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PubMed1991

Toothbrush abrasion caused by different dentifrices.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the abrasive effect on toothbrush bristles caused by three brands of commercially distributed dentifrices: Colgate regular flavor, Crest tartar-control formula, and Caffree gel. New brushes and brushes tested in distilled water served as controls. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of all test samples, randomly labeled, then presented to independent evaluators. Each bristle evaluated was assigned to one of seven wear categories adapted from previous studies. Crest and Caffree produced the most bristle wear and were not significantly different from each other. Colgate and water resulted in less wear, and new brushes the least wear. These results demonstrate that the effective life of a toothbrush will vary with the type of dentifrice used.

Dentifrices↗
PubMed1995

Dust accumulation in the canopy: a potential cause of dental microwear in primates.

Dental microwear researchers consider exogenous grit or dust to be an important cause of microscopic wear on primate teeth. No study to date has examined the accumulation of such abrasives on foods eaten by primates in the forest. This investigation introduces a method to collect dust at various heights in the canopy. Results from dust collection studies conducted at the primate research stations at Ketambe in Indonesia, and Hacienda La Pacifica in Costa Rica indicate that 1) grit collects throughout the canopy in both open country and tropical rain forest environments; and 2) the sizes and concentrations of dust particles accumulated over a fixed period of time differ depending on site location and season of investigation. These results may hold important implications for the interpretation of microwear on primate teeth.

Alouatta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficacy of the orthodontic treatment of pathological dental abrasion complicated by temporomandibular joint dysfunction].

A total of 426 patients, 215 female and 211 male ones, aged 40 to 65, were treated for abnormal abrasion of the teeth; 52 of these developed temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Orthodontic and physiotherapeutic methods were added to the complex of therapeutic measures for this patient population. Orthodontic treatment was aimed at normalization of the occlusion height (interalveolar space) and mandibular status and was carried out with a plastic cup attached to the denture for a period of up to 6 months. This was followed by rational prosthetics. Good late results were achieved in 48 patients (92.2 percent) with temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Four patients developed recurrences of such dysfunction in various periods after the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Tobacco-associated lesions of the oral cavity: Part I. Nonmalignant lesions.

The excessive use of tobacco products has been associated with various lesions in the oral cavity. Tobacco-associated lesions include tooth stains, abrasions, smoker's melanosis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and other periodontal conditions, burns and keratotic patches, black hairy tongue, nicotinic stomatitis, palatal erosions, leukoplakia, epithelial dysplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma. A routine intraoral examination by a dental health professional can reveal most of these lesions at an early stage, and early intervention may prevent serious sequelae. Thus, detection of tobacco-associated lesions in conjunction with tobacco-use counselling by dental professionals has become the standard of care. The significance and treatment of nonmalignant tobacco-associated lesions are addressed in the first part of this two-part series. Malignant lesions, basic biopsy principles and prevention and intervention strategies are discussed in the subsequent part.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste.

BACKGROUND: Loss of dentine at the buccal cervical region of teeth has a multifactorial aetiology. However, a considerable amount of circumstantial evidence, supported by laboratory experiments, implicates toothbrushing with toothpaste as a consistent factor. Most interest has centred around the abrasivity of toothpastes, particularly since a toothbrush alone has negligible effects on dentine. The influence of filament stiffness on toothpaste abrasion was the subject of some studies, mostly at least 2 decades ago, and produced conflicting conclusions. Numerous changes to toothbrush design and construction have taken place in recent years. AIMS: The aim of this study was to measure the abrasion of a standard substrate, acrylic, by a standard toothpaste carried on modern brands of toothbrushes classified by manufacturers as hard (3 brands), medium (3 brands) and soft (6 brands). METHOD: The substrate was brushed for 20,000 strokes with at least 6 heads from each brand. Measurements of substrate loss were made at 5000 stroke increments by profilometry. RESULTS: Substrate loss for all brushes showed a pattern of abrasion which was to a first approximation linear. Overall, hard brushes caused least abrasion and soft brushes the most, with differences between groups being significant. Within-group differences between brands reached significance for soft and medium brushes but not hard brushes. CONCLUSIONS: The results could be explained by increased retention of toothpaste by smaller diameter filaments and denser tufts on soft brushes and the greater flexion of filaments increasing the area of contact with the surface. Calculations on the clinical outcome of these data in vitro indicate that toothbrushing with toothpaste alone would produce minimal damage to dentine even over many years. Differences between brushes therefore are probably of little clinical significance. Certainly, the data do not support the use of hard brushes, particularly in view of the potential detrimental effects to gingival tissues.

Hardness↗
PubMed1977

Anatomic and clinical evaluation of the relationship between the temporomandibular joint and occlusion.

An anatomic and clinical investigation of condylar remodeling; the position of the condyle in centric occlusion; and the relationships of these two factors to each other and to the features of the dentition are reported. Two groups of 100 adult crania were examined. The first group had complete or partially edentulous arches. In the second group, the dentition was complete and there were various degrees of abrasion. In addition, clinical and tomographic data were obtained from 70 patients with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. Occlusion was also studied by intraoral registration of the gothic arch and by mounting the casts on an articulator in 40 patients. Comparison of the data made it clear that occlusal conditions determine the course of condylar remodeling and lead to marked changes in shape of the joints. Occlusal disorders are also responsible for condylar displacement (noted in 51.4 per cent of patients), which, in turn, may be the cause of typical reshaping of the joint. These findings cast doubt on the proposition that the gnathologic determinants (particularly centric relation) are never changed in the course of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The people of Jabuticabeira II: reconstruction of the way of life in a Brazilian shellmound.

Sambaquis are huge shellmounds built along almost the entire Brazilian coast between 8000 and 600 years ago. In the present article, 14 osteological markers from 89 individuals excavated at the Sambaqui Jabuticabeira II (2890+/-55/2186+/-60 BP) are analyzed in order to reconstruct the population's health status and way of life. The present palaeopathological findings (such as lower frequency of degenerative joint diseases in legs, as compared to arms, and the rarity of traumas) together with archaeological findings support the idea of nearby resource abundance and infrequent interpersonal competition. The presence of auditory exostoses mainly in males corroborates previous findings indicating the importance of marine resources. The low caries frequency and the high degrees of dental wear point to a diet poor in cariogenic food, and rich in abrasives such as sand, shell fragments and phytoliths. This suggests a broader diet, based on marine protein as well as plants, than previously thought. The etiology of cribra orbitalia could be explained by gastrointestinal parasites or other sources of physiological stress. These parasites, in turn, could have led to higher frequencies of infectious diseases, either by the debilitation of the immune system or by the direct contact with infectious agents. Despite the periods of illness various individuals experienced, the daily life among the builders of the Sambaqui Jabuticabeira II seems to have been relatively easy due to the abundance and predictability of resources and the paucity of violent traumas.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Surface microstructure of composite resins after toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion.

In vitro, conventional, microfilled and experimental composite resin specimens were subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion. Subsequently, height loss was recorded, and the appearance of the abraded surfaces was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the experimental composite, which had a polymer-impregnated porous glass filler, the glass phase showed flat surfaces. These surfaces were more smooth and lustrous than the surrounding resin. They also showed a rounding-off in the periphery. In the experimental composite smoothness and luster were therefore favored by the presence of large continuous areas of glass in the surface. It was possible to demonstrate the extension of the flat glass areas by the use of optical microscopy. In the conventional composite partly exposed irregular or rounded glass particles were frequent. A microfilled composite showed, except for frequent pores, a relatively smooth and lustrous surface. The wear rate of this material was, however, comparatively high.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1988

A review of methodology and quantification in dental microwear analysis.

Dental microwear analysis is a method of inferring oral events (primarily food processing and aspects of masticatory biomechanics) from microscopic abrasion patterns retained on the enamel surfaces of teeth. Although some qualitative pattern differences may be easily distinguishable, most of the significant results produced thus far have derived from quantified studies of SEM images of occlusal enamel. It often goes unnoticed by readers of microwear reports who are not themselves specialists that microwear analysis is essentially a statistical method, not a visual one. In this review of current techniques and methods, several problems in current approaches are detailed. It is noted that feature definition can have significant effects on ultimate pattern differentiation. Sampling bias is also a major concern, as most microwear studies are carried out on samples which are very small. Compounding this are the effects of magnification level choices, and the effects of SEM instrumentation on feature visibility. Finally, the interpretation of pattern differences requires careful attention to comparisons of within-group and between-group variability.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed2000

Selective ablation of orthodontic composite by using sub-microsecond IR laser pulses with optical feedback.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Conventional methods of residual composite removal after debonding orthodontic brackets involve the use of abrasives that damage the underlying enamel. The objective of this study was to determine whether infrared pulsed lasers are suitable for the removal of composite through selective laser ablation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pulsed CO(2) and Er:YAG lasers were evaluated for their ability to selectively ablate orthodontic composites. Optical emission spectra of the luminous plasma produced during composite and enamel ablation were acquired to differentiate between enamel and composite ablation to minimize accidental removal of enamel. RESULTS: TEA CO(2) laser pulses at a wavelength of 10.6 microm were best suited for the selective ablation of composite. Spectral analysis of plume emission identified several calcium emission lines that can potentially be used to distinguish between enamel and composite ablation. CONCLUSION: TEA CO(2) lasers operating at 10.6 microm used in conjunction with optical feedback have the potential to selectively ablate residual dental composite and minimize inadvertent removal of enamel.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical picture and orthodontic treatment in a shortened interalveolar distance].

A total of 868 patients aged 25 to 68 with various types of occlusion and dentition defects were examined. 212 (24.4%) patients presented with a shortened interalveolar distance (height of occlusion). Abnormal abrasion of hard dental tissues, dentition defects in the lateral sections of dental arches, abnormal occlusion (deep or prognathic), reduced tolerance of periodontal tissues, and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles (bruxism) were found to be the pathogenetic factors leading to the development of this condition. Dysfunction of the masticatory muscles was detected in 41.5% of patients with shortened interalveolar distance and dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint in 9.9%; moreover, in many of them traumatic occlusion and disorders in the regional circulation in the periodontium of teeth exposed to overexercise were observed. Orthodontic treatment of patients with shortened interalveolar distance was carried out in two stages: the first stage consisted in functional and adaptation restructuring of the maxillodental system by repair of the height of occlusion and normalization of the mandibular position on a plastic cup which the patients wore for 3 months, and then the second stage ensued, at which they were fitted with dentures. Good results were attained in 95.7% patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the roughness and mass loss of the flowable composites after simulated toothbrushing abrasion.

The purpose of this study was to measure mass loss and surface roughness changes of different brands of flowable resin composites after a simulated toothbrushing test. The null hypotheses were that there would be no differences in mass loss and no significant changes in surface roughness after this test and that there would be no correlation between the two variables. The tested materials were Aeliteflo (Bisco), Flow-It (Pentron), Flow-It LF (Pentron), Natural Flow (DFL) and Wave (SDI). Z100 (3M/ESPE) microhybrid and Silux Plus (3M/ESPE) microfilled resin composites were used as control materials. Twelve specimens (5 mm in diameter, 3 mm thick) of each material were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions. Toothbrushing abrasion was performed on all specimens from each of the materials using a simulator. The percentage mass loss and surface roughness were assessed before and after 100,000 brushstrokes, using a Sartorius analytical balance of 0.0001 g accuracy and a Hommel Tester T1000, respectively. The measurements of both properties were statistically compared by paired t-test and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). All materials presented a statistically significant mass loss comparing initial and final values, with the exception of Flow-It LF. However, no difference was revealed when comparing the mass loss of the different tested materials. All materials became rougher and Wave presented statistically higher roughness compared to the other resin composites. Flowable resin composites did not seem to be superior to the control groups, and they can be expected to wear by mass loss and to have an increased roughness of surface after toothbrushing action. The anticipated null hypotheses were partially accepted.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1981

The treatment of hypersensitive cervical abrasion cavities using ASPA cement.

This study evaluated the usefulness of the alumino-silicate polyacrylate (ASPA) or glass ionomer cement in the treatment of hypersensitive cervical abrasion cavities. Various methods of treatment of hypersensitive cervical abrasion cavities have been described, and all these methods have their disadvantages. The ASPA cement was used to treat non-carious hypersensitive cervical abrasion cavities in 189 teeth from fifty-eight adult patients. The patients were followed-up for periods ranging from 6-15 months. Of the 189 treated teeth, the ASPA restoration was intact in 163 or 86.2%. Seventeen teeth or 9.0% had partial loss of the restorations and nine or 4.8% had complete loss of restorations. With regard to symptoms, 176 or 93.1% of the treated teeth were no longer sensitive to stimuli from the oral cavity following placement of the ASPA restoration. Of the fifty-eight patients, fifty-two or 89.7% were completely relieved of all symptoms. Of the remaining teeth eleven or 5.8% reported a reduction in the severity of the symptoms. Only one patient, with both restorations lost, reported no improvement. No case of pulpal death was recorded, and there was no evidence of caries at the margin of any of the restorations. The results indicate that the method is effective, and it has some distinct advantages over existing methods of treatment of these cavities.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

In vivo and in vitro turnover in dental microwear.

Given the potential usefulness of dental microwear analyses in interpretations of archaeological and paleontological material, it is surprising how little we know about changes in individual microwear features through time. The purpose of this study was to document the turnover in primate dental microwear through in vivo dental studies of monkeys raised on different diets, and through in vitro studies of the abrasive effects of monkey chow biscuits on isolated monkey teeth. As in previous studies, epoxy replicas were prepared from dental impressions and examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results indicate that, under certain conditions, the turnover in primate dental microwear can be on the order of days, hours, or even minutes. Individual microscopic wear features can be obliterated within 24 hours on the molars of laboratory monkeys, and monkey chow biscuits can easily scratch the enamel of isolated monkey teeth. Monkeys raised on a hard diet showed more rapid turnover in dental microwear than monkeys raised on a soft diet. However, paired-sample tests revealed that, for all animals, the molar shearing facets were being abraded at a significantly slower rate than molar crushing/grinding facets. In light of these results, investigators should make every effort to use large samples in interspecific comparisons of dental microwear involving species with variable diets. Another implication of these results is that changes in dental microwear might be useful indicators of changes in oral behavior over relatively short periods of time.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

In vitro wear of resin-based materials--simultaneous corrosive and abrasive wear.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the wear of resin-based materials caused by the association of abrasive and corrosive processes. Twenty specimens were prepared for each material, cast in epoxy in acrylic rings, polished, and profiled with an MTS 3D Profiler. Antagonists were made from deciduous molars. Specimens were distributed into eight groups (n = 10), according to the material (Filtek Supreme, Point 4, Dyract AP, and Fuji II LC) and the type of slurry (neutral and acidic), and then cycled 100,000 times in the OHSU oral wear simulator. The specimens were cleaned and reprofiled. Volume loss and maximum depth were determined. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for data analysis (p < 0.05). The area of the wear facet on the antagonist was also measured. Composites displayed less wear than the compomer and the resin-modified glass ionomer. Significant differences also were found for cusp wear, with a significant positive correlation shown between cusp and material wear. The acidic slurry significantly increased the wear of the materials compared to the neutral slurry. Exposure to acidic slurry accelerated the wear of resin-based materials.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1998

Dentine hypersensitivity: the effects of brushing desensitizing toothpastes, their solid and liquid phases, and detergents on dentine and acrylic: studies in vitro.

Dentine exhibiting symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity has tubules open at the dentine surface and patent to the pulp. The mechanisms whereby dentinal tubules are exposed is ill understood but probably involves a variety of abrasive and/or erosive agents. This study in vitro examined the quantitative and qualitative effects of toothpastes, their solid and liquid phases and detergents on dentine and acrylic. Abrasion of dentine and acrylic were measured by surfometry. Morphological changes to dentine were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Abrasion of dentine and acrylic by toothpastes increased with increasing brushstrokes with marked differences in the extent of abrasion between different pastes. Brushing dentine with water or detergents produced progressive abrasion but which appeared to plateau around 2 microm loss. Water and detergents produced minimal effects on acrylic. At 5000 strokes dentine abrasion by solid phases was less than the parent toothpastes but the ranking order of abrasivity was the same as the parent toothpastes. Loss of dentine produced by liquid phases was minimal and in the order of 1-2 microm. Observationally, all toothpastes removed at least the dentine smear layer to expose many tubules; with one desensitizing product leaving a particulate deposit occluding most tubules. The solid phases of the toothpaste produced identical morphological changes to the parent paste. The liquid phases and detergents all exposed dentinal tubules by 5000 strokes. Water had little or no effect on the dentine smear layer. It is concluded that toothpastes, solid phase, liquid phase and detergents have the potential to abrade or erode dentine to a variable degree and result in tubule exposure. The effects of the liquid phases and detergents appear limited to the removal of the smear layer. Such detrimental effects seen in vitro could have relevance to the aetiology and management of dentine hypersensitivity. Toothpaste formulations which despite exposing tubules have ingredients capable of occluding tubules may be an area of development for such products.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1989

Clinical evaluation of the bond between composite resin and etched glass ionomer cement.

One hundred and thirty-eight non-undercut Class V abrasion lesions were restored using glass ionomer cement overlaid by composite resin. Four techniques were used: enamel and glass ionomer acid-etched, enamel only acid-etched, ionomer only acid-etched, and neither enamel nor glass ionomer acid-etched. The restorations were examined after six months, one year and two years and evaluated for integrity and marginal staining, the latter employing a direct clinical method and a set of photographic standards. The relative failure of restorations at six months was maintained at subsequent time intervals, and at two years the failure incidence was 10, 35, 43 and 58 per cent for the above four techniques respectively. Marginal staining was most evident around those restorations for which only the glass ionomer had been etched. The results indicate that the retention of composite to etched glass ionomer is similar to that of composite to dentine using many dentine bonding agents. The several advantages of glass ionomers over dentine bonding agents are discussed.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Clinical evaluation of four dentin bonding agents in Class V abrasion lesions: a four-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the long-term retention of four dentin bonding agents in Class V abrasion/erosion lesions during a four-year period. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-three restorations were placed in 81 patients. Four bonding agents and composite resins (Mirage bond/Silux, Tenure/Opalux, Tripton/Opalux and Scotchbond 2/Silux) were placed according to the manufacturers' instructions. No additional undercuts or etching of adjacent enamel was done. The restorations were evaluated every six mon during a four-year period. RESULTS: Two restorations developed secondary caries during the study. After six mon, three y, and four y, respectively, the loss rates for the dentin bonding agents were: Mirage bond, 38.6%/73.0%/74.6%; Tenure, 8.5%/51.2%/56.1%; Tripton, 30.2%/83.0%/83.0%; and Scotchbond 2, 9.6%/21.2%/23.1%. Scotchbond 2 showed significantly fewer failures than the other three bonding agents. No correlation was found between retention failure frequency and age of the patients. After two years, 88.0% of all the retention failures were registered. SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the promise of dentin bonding agents to form a resin-reinforced layer in the dentin, a high clinical failure rate was registered for three of the four evaluated bonding agents in Class V restorations.

Adult↗