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PubMed2004

Parasitic infection of sole Solea solea by Prosorhynchus spp. metacercariae (Digenea, Bucephalidae) in Atlantic nurseries under mussel cultivation influence.

Cysts of metacercariae were obtained on 2 dates from juvenile sole Solea solea sea-sampled in an area of mussel cultivation (Pertuis Charentais, Bay of Biscay, France). An initial assessment of parasite genus and infestation level was based on 192 cysts extracted from 2 fish samples, taken in August (n = 20) and December 2000 (n = 14). Our results confirmed the sole as second intermediate host of bucephalid trematodes of the genus Prosorhynchus, which has not previously been noticed in Atlantic stocks. Prevalence, ca. 65% on both dates, indicated an substantial infestation of these small fish, with a mean abundance of parasites increasing from August (3.3 +/- 1.1) to December (8.1 +/- 3.4). Cysts were localised in all body parts of the host, and positioning varied depending on sampling date. However, the cephalic area was always the most infested (72.7 and 49.1% in August and December, respectively). Parasite measurements suggested a protracted infestation process, which may be initiated in spring during sole settlement. Most of the largest metacercariae had the rhynchus characteristics of P. crucibulum, though the possibility of them being other species (P. squamatus, P. aculeatus) could not be excluded. As Mytilus edulis is the first intermediate host of Prosorhynchus spp., possible relationships between mussel culture and sole parasitosis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Seasonal trends of Paramphistomum cervi in Tabasco, Mexico.

Thirty rumens were examined every month from May 1989 to April 1992 to establish seasonal trends of infection and their relationship to the climatic factors caused by Paramphistomum cervi in cattle. The cattle were chosen from three municipalities of the Sierra region in Tabasco: Jalapa, Tacotalpa and Teapa. P. cervi was found throughout the year with prevalence between 3.33 and 96.67%, and with a yearly average of 39.10%. The major period of infection was shown in Jalapa. However, the maximum mean intensity was found in Teapa. The prevalence of the infection in all three sites was similar, showing the regional trend of P. cervi infection. Cattle were infected mainly throughout the rainy and windy seasons, during summer, autumn and at the beginning of winter.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiological parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus) infected by the digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica.

Physiological parameters were measured after experimental infection of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) with Rhipidocotyle fennica Gibson, Valtonen et Taskinen, 1992 (Digenea) cercariae. The fish were caught from two lakes: a eutrophic bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME)-contaminated lake and an oligotrophic unpolluted lake. The intensity of infection was followed up to 10 days post infection (p.i.) and physiological parameters indicating non-specific stress responses and the condition of fish were examined simultaneously. The mean abundance, the number of parasites per fish, of R. fennica was significantly higher in the fish from the contaminated water during the first two days p.i., probably reflecting the decreased resistance of these fish to infection. The decrease of leukocrit, as well as the increase of the activity of transaminases (GOT and GPT) in infected fish of both groups are suggestive of pathological processes caused by cercariae penetrating the fish. A significantly lower leukocrit value, as well as higher alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma chloride levels were noted in fish originating from the contaminated lake compared to those from the unpolluted lake. No significant differences were noted in haematocrit, plasma protein and calcium values between the fish from the uncontaminated and contaminated lakes, or between the infected and uninfected control fish.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Activities of brush border membrane bound enzymes of the small intestine in Metagonimus yokogawai infection in mice.

The present study intended to evaluate the influences of Metagonimus yokogawai on the activities of brush border membrane bound enzymes of the small intestine. Mice were infected with 500 metacercariae respectively, and the worm recovery, morphological changes and enzyme activities were observed chronologically. A part of them were followed after the treatment. Recovered worms decreased in number continuously after the infection, and they were less than 10% after 2 weeks and almost zero after 28 weeks. Villous atrophy and stromal inflammation were found at two locations of the proximal jejunum from 2 weeks to 4 weeks after the infection. The enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, maltase, and trehalase), showed lowered activities in the duodenum and proximal jejunum of the infected mice but they increased in the distal jejunum for the first two weeks. From three weeks after the infection, the activities were gradually recovered. In one week treated mice, they recovered the activities at 2 weeks from the treatment, but there found no differences of the activities between the 3 week treated group and infected controls. The present data reveal that M. yokogawai infection induces degenerative changes of the host's intestinal mucosa not only morphologically but functionally during the initial phase of infection. The lowered enzyme activities in acute metagonimiasis should be associated with malabsorption and diarrhea.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1993

[Worm recovery rate and small intestinal lesions of albino rats coinfected with Fibricola seoulensis and Metagonimus yokogawai].

Worm recovery rates and pathologic changes in small intestine of albino rats were observed after concurrent and challenge infections with metacercariae (MC) of Fibricola seoulensis and Metagonimus yokogawai, and compared with those of single infection groups. Albino rats in concurrent infection group were killed 20 days after feeding with 1,000 MC of each fluke. Rats in challenge infection group were fed with 1,000 MC of F. seoulensis and challenged by 1,000 MC of M. yokogawai 10 days after primary infection, then killed 10 days thereafter. In concurrent infection group, mean number of F. seoulensis and M. yokogawai recovered, 250 and 118 respectively, were similar to those of single infection groups. However, more flukes were collected from the duodenum and less flukes were from the ileum than from single infection group. In challenge infection group, the recovery rate of F. seoulensis was similar to that of single infection group and the distribution of the flukes was similar to that of concurrent infection group. Mean number of M. yokogawai, 69, was significantly lower than that of single infection group. Its distribution, however, extended to the duodenum and most of the flukes were recovered from the jejunum. In concurrent infection group, villi of the duodenum were more markedly thickened, fused and shortened than those in F. seoulensis single infection group. The crypt epithelium appeared to be hyperplastic and inflammatory cell infiltration into the villous stroma was mild. Villous atrophy in the jejunum and ileum was milder than in M. yokogawai single infection group. In challenge infection group, the findings were similar to those of concurrent infection group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in the inhabitants along Talchongang (River), Chungwon-gun.

To evaluate the status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis of the inhabitants near Talchongang (River) in Chungwon-gun, Chungchongbuk-do, the stools of 67 inhabitants were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation method from August to September, 1993. Also freshwater fish caught in Talchongang were examined by slide compression method. The egg positive cases of Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus sp. were 22 (32.8%), and 14 (20.9%), respectively. Of 17 species of examined fish. 14 species were infected with C. sinensis and 13 species with Metagonimus sp. The adult worm collected from 2 patients after treatment with praziquantel was Metagonimus Miyata type. Also the adult worm obtained from the experimental mice infected with metacercariae from Zacco platypus was Metagonimus Miyata type. We found the highly endemic area of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along Talchongang.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Experimental susceptibility of some reef fish species to Benedenia lutjani (Monogenea: Capsalidae), a parasite of Lutjanus carponotatus (Pisces: Lutjanidae).

The susceptibility of species of lutjanid, lethrinid and serranid fish to infection by either larval or post-larval (juvenile and adult) specimens of the capsalid monogenean Benedenia lutjani Whittington and Kearn (1993) was examined experimentally. Four species of lutjanids became infected when exposed to larvae of B. lutjani, but three species of lethrinids and four species of serranids were not susceptible to larvae under the same conditions. Variability in the intensity of infection by larvae occurred within and between lutjanid species. Few post-larval specimens of B. lutjani transferred between individuals of the specific host Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson 1842) in 60-l aquaria and none transferred between specimens of L. carponotatus in a 7,500-1 concrete tank. These results indicate that transfer of post-larval B. lutjani between individuals of the specific host is unlikely to occur in the wild. Other lutjanid species did not become infected when exposed to specimens of L. carponotatus infected heavily by post-larval B. lutjani, but two lethrinid species were susceptible to infection under the same conditions. These data indicate that different factors may mediate host-specificity for larval and post-larval B. lutjani.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Homologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections in mice.

Homologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections was studied in mice. A high level of homologous resistance was demonstrated in mice harbouring a 13-day-old primary E. revolutum infection with 9--10 and 11--15 worms, corresponding to a 70.0 and 66.7% reduction in the size of the established worm burden as compared with that of the challenge control group. A 14- and 20-day-old primary infection with 3--4 worms induced a level of resistance of 61.7 and 81.8% respectively, while higher worm levels of 9--10 and 11--15 induced almost complete resistance corresponding to a 95.1--100% reduction in the size of the established worm burden. Complete resistance was also demonstrated in mice challenged 8 days after elimination of a 20-day-old primary infection with 11--15 worms by anthelmintic treatment. A primary 43-day-old Schistosoma mansoni infection induced a 73.1% reduction in the size of the established E. revolutum challenge infection while infections of an age of 79 and 99 days conferred complete resistance to heterologous challenge with E. revolutum. Primary pre-patent S. mansoni infections and a patent S. bovis infection of an age of 56 days did not induce any resistance to challenge with E. revolutum. A primary 14- and 21-day-old infection of E. revolutum did not stimulate any significant level of resistance to heterologous challenge with S. mansoni.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The present situation of paragonimiasis in endemic area in Phitsanulok Province.

A cross-sectional survey and evaluation of paragonimiasis situation from endemic area in Phitsanulok Province was studied. Studies on the species and prevalence of parasites which infected people in Noen Maprang, Phitsanulok Province were also conducted during October 1999-March 2000. The sputum specimens were collected and examined to identify Paragonimus heterotremus eggs. In addition fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites by the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique. P. heterotremus eggs were detected in 2 out of 391 sputum specimens; a prevalence of 0.51%. A total of 584 stool specimens were obtained and examined. It was found that the prevalence of parasitic infection was 36.30%. Opisthorchis viverrini infection was the most prevalent (10.78%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (9.59%), hookworm (8.22%), Echinostoma spp (2.23%), minute intestinal flukes (1.54%), Taenia species (1.37%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.68%), Entamoeba coli (1.03%) and Giardia lamblia (0.86%). The prevalent rate of paragonimiasis in this endemic area in Phitsanulok Province has decreased during the past decade. However, there were other important parasite infections, especially opisthorchiasis and strongylodiasis and these should be studied further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Cell-mediated immune response in experimental infection with H. heterophyes.

Experimental infection of puppies with Heterophyes heterophyes was associated with marked cell-mediated immune response that manifested itself by increase of T-cell count and leucocyte migration. The degree of cell-mediated immune response was inversely proportional to the intensity of infection. The significance of the results was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Occurrence and morphological comparisons of Campula oblonga (Digenea: Campulidae), including a report from an atypical host, the thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus.

New host records for Campula oblonga Cobbold, 1858 from the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis L., and from the thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre), are reported herein. Campulids have not been reported previously from a host that was not a marine mammal. The excellent condition and small size of the gravid specimen and the diet and natural history of the thresher shark lead us to conclude that the digene was acquired from the consumption of infected fish. Specimens of C. oblonga from these 2 hosts and from harbor porpoises, Phocoena phocoena (L.), and from Dall's porpoises, Phocoenoides dalli (True), are compared, and a wide variation in ranges and values for characters is noted. The synonymy of Campula folium Ozaki, 1935 with C. oblonga is further supported by the apparent effect of the host on the size of the trematodes. Due to the degree of variation in measurements and the numerous factors that may impact these values, we recommend the use of qualitative morphologic characters for the identification of C. oblonga.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Size differences in hamuli of Kuhnia scombri (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) from different geographical areas not due to differences in host size.

Hamuli of Kuhnia scombri from Scomber australasicus and S. japonicus from several localities in the Pacific Ocean show marked differences in length. Hamuli from large fish are slightly longer than those from small fish caught in the same geographical area (northern New Zealand). Differences correlated with host size are much less than those associated with geographical area and may be due to infections acquired in different localities. Taxonomic studies of Monogenea must take geographical variation and, to a lesser degree and in at least some species, effects of host size into consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

On the morphology and life-history of Hemiurus luehei Odhner, 1905 (Digenea: Hemiuridae).

Previously undescribed cystophorous cercariae which develop in sporocyst germinal sacs in the tectibranch opisthobranch Philine denticulata (Adams) are shown to be cercariae of Hemiurus luehei Odhner, 1905 (Hemiuridae), a common stomach parasite of clupeid and salmonid fishes off the Atlantic coast of Europe, in the Baltic and the Mediterranean Sea. The free-swimming cercariae are seized by calanoid copepods. Temora longicornis (Müller) and Acartia tonsa Dana acted as suitable experimental intermediate hosts. Pressure by the copepod mouth appendages causes delivery tube eversion and the injection of the cercarcial body into the haemocoel. Sagitta sp. was found naturally infected with a metacercaria of H. luehei. The cystophorous cercaria and metacercaria are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Adults from herring were examined under the stereoscan electron microscope.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Eurytrema coelomaticum infection in bovines in an abattoir in south Brazil.

Two and a half per cent of the 200 bovines examined in an abattoir in South Brazil had pancreatic gross lesions associated with Eurytrema coelomaticum infection. The lesions were mainly subacute periductular pancreatitis and the accompanying alterations in the adjacent parenchyma. Relevant literature is reviewed and compared with the results of the present study.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Description of a new species of Maritrema (Digenea:Microphallidae) from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina) with notes on its life cycle.

Adults of Maritrema bonaerensis n. sp. (Digenea:Microphallidae) were collected from the intestine of the gulls Larus maculipennis and Larus atlanticus from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The new species differs from M. pulcherrima Travassos, 1928 in having smaller sucker ratio, longer intestinal ceca, ovary not lobed, and larger eggs, and from Maritrema prosthometra Deblock and Heard, 1969 it differs in having larger suckers, smaller vitelline follicles, and in the absence of pars prostatica. It differs from Maritrema acadiae (Swales, 1933) in having larger body and pharynx and longer cirrus. It differs from Maritrema paracadiae Ching, 1974 in the larger pharynx, longer cirrus, and in the absence of prominent prostatic cells. From Maritrema majestova Ke, 1976, it differs in having a larger body, smaller eggs, and a long and protusible cirrus. Finally, M. bonaerensis differs from Maritrema chiricae Deblock, 1975 in the larger body, longer cirrus, and in the morphology of the seminal vesicle. Sporocysts and metacercarial stages isolated from the snail Heleobia australis australis and from the crabs Cyrtograpsus angulatus and Chasmagnatus granulata, respectively, suggest that those invertebrates could act as intermediate host in the life cycle of the new species in the lagoon. This assumption is supported by evidence derived from natural and experimental infections, from studies on biology of the actual and presumed hosts, as well as from previous reports on life cycles of species of Maritrema with similar transmission patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Histopathology of CNS and nasal infections caused by Trichobilharzia regenti in vertebrates.

In bird infections caused by Trichobilharzia regenti, the central nervous system (CNS) represents probably the main route to the nasal cavity, where maturation of the parasite occurs. However, in an abnormal mouse host, development is incomplete and is accompanied by a strong affinity of the parasite to the CNS. In order to explain pathological changes caused by the parasite, a histological study of cross-sections from the CNS and nasal cavity was performed. In the CNS of duck and mouse, immature flukes were found. Cross-sections showed parasites located either in meninges or in matter of various parts of the spinal cord and brain. In the spinal cord, the submeningeal location led to a strong inflammatory reaction around the schistosomula and resulted in eosinophilic meningitis. In the white and gray matter of the spinal cord and in the white matter of the brain, a cellular infiltration of spongy tissue surrounded the immature parasites; and we observed dystrophic and necrotic changes of neurons, perivascular eosinophilic inflammation in the spinal cord and brain, and cell infiltration around the central canal of the spinal cord. T. regenti adults and eggs were detected in the nasal mucosa of infected ducklings; and aging of the eggs resulted in various host reactions, ranging from focal accumulation of cells to the formation of granulomas. Histopathological changes may explain symptoms described previously for prepatent and patent phases of infections caused by T. regenti, i.e., neuromotor abnormalities in birds and mammals and hemorrhages/petechiae in birds, respectively.

Animals↗