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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Rorschach measures of aggressive drive derivatives: a college student sample.

This study investigated measures of aggressive drive derivatives on the Rorschach and Personality Assessment Inventory with 70 college students. As predicted, (a) self-reported physical aggression potential was related to Rorschach measures of identification with the aggressor and aggressive impulses, (b) suicidal ideation with impulsivity was related to a Rorschach measure of aggressive impulses turned toward the self, and (c) the borderline features scale was related to a Rorschach pathological object relations measure. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that a Rorschach measure of emotional impulsivity added unique variance to these Rorschach aggression variables in predicting self-reported physical aggression potential, suicidal ideation with impulsivity, and borderline features. Finally, caution is advised in applying our findings when there is motivation to suppress aggressive responses

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Reliability and validity of rorschach aggression variables with a sample of adjudicated adolescents.

In this investigation, we assessed the reliability and validity of 5 Rorschach aggression variables (AG, A1, A2, AgC, and AgPast) in a sample of adjudicated, mostly conduct-disordered adolescents (N = 150). More specifically, we assessed the interrelationships of Rorschach aggression variables using correlational analyses and factor analysis and assessed the relationships between Rorschach variables and a measure of aggressive potential (the Manifest Aggression scale from the Jesness Inventory; Jesness, 1996) as well as a measure of real-world aggression/violence (the Violence Rating Scale-Revised [VRS-R]; Young, Justice, & Erdberg, 1997). Two of Gacono and Meloy's (1994) Rorschach aggression variables were dropped from the study (AgPot and SM) due to a low frequency of occurrence. All 5 of the remaining Rorschach aggression variables and the VRS-R were rated reliably, and factor analysis of the Rorschach variables revealed 2 distinct factors accounting for 71% of the total variance. Only the AgC variable concurrently predicted aggressive potential and aggressive/violent behavior. Results lend further support for the inclusion of AgC in the Comprehensive System's (Exner, 1993) list of Special Scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Peer relationships of young children: affiliative choices and the shaping of aggressive behavior.

Examined the occurrence of selective peer affiliation, and its impact on the development of aggressive behavior in four classrooms serving 72 preschool-age, high-risk boys and girls. Children classified as aggressive and nonaggressive were both highly selective in their peer affiliations, spending the majority of their time with a few same-sex classmates. Children generally established strong, stable, mutual affiliations with peers similar to themselves in aggression, but aggressive children had more difficulty establishing such affiliations. The interaction of peer dyads containing at least one aggressive child were characterized by more frequent, lengthy, and intense conflicts regardless of the affiliative relationship characterizing the dyad. The amount of time children spent interacting with aggressive peers predicted changes in observed and teacher-rated aggressiveness 3 months later.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurologic, psychological, and aggressive disturbances with sildenafil.

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports and case studies have described psychological disturbances and aggressive behavior in some men taking sildenafil. In the course of assisting the defense in a trial in which a man was alleged to have committed rape and in which sildenafil was implicated, a mechanistic hypothesis was formulated by the first author for central nervous system (CNS) adverse effects associated with the use of sildenafil. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether there was any scientific information available to suggest a possible mechanism for or an association between exposure to sildenafil and aggressive behavior. METHODS: The scientific literature on sildenafil, nitric oxide (NO), and the NO-cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic-GMP) signaling pathway was reviewed. Adverse event reports that referenced sildenafil and were filed with the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System between January 4, 1998, and February 21, 2001, also were examined. RESULTS: Published studies reported that sildenafil crosses the blood-brain barrier, that it exerts various biochemical and physiologic effects in the brain, and that it affects information processing. Other published reports indicated that phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5), NO synthase, and guanylyl cyclase are present at highest activities in areas of the brain responsible for behavior, sexual drive, and emotion, and that NO modulates aggression and sexual behavior in male mice. In addition, 274 adverse event reports designated sildenafil as the primary suspect of various neurologic disturbances, amnesia, and aggressive behavior. DISCUSSION: Evidence has been presented for an association between sildenafil and various CNS adverse effects, including aggressive behavior. Whether sildenafil causes these effects by inhibiting PDE-5 in the brain, accumulating cyclic-GMP, decreasing NO, and affecting cell-cell signaling and modulation of aggressive behavior requires further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that, before prescribing sildenafil for erectile dysfunction, clinicians should caution their patients and their partners on the possibility of neurologic, emotional, or psychological disturbances; amnesia or loss of consciousness; or aggressive behavior.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1985

Effects of alcohol on human aggressive behavior.

Eleven men were administered placebo and three doses (0.12, 0.23 and 0.46 g of absolute alcohol per kg of body weight) of 50% alcohol (vodka) in a laboratory situation that provided both aggressive and nonaggressive response options. Two aggressive responses were available to subjects: the ostensible subtraction of money from a fictitious other person and the ostensible presentation of a loud noise to a fictitious other person. A nonaggressive monetary reinforced response was also available. Aggressive responding was elicited by the subtraction of money from the subjects which was attributed to the fictitious other person. Relatively low doses of alcohol (0.23 and 0.46 g/kg) increased aggressive monetary subtraction responses, but had no effect on decreased nonaggressive monetary reinforced responses. Thus, the observed increase in aggressive responding cannot be attributed to a generalized stimulant action of low alcohol doses. The increased aggressive responding was observed at blood alcohol levels well below those usually defined as intoxicating. It is suggested that responses to aggression-provoking situations can be altered by the consumption of the equivalent of one or two alcoholic drinks.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Concurrent reinforcement and alcohol: interactive effects on human aggressive behavior.

The relationship between alcohol and human aggressive behavior was studied under conditions in which nonaggressive response requirements maintained by point presentation were manipulated. Six normal adult male recreational alcohol users pressed buttons that produced points (redeemable for money) on their own counters or ostensibly subtracted points (money) from another fictitious subject described as participating in the same study at another location. During random components of each session, subjects were required to press a button 50, 200 or 500 times in order to produce point increments on their own counters. Ten responses on a second button were required to subtract a point from the other subject during all components. Aggressive responding was engendered by occasional point subtractions which were attributed to the fictitious subject. Alcohol (0, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg of 95% ethanol) produced dose-related increases in aggressive responding. Aggressive responding was also significantly related to the concurrent schedule of point presentation. Finally, a significant interaction between alcohol and concurrent point presentation contingencies was observed. These results indicate that aggressive responding is affected by ongoing reinforcement contingencies not directly related to aggressive behavior and that reinforcement schedule interaction may be one factor mediating the situation-dependent nature of alcohol's effects on aggressive behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of alcohol on the aggressive responding of women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a range of alcohol doses on the aggressive responding of women. METHOD: The Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm was used. It has two response options available to the subject: (1) point-maintained responding, emitting 100 responses on one button earned the subject 10 cents; and (2) aggressive responding, emitting 10 responses on an alternative button ostensibly subtracted 10 cents from another person also working to earn money. Aggressive responses were engendered by a random-time schedule of point loss (every 6 sec. to 120 sec.), and instructions attributed these point losses to button presses made by another fictitious subject. Ten female subjects participated, and each experienced placebos and three alcohol doses, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g of 95% alcohol per kg of body weight. RESULTS: The most important finding was that the 1.00 g/kg alcohol dose produced statistically significant increases in aggressive responding relative to placebo. There was, however, a small subset of individuals whose greatest increase in aggressive responding occurred after consuming the 0.25 g/kg alcohol dose. Rates of point-maintained responding were unaffected by the 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg alcohol doses and slightly suppressed by the 1.00 g/kg alcohol dose. CONCLUSIONS: These results are important because the handful of previous studies with women have provided little evidence for increased aggression after alcohol consumption in women. These observed inconsistencies between this study and previous studies may be attributed to procedural differences, which have varied considerably across studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol and anxiety: effects on offensive and defensive aggression.

Inconsistencies in the effects of alcohol on aggression in rodent models suggest that this effect is mediated through some other factor that is differentially involved in the various tests. The patterning of alcohol enhancement of aggression suggests that this may be most apparent in tests in which defensiveness or anxiety act to reduce aggression. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between alcohol and aggression may also involve determination of alcohol effects on anxiety. New ethoexperimental models of anxiety in rodents involve the measurement of a range of defensive behaviors to approaching, contacting predators, or to situations associated with (absent) predators. A Fear/Defense Test Battery, measuring the former, showed little, and inconsistent, response to traditional (benzodiazepine) or nontraditional (5-HT1A agonist) anxiolytics. However, an Anxiety/Defense Test Battery, measuring the latter, produced an "anxiolytic profile" of changes seen consistently to both traditional and nontraditional anxiolytics, but not to nonanxiolytic drugs. Alcohol (0.6 and 1.2 g/kg) altered the four behaviors of the "anxiolytic profile" in a manner consistent with the effects of diazepam (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), indicating that it is also anxiolytic. The consistency of alcohol and diazepam effects on anxiety provide a possible mechanism for their somewhat similar effects on aggression. However, alcohol at nonsedative doses, but not diazepam, additionally enhances defensive attack. Although defensive attack is behaviorally and neurally different from offensive aggression, the two are not separated in analyses of human "aggression," suggesting that alcohol effects in the latter may also be mediated by changes in defensive attack.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol and premarital aggression among newlywed couples.

The present study examined the relationship between husband and wife alcohol use and premarital aggression, and evaluated a social learning model of alcohol and aggression that posited a moderating role for alcohol beliefs and aggressive motivations. Couples (age 18 to 29) entering their first marriage were approached after they had applied for a marriage license and interviewed concerning demographic factors and premarital aggression. These couples were recruited for the longitudinal study and given questionnaires assessing hostility, marital dissatisfaction, alcohol use and alcohol beliefs. Overall, 76% of the couples who agreed to participate returned the questionnaires. Husbands (n = 607) were approximately 24 years old, and wives were 1 year younger. Reflecting the urban setting, 72% were white and 24% were black. The results indicated a significant relationship between husband heavy alcohol use and premarital aggression. In addition, there were significant interactions between husband heavy alcohol use and marital dissatisfaction, and between husband heavy alcohol use, husband hostility and husband belief in alcohol as an excuse for aggression. These results suggested that alcohol use and premarital aggression are associated even in the absence of alcohol beliefs, but that the presence of appropriate beliefs strengthens the association.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Brain neurosteroids in gender-related aggression induced by social isolation.

Genetic, environmental, or hormonal factors and their interactions have been implicated in the expression of gender-related aggressive behavior in humans. Several independent lines of evidence support the role of hormonal and environmental factors in the aggressive behavior of experimental animals. Social isolation (SI) for 2-4 weeks in male but not in female mice results in the expression of aggression to a same-sex intruder. Long-term treatment (3 weeks) with anabolic steroids during SI in female mice induces aggressive behavior toward a male intruder of a severity similar to that observed in socially isolated (SI) male mice. The induced aggression in male and female mice is associated with a decrease of brain allopreg-nanolone (Allo). In SI male mice, aggression can be prevented by treatment with L-methionine (MET), which has also been shown to decrease reelin and GAD67 mRNA expression and maintain normal brain Allo content. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid can reverse this process, suggesting that histone tail acetylation may reverse the action of MET. We conclude that during social isolation, aggression can be controlled either by preventing Allo downregulation (e.g., by treatment with MET) or by direct administration of Allo or of agents (e.g., fluoxetine) that upregulate brain Allo content in SI mice.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Effects of aromatizable androgens on aggressive behaviour among rats (rattus norvegicus).

Three experiments were used to tests the applicability of the aromatization hypothesis of androgen action to aggressive behaviour among Norway rats. In Expt 1, administration of testosterone propionate was highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour to castrated rats while 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness. Of the steriods tested in Expt 2, androstenedione and testosterone were highly effective, 17 beta, 19-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one was of intermediate effectiveness and cholesterol was ineffective. The results of Expt 3 indicated that treatment with testosterone or oestradiol both resulted in increased aggression while treatment with (5 alpha,17 beta)-17,19-bis(acetyloxy)-andostan-3-one diacetate (5 alpha-19-hydroxytestosterone) was without effect. Androgens which were aromatizable and could be 5 alpha reduced, i.e. testosterone, testosterone propionate and androstenedione, were highly effective in restoring aggressive behaviour; however, two other steroids, 5 alpha,19-hydroxytestosterone which is 5 alpha reduced, and 19-hydroxytestosterone, which can be aromatized, were respectively of low or medium effectiveness on behaviour. However, oestradiol, which did not maintain sexual development of accessory glands, was highly effective in the restoration of aggressive behaviour. Since the behaviourally active steroids in the present experiments were not only those predicted by the aromatization hypothesis, it is proposed that several steroids are capable of activating aggressive behaviour and that the aromatization hypothesis does not adequately explain the hormonal basis of aggressive behaviour among Norway rats.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Impulsiveness, impulsive aggression, personality disorder, and spousal violence.

Impulsiveness has become a key concept in thinking about the determinants of violence and aggression. In this study of spouse abusers, the relationship between impulsiveness, impulsive aggression, and physical violence is confirmed. Impulsiveness and impulsive aggression have significant correlations with physical aggression. Impulsiveness and impulsive aggression are also correlated with measures of Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. In addition, the measures of Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorder (PD) are significantly correlated with physical aggression. The violent and non-violent groups differed on impulsive aggression and on Borderline Personality Disorder. A partial replication of Tweed and Dutton's findings (1998) revealed sub-groups of high- and low-violence men. The high-violence group was very different from the low-violent and the non-violent groups. The high-violence group had higher pathology scores on all clinical scales, except Mania, of the Personality Assessment Inventory. These findings have implications for violence prediction and for treatment of violent men.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Co-occurrence between marital aggression and parents' child abuse potential: the impact of cumulative stress.

Evidence suggests that marital aggression and parent-to-child aggression sometimes occur within the same family, but little is known about why certain families are vulnerable to multiple forms of family aggression. According to family systems theory, negative affect in one family relationship can spread to other family relationships. According to family stress theory, aversive circumstances increase families' vulnerability to disruption and conflict. Based on these theories, the present study tests the hypothesis that cumulative family stresses potentiate the association between marital aggression and parents' child abuse potential. In a series of additive interactional models, husband-to-wife aggression was linked to husbands' and wives' child abuse potential in a context of both high financial stress and high parenting stress but was not linked in a context of low stress. Wife-to-husband aggression was linked to wives', but not husbands', child abuse potential in a context of high stress. These results highlight the potential role of contextual factors in the pervasiveness of aggressive exchanges across multiple family subsystems.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of traditional judo training on aggressiveness among young boys.

This study assessed the effect of one year of traditional judo training on aggressiveness among young boys. 27 primary school pupils and 28 judo students were asked to complete the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire at two times 1 year apart. Analysis showed that judoka were more aggressive (had higher scores on Total Aggression, Verbal Aggression, and Anger) than the control group after one year of training, even if variations in aggressiveness were not significant. So, results do not support the view that judo training leads to less aggressiveness in a sample of children this young.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on juvenile play-fighting and postpubertal aggression in rats.

The effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on juvenile play-fighting and postpubertal aggressive behavior in rats were longitudinally assessed in the context of more conventionally applied physical and behavioral measures. Pregnant animals were treated with either 2 gm/kg/day ethanol or isocaloric sucrose over gestation Days 6-19. Reproduction and somatic variables included maternal weight over gestation, offspring weight over Days 1-90, and age at eye opening and incisor eruption. Behavioral variables consisted of negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination, activity, juvenile play-fighting, and postpubertal aggression. Ethanol offspring had lower birth weights, but there was no significant prenatal treatment effect on subsequent offspring weights or on any other reproductive or somatic variable. Both male and female ethanol-exposed offspring exhibited more play-fighting responses when paired with same-sex controls. Postpubertal aggression levels were assessed in males only. Ethanol-exposed offspring were more aggressive than controls and there was a significant positive correlation between play-fighting and postpubertal aggression ranks. No other behavioral measures discriminated between prenatal treatment groups and none were significantly correlated with either play-fighting or postpubertal aggression rank. The results are consistent with the position that juvenile play-fighting and postpubertal aggression are subserved by common substrates. They also are consistent with predictions derived from the hypothesis concerning a response-inhibition deficit as an effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory measurement of aggression in high school age athletes: provocation in a nonsporting context.

This study investigated the relationship between aggression and type of sports involvement in high school age boys. Athletes (16 boys), ages 15 to 18 years, were separated into two groups, one of 8 athletes who participated in sports with high physical contact, e.g., football and basketball, and the other of 8 athletes who participated in low contact sports, e.g., track and baseball. Students participated in six 25-min. Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm sessions. The paradigm is an established laboratory model of aggression with three response options: (1) a point-maintained response, (2) an aggressive response, and (3) an escape response. Analysis indicated that the only difference between the groups was that individuals who participated in high contact sports emitted significantly more aggressive responses than individuals who participated in low contact sports. Similarly, psychometric measures of aggression indicated that individuals in the former group self-reported more behavioral incidents of aggression than those in the latter group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of low doses of caffeine on aggressive behavior of male rats.

To date, the effect of low doses of caffeine on aggression has not been systematically examined. Doses of caffeine greater than 30 mg/kg appear to reduce social interaction and aggression in all species studied. In a double blind study of the effects of low doses of caffeine on aggression, rats were housed four per cage, and aggressive behavior against an intruder was recorded during baseline and following administration of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg caffeine. Aggressive behavior was significantly increased following administration of the higher doses of caffeine. Doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg caffeine all were effective in increasing pushing behavior, whereas doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg were most effective in increasing boxing behavior, and a dose of 10 mg/kg was significantly more effective than other doses in increasing chasing and roll-tumble-bite behaviors. Based on these results and other published reports, the inverted-U shaped dose-dependent effect of caffeine on aggression appears to apply, with aggressive behavior being most elevated following doses of 5-20 mg/kg caffeine, less elevated following 2.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, and significantly reduced with doses above 40 mg/kg and at doses below 2.5 mg/kg.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

A failure to replicate alcohol-induced laboratory aggression among college men without evidence of personality disturbance.

The effect of acute alcohol intoxication on laboratory-induced aggression among men has been fairly well established. The present study hypothesized that alcohol effects on Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) responding would not be replicated among "low-risk' college men distinguished by their absence of personality disorder features. Participants were assigned to either Alcohol (n=18), Placebo (n=7), or Time (n=8) comparison groups with each completing 25-min. sessions during the baseline, ascent, peak (70 mg%), and descent (40 mg%) phases of absorption and elimination process. Participants assigned to the Alcohol condition received a .80 ml/kg dose of 95% ethanol mixed with soda in a 1:5 ethanol/soda ratio. As hypothesized, alcohol was associated with stable Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm responding across the course of absorption, peak, and elimination for all three groups. Aggression Paradigm responding was least variable among the men administered alcohol. The present procedure served to identify a subset of "low-risk" college men whose Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm responding was not adversely affected by alcohol. The extent to which aggressive personality dispositions contribute to alcohol-induced laboratory aggression remains to be identified. Low-risk college drinkers warrant systematic examination to specify what factors attenuate their reactions to alcohol and other situational provocations.

Adult↗