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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Psychic reality and unconscious belief: a reconsideration.

In a recent paper Britton attempted to distinguish between a phantasy that has achieved the status of a belief and one that has not, and between a belief and knowledge. The author argues that, in the light of the seventeenth-century controversy between Descartes and Spinoza, both of these distinctions are untenable. Descartes argued, as Britton does, and as Freud did, that phantasies or ideas are not accepted as beliefs until they are tested against reality. Furthermore, Britton maintains that for a belief to acquire the status of knowledge, it must be supported by incontrovertible evidence. Spinoza, on the other hand, proposed the seemingly preposterous notion that a comprehended proposition is automatically believed. Doubt may subsequently be engendered by disconfirming evidence. As it turns out, research in a number of domains suggests that Spinoza was correct and Descartes was wrong. This evidence and its clinical implications are discussed. As suggested by Bion, instilling doubt regarding deeply ingrained (Spinozan-formed) phantasies is a principal goal of treatment.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1996

Unconscious representation of femininity.

This paper sets out some of the main differences in approaches to the study of female sexuality, in particular in terms of the place of the body and biology in the construction of femininity. It illustrates a dual aspect of femininity in its reference to lack and in its more immediate bodily reality, suggesting that it is the interplay of these two which traces a woman's sexual position.

Female↗
PubMed1998

The evolution of the auditory midlatency response in evaluating unconscious memory formation during general anesthesia.

The inability to objectively evaluate the amnesic status of an anesthetized patient has been a perplexing problem for the anesthesia provider. One approach thought to be effective in evaluating the amnesic status of the anesthetized patient is the auditory midlatency response (AMLR). The AMLR is an electrophysiological response that is recorded from scalp electrodes 10 to 80 ms after the auditory pathways begin to process acoustic stimuli. The response is thought to reflect the anesthetized patient's ability to consolidate an acoustic stimuli into an explicit or implicit memory. This article defines the amnesic state, describes the various components of AMLR, discusses clinical uses of the AMLR as an indicator of memory formation during the anesthetized state, and explains the clinical implications of using the AMLR in the surgical suite. Recent results have noted that the Pa waveform, the first positive deflection of the AMLR, may be the component that may serve as an intraoperative indicator of the anesthetized patient's ability to potentially consolidate an intraoperative acoustic stimuli into a memory. With the establishment of the Pa waveform of the AMLR as a reliable indicator of intraoperative memory formation, the AMLR can then be used to significantly decrease the occurrences of traumatic neurosis in the surgical patient and subsequent medicolegal consequences for the health care team. Thus, the use of the AMLR strives to promote a safer intraoperative environment for both the patient and the anesthesia provider.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1998

A case of severe hyperammonemia and unconsciousness following sodium valproate intoxication.

Although valproic acid has gradually gained its popularity in the treatment of various seizure disorders, overdose of valproate is not common. An 18-y-old man with a history of epilepsy controlled by sodium valproate and clonazepam attempted suicide with an ingestion of 45 g sodium valproate. He presented to our service with drowsiness and irritability. Extremely high serum ammonia (623 ug/dL) and elevated serum valproate concentration (575 ug/mL) were found on admission. Several metabolic abnormalities, including hypernatremia, hypocalcemia and metabolic acidosis, as well as, increased serum transaminase levels were also recorded. With supportive measures, he became clear 24 h later and was discharged 6 d after ingestion. Serial follow-up of his serum valproate and ammonia levels disclosed a close relationship between these 2 measurables. After acute overdose of valproic acid, patients usually present with mild and generally reversible depression of the central nervous system. However, impairment of liver function, hyperammonemia, fluid-electrolyte disturbances, coma, seizures, hypotension and even death may occur following valproate overdose. Symptomatic and supportive measures are the mainstay in the treatment of valproic acid overdose. With prompt diagnosis and early institution of treatment, a complete recovery should be anticipated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. II. Evidence of fast unconscious processes correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus.

In this study, a visual target was localized by both limb and eye. The experimental procedure provided an opportunity to analyze the limb movement trajectories to the target whose location was displaced during saccades. Absence of visual information about position of the moving limb did not interfere with correction of the trajectory of pointing movements. These corrections reflect the new information about target position that becomes available at the end of the first saccade. Mean localization errors to stationary and to displaced targets were not significantly different. This result suggests that subjects were able to compare visual (retinal + eye position) information about the position of the target with information about the position of their moving limb derived from kinesthesis and/or efference copies of the motor commands. An analysis of velocity profiles indicates that the observed corrections of hand movement to target displacement could not be identified by an inflexion point in the trajectory. None of the subjects reported seeing the target change location. In other words, the motor command was adjustable despite the failure of changes in visual locus to reach consciousness.

Adult↗