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PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnostic radiology in the technological era. Comparison between two models].

Diagnostic Radiology is a medical specialty that has played a dynamic role in the medical arena during the last three decades of the XX century. As a part of the evolution of this specialty, medicine and society at large have received diverse benefits in areas of diagnosis and for the decision making process in the clinical practice. Modern radiology has provided numerous advances and refined tools that give more convenience speed and precise diagnosis in the current medical practice. At the present time, these technologies are part of the standard of care in the US and other industrialized countries, representing the ultimate desire or goal to reach for other healthcare systems in developing countries as well. Unfortunately, many of the clinical skills in the health care personal have not evolved at the same pace of those modern technologies, conditioning a reduction in the performance of sensitive areas to the patient's interest, such as the caring, compassion and quality of health care. It is unquestionable the value and benefits that technologies such as CAT and MRI scans have brought to the standard practice in the recent time. Nonetheless, it is desirable to maintain the highest possible level of clinical skills despite the extended use of modern technologies by the health personnel, without compromising the quality of care. Yet is pending the future role and rational use for those technologies in radiology, especially in times when delivering good, reliable health care have become a priority for many health institutions worldwide. This approach would be the ultimate goal to reach in times and circumstances where health for all is the highest precious value to obtain at global level.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Information technology infusion model for health sector in a developing country: Nigeria as a case.

To date, information technology (IT) has not been widely adopted in the health sector in the developing countries. Information Technology may bring an improvement on health care delivery systems. It is one of the prime movers of globalization. Information technology infusion is the degree to which a different information technology tools are integrated into organizational activities. This study aimed to know the degree and the extent of incorporation of Information Technology in the Nigerian health sector and derive an IT infusion models for popular IT indicators that are in use in Nigeria (Personal computers, Mobile phones, and the Internet) and subsequently investigates their impacts on the health care delivery system in Nigerian teaching hospitals. In this study, data were collected through the use of questionnaires. Also, oral interviews were conducted and subsequently, the data gathered were analyzed. The results of the analysis revealed that out of the three IT indicators considered, mobile phones are spreading fastest. It also revealed that computers and mobile phones are in use in all the teaching hospitals. Finally in this research, IT infusion models were developed for health sector in Nigeria from the data gathered through the questionnaire and oral interview.

Cell Phone↗
PubMed2005

Program on nosocomial infection in the curricula of medicine, dentistry, nursing and medical technology in Thailand.

OBJECTIVES: To identify defects in the program on NI in curricula of medical, dental, medical technology and nursing schools. Impacts of the results of the study on the changes of the program were also evaluated MATERIAL AND METHOD: Questionnaires study of all 12, 8, 9 medical, dental, medical technology and 20 of 62 nursing schools. Data were collected and analyzed. Defects in the program of NI were identified and recommendation for improving was drafted in a workshop participated by curriculum directors and researchers. Results of the study were fedback to the schools enrolled. Changes of the program were later followed.. RESULTS: Program on NI was present in the curricula of 11 of 12 medical, some dental and medical technology but in none of the nursing schools. Education program varied in methods of teaching, hours and years of students. A few schools modified the program in their curricula by the results of the study and recommendation of a workshop participated in by researchers and program directors. CONCLUSION: Program on NI in the curricula of medical, dental, medical technology and nursing schools in Thailand varied in education methods, teaching hours and in student years. The present study results had little impact on changing the program. An evidence-based program on NI in medical, dentistry, medical technology and nursing is urgently needed.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new information technology for system diagnosis of functional activity of human organs].

The goal of this work was to consider a new diagnostic technology based on analysis of objective information parameters of functional activity and interaction of normal and pathologically changed human organs. The technology is based on the use of very low power millimeter (EHF) radiation emitted by human body and other biological objects in the process of vital activity. The importance of consideration of the information aspect of vital activity from the standpoint of the theory of functional systems suggested by P. K. Anokhin is emphasized. The suggested information technology is theoretically substantiated. The capabilities of the suggested technology for diagnosis, as well as the difficulties of its practical implementation caused by very low power of electromagnetic fields generated by human body, are discussed. It is noted that only use of modern radiophysical equipment together with new software based on specially developed algorithms made it possible to construct a medical EHF diagnostic system for effective implementation of the suggested technology. The system structure, functions of its components, the examination procedure, and the form of representation of diagnostic information are described together with the specific features of applied software based on the principle of maximal objectivity of analysis and interpretation of the results of diagnosis on the basis of artificial intelligence algorithms. The diagnostic capabilities of the system are illustrated by several examples.

Biophysics↗
PubMed2006

Information technology and nursing; Emancipation versus control?

The still prevailing lack of attention to and interest in knowledge or educational development about Information Technology (IT) in Nursing may partly be explained by the traditional philosophical distance between humanism and technology. The unease of potential dehumanization of nursing care by technology may be necessary, but often overreacted. By not taking charge and responding to ongoing IT deployment, the nursing community de facto passes on responsibility for developments shaping nursing care to technocrats, other professionals and vendors. In this paper we raise discussion of control or emancipation by IT. The current design and implementation of applications like Electronic Patient Record systems including nursing documentation exemplifies and highlights such positions. We point out values and how the nursing community perceives emerging technologies, particularly in knowledge development related to IT, followed by a question of consciousness and responsibility, recognition of "mind over machine". This is neither a question of emancipation or control, but both. It is by taking the grip of recognition and responsibility in technology development we move towards freedom of choice and empowerment.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

A survey of instructional technology in dental education.

Little is known about current use of hardware and non-hardware instructional technologies in dental education. To address this area, the investigators designed a questionnaire to assess support for the development of instructional technology and determine the extent to which different instructional technologies are used in North American dental schools. Responses were received from 59 of 65 dental schools (91 percent). Respondents at most schools judged the administration at their school to be supportive of the development of instructional technology, but in general, did not feel faculty were enthusiastic about or rewarded for developing innovative methods. The most common computer-based application involves testing and record keeping, which is used extensively in about half the dental schools. Individualized instruction and paper and pencil simulations are used in at least some courses at a majority of dental schools. Schools with available support services apply certain technologies to a significantly greater extent than schools without available support services.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Independent living and household management by handicapped elderly patients using new technologies].

Is it possible to enable handicapped elderly to manage their household autonomously by the use of new technologies? The article deals with this question, which is of great importance for the elderly and the society as well. Disabilities are pointed out that can hinder autonomous living and housekeeping. Then categories of equipment are shown which may substitute for deficiencies in daily life activities, household management, housekeeping, educational and other activities. This scheme serves as a basis for analysis of the market for new technologies, their attributes, prices, and follow-up costs. It is shown that new technologies are not able to substitute social services in the area of basic activities and care of the elderly. But some kinds of equipment and information- and communication technology may, under certain conditions, improve mobility, social integration, and housework. Further information as well as measures are needed in regard to user experiences and financing new technologies in the framework of rehabilitation of the elderly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

[New challenges for the general pediatrician: high technology applied to the patients].

New technologies are concentrated and managed in large urban centers at highly developed hospitals. These technologies reach primary health care (HC) level through a "sui generis" intra-national transfer of technology: incorporated to patients. Patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are emblematic of this model of technological transfer. One patient with CAPD is taken as case study for analysis and discussion about problems in HC primary level. The lack of an adequate and efficient primary health care develops a quasi vital dependence on distant hospitals. As a consequence, primary pediatricians are limited to routine and bureaucratic activities to comply with tertiary level staff prescriptions. The outcome is negatif both for patients and health professionals i.e. strict dependence with HC tertiary level, high amount of unnecessary hospitalizations, severe interference with patients and their family social life, frustration, fear, insecurity and potential progressive difficulties in the access to health care. Real participation of all levels of HC staff constitute a sine que non necessity for the attaining of patients rehabilitation through family-centered, community-based care and for equity in the access to HC facilities. The reaching of these goals requires primary pediatricians to become involved in a program of continuous training education on new technologies tailored to their needs, possibilities and wishes if a comprehensive coordination between primary and tertiary health care levels is to be expected.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of nutrition and technology on fertility in cows and the health of calves].

The fertility of cows and health of calves are influenced by a number of factors, including the technological systems and quality of nutrition. The effect of nutrition was studied in two selected herds with different technological systems during 1986 to 1987. The feed rations were found to be non-standard, the nutrient ratios were not balanced, and the animals suffered from different stages of metabolic disorders. These disorders were worse in the H. large-capacity barn, equipped with modern technology, in comparison with the S. barn with traditional technology. The better reproduction data recorded in the S. barn, using the traditional technology, are ascribed to better organization of work, better feeding, and better care of the animals. The production of viable calves is the most vulnerable point in the reproduction process. Great reserves were found to exist in both the herds studied. The shortcomings suggest that knowledge of the factors and the causes of losses during the year seasons is a prerequisite for tracing the aetiology and taking effective measures, which in turn will influence the weaning. If fertility is to remain high, fertility disorders must be treated in time. As the analyses show, uterus diseases are diagnosed most frequently under farm conditions; their occurrence is associated with the hygiene of parturition and generally with hygiene in the barn. The set of recommendations to improve the reproduction process in the two herds influenced the economy of the farms.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

[Research on the development of common basic technologies for cancer research].

1. The research into the development of common basic technologies for cancer research was carried out by national institutes, universities and private research facilities through the use of the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology. 2. The research included both basic cancer researches and applied technologies for clinical oncology. 3. The research proved successful fruits as follows; Development of technologies for the gene transduction and the gene expression Development of searching methods of oncogenes Development of technologies for the extract and the refinement of tumor specific proteins Production of the DNA sequencer, the ultramicroanalyser of amino acids, the automatic monoclonal antibody producing cell sorter.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Recombinant DNA manipulations and their interfaces with protein technology.

In recent years molecular biologists have learnt to mimic and exploit the natural processes of cell biology which are based on the fundamental principle that the amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded within the nucleotide sequence of DNA in its gene. The resultant set of novel methodologies, termed recombinant DNA technology, or genetic engineering, has revolutionized the study of almost all branches of biology and has presented radical new methods of producing proteins otherwise available only in very small quantities. Central technical features of the recombinant DNA technology are the ability to isolate and propagate individual genes from natural sources, and to express into the protein products the information intrinsic to such genes, using the most appropriate biological production systems (e.g. bacteria, yeast or cultured mammalian cells). Embracing powerful analytical techniques such as DNA sequencing, and novel gene manipulations based on chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, the recombinant DNA technology is now having substantial impact on analytical and preparative protein technologies. The contemporary integrated approach to protein engineering involves not only protein chemistry and tools such as antibodies, but also has a dynamic interactive contribution from the recombinant DNA technology and its gene manipulation and expression skills. This integrated approach is particularly relevant to blood components such as clotting factors, antibodies, hormones and other proteins or peptides of powerful biological activity and specificity. Current work is focussed on the large-scale production of individual proteins as well as the molecular dissection of their biological actions and the development of products displaying novel biological activity.

DNA, Recombinant↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Replicated testing of the Nursing Technology Model.

The purpose of this study was to replicate the testing of a model to explain complexity of nursing care in the ambulatory care setting. The Nursing Technology Model (Verran & Shaw, 1986) has as its theoretical base a sociological perspective of organizational analysis in which technology is viewed as the antecedent to organizational structure. The model includes materials technology as the nature of the ambulatory care client and knowledge technology as the principal type of activities pertinent to nursing care delivery. The characteristics of these technology types were organized into causal paths to explain complexity of care. Two ambulatory care sites were sampled to obtain a client sample of 610 rating sets. Results were essentially similar to earlier research with R2s for complexity indexes at the same level of .34. Only one regression equation evidenced instability in regression coefficients and the R2. Analysis of findings indicated that other variables, such as some aspects of structure, may need to be further specified in the model in order to increase its explanatory power.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Educational technology in nursing: the conceptual framework and the experience of the Latin American centers].

In the first part of the article the assertion is made that educational corpus of technology should not be regarded as something apart, but as a corpus of teaching methods, techniques and resources rationally organized to solve problems of material and conceptual situations and processes. Several educational technologies are explained on the basis of their underlying theoretical frameworks, and grass-root educational technology is advocated because, while it does not emphasize efficiency, it is capable of inducing innovations that are effective in that they actually accomplish changes. The second part reviews the results of the Latin American Program for Educational Technology in Nursing, which PAHO conducts through a network of centers in the nursing schools of several countries. The purpose of the Program is to disseminate modern educational technology and to endeavor to harmonize nurse training with demands and trends in the delivery of health services.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1984

The low-technology monitoring of atmospheric metal pollution in central Scotland.

In epidemiological studies covering relationships of disease patterns and patterns of atmospheric pollution, conventional filtering equipment is normally used for monitoring the pollution. For various reasons, however, this type of approach often results in levels of pollution being obtained for only a few sites within an extensive fieldwork area. Hence, alternative monitoring techniques, which allow a high density of sampling sites in an area, have been of interest to an increasing number of investigators. The monitors used, known as low-technology monitors, fall into two main categories; indigenous; and transplants. In our own surveys of atmospheric metal pollutants in industrial communities in Scotland, the indigenous sample materials have included: Hypnum cupressiforme, Lecanora conizaeoides, Agropyron repens and surface soils. In our transplant surveys a variety of different low-technology samplers have been deployed, the most frequently used being: spherical and flat moss bags, Hypogymnia physodes, 'Tak' (synthetic fabric), and total deposition collectors. The data obtained from the various surveys have been plotted on a variety of types of computer map to minimize any systematic bias resulting from the use of a single technique. The pollution patterns found in one particular town were partly unexpected, in view of the dominant wind direction in the locality concerned. Hence it was decided to carry out a wind tunnel experiment to investigate the situation further. The wind tunnel experiment produced results which were consistent with the patterns of pollution derived from the metal surveys, and revealed that the meteorological dispersal of the pollution was unexpectedly influenced by local topography. Because pulmonary pathology was the main focus of the complementary epidemiological study, an investigation of the size, shape and roughness of the metal particles was considered relevant. This investigation involved the examination of samplers and their particles by means of the electron microscope. To complete the study of the methodology of low-technology samplers in this town, their uptake is also being compared to that of filtering equipment (high-technology samplers). The information gained from the present survey at this early stage has indicated that several of the low-technology monitors could have considerable value in the provision of continuous, but low-cost, surveillance of the air quality of wide areas of industrial communities.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1994

Wireless communication technology applied to disaster response.

Communication during disasters is frequently inadequate. In addition to having competent communication skills, medical responders must have access to adequate, effective, and reliable communications equipment. Wireless communication technologies are rapidly evolving. The medical community needs a basic understanding of existing and emerging technologies to fully exploit these new resources. Wireless communication technologies for disaster response include radio pagers, radios, cellular telephones, satellite communications, and personal communication services. This article explores concepts of each of these technologies, basic descriptions of current and future equipment, applications of the equipment to medical disaster response, and advantages and disadvantages of each technology.

Disasters↗
PubMed1994

Issues of social policy and ethics in gene technology.

Technical developments in the last ten years have made possible mapping and sequencing of the entire human genome, along with the possibility of treating genetic disorders by manipulating DNA. A variety of issues regarding potential uses and abuses of these technologies have become apparent. They relate to both genetic screening and gene therapy. Problems facing individuals and their families mostly revolve around rights of self-determination and of confidentiality. Health care professionals will need to design optimal systems to provide genetic counseling and to protect confidentiality of DNA data bases. Society and social institutions will need to develop policies and laws that protect the privacy of individuals whose DNA is stored in data banks. Patenting of the results of gene research remains controversial internationally. Moreover, there is concern in many quarters about society's potential abuse of gene technology for eugenic purposes. Gene therapy is now a reality. There is little disagreement on the use of gene therapy to treat genetic diseases in individuals by somatic cell therapy. There is much controversy, however, over the use of germ-line cell therapy. Gene technology has contributed to the growth among a small group of influential people of the Post-Modern Movement, which is strongly antiscience and antitechnology. This movement may pose a long-term threat to future technological advances and should not be ignored. There is much outside of the laboratory that scientists, particularly molecular biologists, can do to assure a secure place for science and technology in our culture.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1994

Coverage of genetic technologies under national health reform.

This article examines the extent to which the technologies expected to emerge from genetic research are likely to be covered under Government-mandated health insurance programs such as those being proposed by advocates of national health reform. Genetic technologies are divided into three broad categories; genetic information services, including screening, testing, and counseling; experimental technologies; and gene therapy. This article concludes that coverage of these technologies under national health reform is uncertain. The basic benefits packages provided for in the major health reform plans are likely to provide partial coverage of experimental technologies; relatively broad coverage of information services; and varying coverage of gene therapies, on the basis of an evaluation of their costs, benefits, and the degree to which they raise objections on political and religious grounds. Genetic services that are not included in the basic benefits package will be available only to those who can purchase supplemental insurance or to those who can purchase the services with personal funds. The resulting multitiered system of access to genetic services raises serious questions of fairness.

Federal Government↗
PubMed1994

Advances in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture technology.

Although the development of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) technology and the benefits of increased productivity became obvious in the automobile and aerospace industries in the 1970s, investigations of this technology's application in the field of dentistry did not begin until the 1980s. Only now are we beginning to see the fruits of this work with the commercial availability of some systems; the potential for this technology seems boundless. This article reviews the recent literature with emphasis on the period from June 1992 to May 1993. This review should familiarize the reader with some of the latest developments in this technology, including a brief description of some systems currently available and the clinical and economical rationale for their acceptance into the dental mainstream. This article concentrates on a particular system, the Cerec (Siemens/Pelton and Crane, Charlotte, NC) system, for three reasons: first, this system has been available since 1985 and, as a result, has a track record of almost 7 years of data. Most of the data have just recently been released and consequently, much of this year's literature on CAD-CAM is monopolized by studies using this system. Second, this system was developed as a mobile, affordable, direct chairside CAD-CAM restorative method. As such, it is of special interest to the dentist who will offer this new technology directly to the patient, providing a one-visit restoration. Third, the author is currently engaged in research using this particular system and has a working knowledge of this system's capabilities.

Ceramics↗