and 3H-thymidine incorporation in cells was studied by radioactive counting of solubilized cells.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1996

Automation of spot counting in interphase cytogenetics using brightfield microscopy.

In situ hybridization techniques allow the enumeration of chromosomal abnormalities and form a great potential for many clinical applications. Although the use of fluorescent labels is preferable regarding sensitivity and colormultiplicity, chromogenic labels can provide an excellent alternative in relatively simple situations, e.g., where it is sufficient to use a centromere specific probe to detect abnormalities of one specific chromosome. When the frequency of chromosomal aberrations is low, several hundreds or even thousands of cells have to be evaluated to achieve sufficient statistical confidence. Since manual counting is tedious, fatiguing, and time consuming, automation can assist to process the slides more efficiently. Therefore, a system has been developed for automated spot counting using brightfield microscopy. This paper addresses both the hardware system aspects and the software image analysis algorithms for nuclei and spot detection. As a result of the automated slide analysis the system provides the frequency spot distribution of the selected cells. The automatic classification can, however, be overruled by human interaction, since each individual cell is stored in a gallery and can be relocated for visual inspection. With this system a thousand cells can be automatically analyzed in approximately 10 min, while an extra 5-10 min is necessary for visual evaluation. The performance of the system was analyzed using a model system for trisomy consisting of a mixture of male and female lymphocytes hybridized with probes for chromosomes 7 and Y. The sensitivity for trisomy detection in the seeding experiment was such that a frequency of 3% trisomic cells could be picked up automatically as being abnormal according to the multiple proportion test, while trisomy as low as 1.5% could be detected after interaction.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Cefepime or carbapenem treatment for febrile neutropenia as a single agent is as effective as a combination of 4th-generation cephalosporin + aminoglycosides: comparative study.

1998, a consensus meeting was held in Miyazaki, Japan, to develop an approach to management of febrile neutropenia (FN). The K-HOT study group decided to examine whether this proposal was applicable to clinical practice in a multicenter study. Patients who developed fever with neutrophil counts <1,000/microL were randomized to receive either a single antibiotic, cefepime or one of the carbapenems, or a combination of cefepime and an aminoglycoside. Patients who became afebrile within the first 3 days were continued on the same treatment. Patients who remained febrile were switched to a combination regimen if they were randomized to receive a single agent, and patients on combination medication were changed from cefepime to another cephalosporin. A total of 165 patients were entered into the trial. One hundred fifty-three patients were evaluable for response. The average age was 52 years, and 70% of the patients had acute leukemia. Severe neutropenia, defined as <100/microL at the time of FN, was seen in 62% of the patients on entry and during the course of treatment 71% of patients experienced neutrophil counts of <100/microL. Microbiologically documented infection was seen in 6.5% for monotherapy, and 10.5% for a combination treatment, and fever of unknown origin occurred in 75.3% and 59.2% of the patients in each regimen, respectively. Excellent to good response was seen in two-thirds of the patients in all treatment groups. Adverse events were minimal, and three early deaths were observed at days 9, 16, and 16 among patients treated with a single antibiotic and three in the combination regimen group at days 14, 15, and 20. These results indicate that cefepime or a carbapenem alone is as effective as a combination of cefepime and an aminoglycoside for treating FN.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Invited review: motor unit estimation: methods, results, and present status.

The renewed interest in motor unit estimation (counting) has coincided with the introduction of computer-based methodology and with the application of the technique to proximal as well as distal muscles. The advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are considered, together with the assumptions inherent in this type of examination. In normal subjects, the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle has approximately 200 motor units while each of the intrinsic muscles of the hand has about 100 units; larger muscles in the limbs contain greater numbers of units. Beyond the age of 60 years, there is a decline in the number of functioning motor units in both proximal and distal muscles. In denervating disorders, motor unit estimation is useful for diagnosis and assessment; abnormal values may often be observed in muscles judged clinically to be unaffected. Serial studies have enabled the rate of motor unit loss to be determined in ALS and in spinal muscular atrophy. Depletion of motor units has also been found following upper motoneuron lesions caused by injury to the spinal cord or by cerebral hemorrhage; trans-synaptic dysfunction has been presumed responsible. Rather surprisingly, reduced numbers of motor units have been observed in a variety of myopathic disorders; of these, the most consistent abnormalities have been reported in myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Computers↗
PubMed1981

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on normal and neoplastic rat cells in culture.

Four types of rat cells in culture were exposed to hydrostatic pressures in the range 1-1,500 bar. Each applied pressure was constant for half an hour. The morphological effects of pressure application were studied by phase contrast microscopy, and mortality was measured by total cell counts and the trypan blue exclusion test. Morphological changes characterized by cell rounding were observed in secondary fetal brain cells and fibroblasts at about 700 bar. In two permanent neoplastic neurogenic cell lines similar changes occurred at 1,000 to 1,100 bar. When approximately 50% of the cells were rounded, mortality began to increase, as compared with controls. This was gradual in secondary cells and comparatively abrupt in the permanent neoplastic lines. Malignant cells in culture may therefore be more resistant to hydrostatic pressure than their normal counterparts.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A structured program in BASIC for cell morphometry: its application to the spinal motoneurone.

The BASIC program developed for use on an RML380Z computer collects, sorts, corrects and analyzes counts of organelle number, and measurements of membrane length and profile area. These fundamental parameters are used to derive intermediate parameters and their interrelationships are examined. Data input routines permit either measurements obtained from a digitizer tablet or the use of non-automated methods. A main program controls overall program flow and discrete sub-programs implement data input, data checking, derivation of parameters and analyses. The program is applied here to analyses of motoneurone synaptology, but with simple adaptation may be used to analyze other cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Application of a leukocyte and nitrite urine test strip to the management of children with neurogenic bladder.

A urine leukocyte count of > or = 50/mm3 together with a bacterial count of > or = 10(5) colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter was used to define significant infection in 160 children with neurogenic bladder and evaluate the leukocyte and nitrite components of the Chemstrip 9 test. A Chemstrip 9 leukocyte reading of < or = 25 together with a negative nitrite reaction occurred in 99 children and had a sensitivity of 83.5% and a negative predictive value for infection of 97.0%. A Chemstrip 9 reading of > or = 500 leukocytes together with a positive nitrite reaction occurred in 18 children and had a sensitivity of 40% with a 100% positive predictive value for infection. Other combinations of Chemstrip 9 leukocyte and nitrite reactions were unhelpful or of uncertain value. Selection of up to three specimens from each patient increased the number of samples to 360 and provided general confirmation of the above conclusions. Nitrofurantoin may reduce the sensitivity of the nitrite strip reaction.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Computational modeling of multicellular constructs with the material point method.

Computational modeling of the mechanics of cells and multicellular constructs with standard numerical discretization techniques such as the finite element (FE) method is complicated by the complex geometry, material properties and boundary conditions that are associated with such systems. The objectives of this research were to apply the material point method (MPM), a meshless method, to the modeling of vascularized constructs by adapting the algorithm to accurately handle quasi-static, large deformation mechanics, and to apply the modified MPM algorithm to large-scale simulations using a discretization that was obtained directly from volumetric confocal image data. The standard implicit time integration algorithm for MPM was modified to allow the background computational grid to remain fixed with respect to the spatial distribution of material points during the analysis. This algorithm was used to simulate the 3D mechanics of a vascularized scaffold under tension, consisting of growing microvascular fragments embedded in a collagen gel, by discretizing the construct with over 13.6 million material points. Baseline 3D simulations demonstrated that the modified MPM algorithm was both more accurate and more robust than the standard MPM algorithm. Scaling studies demonstrated the ability of the parallel code to scale to 200 processors. Optimal discretization was established for the simulations of the mechanics of vascularized scaffolds by examining stress distributions and reaction forces. Sensitivity studies demonstrated that the reaction force during simulated extension was highly sensitive to the modulus of the microvessels, despite the fact that they comprised only 10.4% of the volume of the total sample. In contrast, the reaction force was relatively insensitive to the effective Poisson's ratio of the entire sample. These results suggest that the MPM simulations could form the basis for estimating the modulus of the embedded microvessels through a parameter estimation scheme. Because of the generality and robustness of the modified MPM algorithm, the relative ease of generating spatial discretizations from volumetric image data, and the ability of the parallel computational implementation to scale to large processor counts, it is anticipated that this modeling approach may be extended to many other applications, including the analysis of other multicellular constructs and investigations of cell mechanics.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Recent advances in aerial gamma-ray surveying.

Aerial gamma-ray surveying uses NaI(Tl) detectors mounted in small aircraft to measure gamma radiation, emitted from the earth's surface. The data are collected as gamma-ray spectra, typically with 1 s counting times, from which are derived K, U and Th concentrations in the ground. Applications of aerial surveying include geological mapping for mineral exploration, soil mapping for agriculture, pollution studies and location of lost sources. Recent advances in applying statistical methods to the spectral data have resulted in large reductions in the noise levels in the surveys. Some of the methods available to do this include noise adjusted singular value decomposition (NASVD) [Proceedings of Exploration 97: Fourth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration (1997) 753] and maximum noise fraction (MNF) and enhanced MNF (eMNF) [Explor. Geophys. 31 (2000) 73]. These methods, in general, apply normalization for variance to the spectra, use a principal component method to obtain the "significant" components of the data and reconstruct cleaned spectra, which are then processed in a standard manner to get radionuclide concentrations. However, they differ in the detail of the application and thus give slightly different results. In this paper, the application of noise reduction methods to various synthetic surveys is used to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. In tests where there are high correlations between U and Th, the eMNF method performs best although the results are improved by prior clustering of the data by the Th/U ratio. If the data show no correlations, then the effectiveness of all the noise removal methods is reduced. If a data set is small (<1500 spectra), then MNF appears to be the better method. Consideration of the various tests suggests an optimum process whereby spectra are sorted into groups by the Th/U ratio of areas identified in a standard processing and then cleaned by eMNF or MNF, depending on the number of spectra in each group.

Aircraft↗