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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Selective response to letter categorization within the left fusiform gyrus.

Neuroimaging studies that look at reading processes using words, pseudowords, nonwords and letters frequently report specific left fusiform gyrus (BA37) activations. In the present study, we examined fMRI signal variations within the left and right BA37 for paired Latin letters, Korean letters and geometrical figures in discrimination and categorization tasks. Data of Pernet et al. (Pernet, C., Franceries, X., Basan, S., Cassol, E., Démonet, J.F., Celsis, P., 2004. Anatomy and time course of discrimination and categorization processes in vision: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 22, 1563-1577) were re-analyzed using a ROI methodology that highlights the selective response of the left BA37 to Latin letter categorization. First, differences according to stimulus type were observed for the categorization task only. Second, we found weaker activation for Latin letter categorization than for both geometrical figure and Korean letter categorization. Third, only Latin letter categorization elicited as left-sided activation, although the direct comparison between regions did not demonstrate a significant difference. These data suggest that the left fusiform gyrus sustains access to letter representations in memory; and results are discussed with reference to the relationship between letter categorization and word recognition and to selective vs. specific (i.e. task-independent) neural response.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cerebral hemodynamic response in Chinese (first) and English (second) language processing revealed by event-related functional MRI.

Comparative functional neuroimaging studies using the block design paradigm have previously demonstrated that there are no significant differences in the location of areas of cerebral activation when native Chinese speakers independently process single words or sentences in both the Chinese (first) and English (second) languages. While it has also been documented that significant domains of brain response include the inferior to middle left frontal lobe, the latency, amplitude and duration of the associated hemodynamic changes during isolated neural processing of Chinese and English languages still remain unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the characteristics of the hemodynamic alterations in the above-mentioned regions with event-related functional MRI (ER-fMRI) when native Chinese speakers performed verb generation tasks in both the Chinese (first) and English (second) languages. Our results demonstrate the presence of a similar neural activity-induced hemodynamic response in the inferior to middle left frontal lobe during both tasks. Further, there were also no statistically significant differences among the variables that described the hemodynamic response curves. These findings strongly imply that the underlying neural mechanism for Chinese (first) and English (second) language processing may be similar in native Chinese speakers.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Electrophysiologic dissociations in memory encoding of abstract and concrete words].

This study examined memory encoding of auditorily presented abstract and concrete nouns. 22 subjects performed various blocks of a free recall memory task in which lists of 22 either abstract or concrete words had to be memorized. Consistent with a large variety of memory studies, recall performance was better for concrete than for abstract words. When the event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during study were selectively averaged for those words that were subsequently recalled and those subsequently not recalled, the ERPs were more positive going for words that were subsequently recalled. These Dm effects (Difference due to memory) started around 500 ms post-stimulus and differed in timing and scalp topography for both types of words: For abstract words, they were present in an early (i.e., 600 to 1100 ms) time interval at parieto-occipital electrodes only. In contrast, for concrete words, Dm effects were obtained with a broad topographic distribution in the 600 to 1000 ms time range and were also present in a late time interval (1100 to 1600 ms) at fronto-central recording sites. The topographical dissociations of the Dm effects in the early time interval are taken to reflect the larger distinctiveness of concrete words during encoding, whereas the late effects presumably play a functional role in elaborative processing of concrete words. The results do not agree with models of word concreteness that propose separate processing systems for the two types of words, and rather support those models that propose quantitative differences in the processing of abstract and concrete words.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults.

This study was designed to explore in a Taiwanese sample the factor structure of an aphasia test battery composed of parts of several standardized aphasia tests. A secondary goal was to assess effects of normal aging on the obtained factors. The sample was 120 healthy Taiwanese adults, ranging in age from 30 to 78 years. Principal-components analysis of the aphasia test battery revealed 5 factors: verbal comprehension, effortful writing, word production, automatized writing, and visuomotor coordination skills. Because the latter 2 factors have common psychological features, they can be combined and reinterpreted as a factor on the mechanics of writing. Further data analysis with factor scores shows that aging unfavorably influences verbal comprehension, effortful writing processing, and word production functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Sentence verification and event-related brain potentials.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the decision process affected scalp recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs). ERPs were recorded while 10 subjects evaluated the veracity of four types of Japanese sentences; true-affirmative (TA), true-negative (TN), false-affirmative (FA), and false-negative (FN). Each sentence was presented visually, one word at a time in the following order: Subject (S); object (O); and verb (V). This order of words, which is normal in Japanese grammar, allowed the ERP waveforms associated with semantic mismatch between the S and O occurring in the middle of the sentence to be separated from those elicited by the decision concerning the sentence's truth or falsity occurring at the end of the sentence. Semantic mismatch was associated with a negative component (N310) following the O-word. In addition, P3s were elicited by sentence final words. Affirmative sentences elicited larger P3s than did negative sentences, and true sentences elicited earlier P3s than did false sentences. P3s were smaller in amplitude when they followed a mismatch between the S and O words. The result suggested that by using Japanese sentences, it may be possible to examine sentence-level rather than word-level processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Activation of semantic and phonological codes during reading.

Three experiments used a new paradigm to examine word-coding processes during reading. Subjects read text passages and occasionally responded to lexical-decision probes. Experiment 1 focused on semantic and surface codes. The activation of semantic codes appeared to increase over time, whereas surface codes did not. In addition, subjects who were instructed to remember the exact wording of the passages showed stronger activation of surface codes than did subjects who read for comprehension. Experiments 2 and 3 explored the role of phonological codes. Experiment 2 showed that phonological codes were activated by specific words in a passage. In contrast, Experiment 3 found no evidence that phonological codes were activated by the more general passage context. Taken together, the experiments suggest some of the roles semantic and phonological codes may play during reading.

Cues↗
PubMed2003

Item-specific control of automatic processes: stroop process dissociations.

The influence of word reading on Stroop color naming decreases as a function of the proportion of test items that are incongruent. This proportion-congruent effect is usually ascribed to strategies (e.g., maintaining task set) that operate at a general level to moderate the extent to which participants are influenced by word reading. However, in three experiments, effects at the level of specific items were found. Interference and facilitation were smaller for color names usually presented in an incongruent color than for color names usually presented in their congruent colors. This item-specific proportion-congruent manipulation affected the process dissociation (PD) estimate of the influence of word-reading processes but not that of color-naming processes. The results (1) indicate that item-specific, as opposed to general, mechanisms can reduce the influence of word-reading processes on Stroop performance and (2) demonstrate the PD procedure's utility in studying Stroop phenomena

Automatism↗
PubMed2005

Transient disruption of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during verbal encoding affects subsequent memory performance.

Episodic memory supports conscious remembrance of everyday experience. Prior functional neuroimaging data indicate that episodic encoding during phonological task performance is correlated with activation in bilateral posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pVLPFC), although uncertainty remains regarding whether these prefrontal regions make necessary contributions to episodic memory formation. Using functional MRI data to guide application of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS), this study examined the necessity of left and right pVLPFC for episodic encoding (as expressed through subsequent memory performance). To assess the timing of critical computations, pVLPFC function was transiently disrupted at different poststimulus onset times while subjects made syllable decisions about visually presented familiar and unfamiliar words; subsequent memory for these stimuli was measured. Results revealed that left pVLPFC disruption during encoding of familiar words impaired subsequent memory, expressed as a decline in recognition confidence, with disruption being maximal at 380 ms after stimulus onset. In contrast, right pVLPFC disruption facilitated subsequent memory for familiar words, expressed as an increase in medium confidence recognition, with this facilitation being maximal at 380 ms. Finally, phonological (syllable) decision accuracy was facilitated by right pVLPFC disruption, with this effect being maximal at 340 ms, but was unaffected by left pVLPFC disruption. These findings suggest that left pVLPFC mechanisms onset between 300 and 400 ms during phonological processing of words, with these mechanisms appearing necessary for effective episodic encoding. In contrast, disruption of correlated mechanisms in right pVLPFC facilitates encoding, perhaps by inducing a functional shift in the mechanisms engaged during learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the implicit association of concepts and attributes.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) examines the differential association of two object categories (e.g. flower and insect) with attribute categories (e.g. pleasant and unpleasant). When items from congruent categories (e.g. flower + pleasant) share a response key, performance is faster and more accurate than when items from incongruent categories (e.g. insect + pleasant) share a key. Performing incongruent word classification engages inhibitory processes to overcome the prepotent tendency to map emotionally congruent items to the same response key. Using fMRI on subjects undergoing the IAT, we show that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and to a lesser extent the anterior cingulate cortex, mediate inhibitory processes where manipulation of word association is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

One experience with 'lower' or 'higher' intensity stressors, respectively enhances or diminishes responsiveness to haloperidol weeks later: implications for understanding drug variability.

This laboratory has previously shown that acute exposure to a variety of brief stressful events can have a very long-lasting influence on subsequent responsiveness to pharmacological and non-pharmacological stressors. In some cases the response to these agents is enhanced, while in others it is diminished: the common denominator being that in each instance the influence of the initial stressor grows stronger with the passage of time. Here, we identify one factor that determines which time-dependent effect is manifest. In 3 separate experiments, male rats were subjected to a single exposure to stressors of either lower or higher intensity and their effects on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the nucleus accumbens and medial frontal cortex, measured either 1-2 h or 2 weeks later. The stressors were either environmental (needle jab or 1 h of immobilization), metabolic (200 or 750 mg/kg, i.p. of 2-deoxy-D-glucose), or no effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy when stressors preceded such behavioral testing by 1-2 h. By contrast, when the interval was 2 weeks, the lower-intensity stressors all increased haloperidol catalepsy, whereas the higher-intensity stressors decreased the same response. In other words, a process that progressed with the passage of time was observed regardless of whether sensitization or diminution of haloperidol's action occurred. In contrast to the uniform bipolar behavioral effects observed, depending on the intensity of the prestressor, the neurochemical findings failed to show any evidence of bipolarity whatever.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Rehabilitation of a case of pure alexia: exploiting residual abilities.

We present a case study of a 43-year-old woman with chronic and stable pure alexia. Using a multiple baseline design we report the results of two different interventions to improve reading. First, a restitutive treatment approach using an implicit semantic access strategy was attempted. This approach was designed to exploit privileged access to lexical-semantic representations and met with little success. Treatment was then switched to a substitutive treatment strategy, which involved using the patient's finger to pretend to copy the letters in words and sentences. Reading using this motor cross-cuing strategy was 100% accurate and doubled in speed after 4 weeks of intervention. We propose that this patient's inability to benefit from the implicit semantic access treatment approach may be in part related to her inability to suppress the segmental letter identification process of word recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Word recognition in two languages and orthographies: English and Greek.

Word recognition processes of monolingual readers of English and of Greek were examined with respect to the orthographic and syntactic characteristics of each language. Because of Greek's direct letter-to-sound correspondence, which is unlike the indirect representation of English, the possibility was raised of a greater influence of the phonological code in Greek word recognition. Because Greek is an inflected language, whereas English is a word order language, it was also possible that syntax might influence word recognition patterns in the two languages differentially. These cross-linguistic research questions were investigated within the context of a letter cancellation paradigm. The results provide evidence that readers are sensitive to both the orthographic and the linguistic idiosyncracies of their language. The results are discussed in terms of the orthographic depth hypothesis and the competition model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Who's in control? Proficiency and L1 influence on L2 processing.

We report three reaction time (RT)/event-related brain potential (ERP) semantic priming lexical decision experiments that explore the following in relation to L1 activation during L2 processing: (1) the role of L2 proficiency, (2) the role of sentence context, and (3) the locus of L1 activations (orthographic vs. semantic). All experiments used German (L1) homonyms translated into English (L2) to form prime-target pairs (pine-jaw for Kiefer) to test whether the L1 caused interference in an all-L2 experiment. Both RTs and ERPs were measured on targets. Experiment 1 revealed reversed priming in the N200 component and RTs for low-proficiency learners, but only RT interference for high-proficiency participants. Experiment 2 showed that once the words were processed in sentence context, the low-proficiency participants still showed reversed N200 and RT priming, whereas the high-proficiency group showed no effects. Experiment 3 tested native English speakers with the words in sentence context and showed a null result comparable to the high-proficiency group. Based on these results, we argue that cognitive control relating to translational activation is modulated by (1) L2 proficiency, as the early interference in the N200 was observed only for low-proficiency learners, and (2) sentence context, as it helps high-proficiency learners control L1 activation. As reversed priming was observed in the N200 and not the N400 component, we argue that (3) the locus of the L1 activations was orthographic. Implications in terms of bilingual word recognition and the functional role of the N200 ERP component are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Access to perceptual and conceptual information in the left and right hemispheres.

It is assumed that there are hemispheric differences in the type of information available for the processing of word meanings, e.g., categorical or associative information. In the present experiment, we used a semantic priming paradigm to examine whether perceptual or conceptual properties of word meanings would be associated with the left or right hemisphere. The present experiment also examined time-course activation of these properties across the hemispheres, using short and long stimulus onset asynchronies. The results indicated that perceptual information is available only in the right hemisphere at an early rather than a late stage of target processing, while conceptual information is available in both hemispheres at both early and later stages of target processing. It is suggested that the imagery system in the right hemisphere may contribute to the perceptual priming observed in this hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

AAMT (American Association for Medical Transcription) speaks out on confidentiality, privacy, and patient care documentation.

Increased use of technology within the healthcare system has raised concerns about the confidentiality, privacy, and security of patient care documentation. These guidelines acknowledge the responsibility and assume the commitment to protect confidentiality, privacy, and security of patient care documentation by all individuals associated with the medical dictation and transcription process. These guidelines suggest means by which such responsibility and commitment should be demonstrated.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2004

[Relationship between the effects of word emotionality and the consciousness of retrieval process in memory].

Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of word emotionality on explicit and implicit memory. In Experiment 1, 46 undergraduates studied a word list followed by free recall or word-stem completion test. The list was consisted of 36 nouns with pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant words. In free recall test, both the pleasant and unpleasant words were more recalled than the neutral words. In word-stem completion test, there were no significant effects of emotional value. Experiment 2 reexamined the result of word-stem completion test in Experiment 1. A process-dissociation procedure was used to estimate two components of conscious and automatic retrieval process in implicit memory. The results suggest that the emotionality of words had a facilitative effect on conscious component but no effect on unconscious component.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Word frequency and the lateralization of lexical processes.

Despite the extensive clinical and neuropsychological evidence for major differences in language function between the left and right hemispheres, it has proven difficult to demonstrate reliable differences in lexical processing. It is particularly surprising that frequency has been found to have no differential effects upon word recognition in the hemispheres, in view of the evidence that this variable has significant effects upon lexical processing. It is possible, however, that any interaction between word frequency and hemispheric processes is too subtle or too complex to be revealed by the simple dichotomous studies previously attempted. This study manipulated word frequency across seven levels in an effort to provide a fine-grained insight into the relationship between word frequency and lexical processing in the hemispheres. The results revealed a clear additivity between visual field and word frequency across all levels of frequency, for both RT and errors. Such findings create difficulties for the interpretation of studies of lateralized lexical access in general, and are particularly hard to reconcile with lateral asymmetries revealed in other aspects of lexical processing. It is proposed that a resolution of this problem may depend upon the development of theories that emphasise the notion of laterally distributed word representations, rather than discrete lexical structures on each side of the brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

CD-ROM source data uploaded to the operating and storage devices of an IBM 3090 mainframe through a PC terminal.

A powerful method of processing MEDLINE and CINAHL source data uploaded to the IBM 3090 mainframe computer through an IBM/PC is described. Data are first downloaded from the CD-ROM's PC devices to floppy disks. These disks then are uploaded to the mainframe computer through an IBM/PC equipped with WordPerfect text editor and computer network connection (SONNGATE). Before downloading, keywords specifying the information to be accessed are typed at the FIND prompt of the CD-ROM station. The resulting abstracts are downloaded into a file called DOWNLOAD.DOC. The floppy disks containing the information are simply carried to an IBM/PC which has a terminal emulation (TELNET) connection to the university-wide computer network (SONNET) at the Ohio State University Academic Computing Services (OSU ACS). The WordPerfect (5.1) processes and saves the text into DOS format. Using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP, 130,000 bytes/s) of SONNET, the entire text containing the information obtained through the MEDLINE and CINAHL search is transferred to the remote mainframe computer for further processing. At this point, abstracts in the specified area are ready for immediate access and multiple retrieval by any PC having network switch or dial-in connection after the USER ID, PASSWORD and ACCOUNT NUMBER are specified by the user. The system provides the user an on-line, very powerful and quick method of searching for words specifying: diseases, agents, experimental methods, animals, authors, and journals in the research area downloaded. The user can also copy the TItles, AUthors and SOurce with optional parts of abstracts into papers under edition. This arrangement serves the special demands of a research laboratory by handling MEDLINE and CINAHL source data resulting after a search is performed with keywords specified for ongoing projects. Since the Ohio State University has a centrally founded mainframe system, the data upload, storage and mainframe operations are free.

CD-ROM↗