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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of four nitroimidazoles in poultry and swine muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid method is presented for the determination of 4 nitroimidazoles in poultry and swine muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, then evaporated the organic phase. After filtration, the extract was directly injected into the LC/ESI-MS/MS system. The LC separation was made on a C8 column by applying a gradient composed of water and acetonitrile. Overall average recoveries ranged from 50-86% for egg, 66-115% for poultry muscle, and 79-111% for swine muscle. The decision limits ranged from 0.05-0.25 microg/kg for egg, 0.07-0.27 microg/kg for poultry muscle, and 0.07-0.26 microg/kg for swine muscle; and detection capabilities ranged from 0.51-0.68 microg/kg for egg, 0.41-0.75 microg/kg for poultry muscle, and 0.53-0.78 microg/kg for swine muscle.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed1975

Restoration of myocardial bioenergetic metabolism in swine after periods of ischemic ventricular fibrillation.

Myocardial mitochondrial function and high energy phosphate levels were measured in normal swine, in swine after either 5 or 10 minutes of ischemic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) while on cardiopulmonary bypass, and in swine defibrillated after either 5 or 10 minutes of IVE. The damage to myocardial mitochondria induced by IVF, such as partial uncoupling, decreased oxygen uptake, and loss of cytochrome oxidase activity, was completely reversed almost instantly by coronary artery perfusion and the restoration of sinus rhythm. After either 5 or 10 minutes of IVF followed by coronary artery reperfusion and defibrillation, myocardial creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) return to normal levels very rapidly. However, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels remain significantly lower than control levels. If the bioenergetic mechanisms of swine and human myocardium are similar, it appears that IVF at least for a 10 minute period produces no damage to myocardial mitochondria that is not corrected by perfusion of the coronary arteries and re-establishment of sinus rhythm. Furthermore, sinus rhythm can be re-established and maintained despite signficantly lower levels of myocardial ATP.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1991

Sedative and cardiovascular effects of midazolam in swine.

The ability to reliably produce sedation in swine is hampered by the paucity of agents available. This project examined the use of a new water soluble benzodiazepine, midazolam, as a sedative in swine. Echocardiographic studies were performed on thirty 23 to 30 kg Yorkshire swine before and 20 minutes after each animal received a single intramuscular dose of 100 micrograms/kg midazolam. Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased significantly compared to nonsedated values (93 +/- 7 versus 117 +/- 2 bpm and 10 +/- 1 versus 20 +/- 1 breaths/min, respectively [p less than 0.05]). However, there was no effect on left ventricular fractional shortening (29.9 greater than 0.05 versus 29.5 +/- 0.05% [p greater than 0.05]). An additional five pigs were instrumented for a dose response study in order to collect hemodynamic data and blood gas values at baseline, and 15 min after the intravenous administration of incremental doses of midazolam (100 to 1,000 micrograms/kg). Despite a significant decrease in heart rate and respiratory rate, cardiac output, blood gases, and pH remained within normal ranges at all dosage levels. Both routes of administration produced sedation for 20 min in all animals. Midazolam is an effective swine sedative that is associated with stable cardiac function.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Altered [3H]ryanodine binding is not associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in terminal cisternae preparations from swine.

Based on comparisons between Pietrain malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine and Yorkshire control swine, other investigators have reported a 3-fold lower Kd for [3H]ryanodine binding to terminal cisternae in the malignant hyperthermia swine. However, the Kd of [3H]ryanodine binding did not correlate with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility when examined within the same strain (a Yorkshire/Duroc cross) in the present study. The values of Kd for the malignant hyperthermia susceptible and control swine in the present study were similar to those previously reported for the Pietrain strain, suggesting that the control strain chosen, not malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, accounts for what appeared to be a low Kd in Pietrain muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Influence of dietary trans-fatty acids on swine lipoprotein composition and structure.

Four groups of 20 weanling swine each were fed either (a) basal diet, (b) basal plus hydrogenated fat (13% trans), (c) basal plus hydrogenated fat (13% trans) and 0.4% cholesterol, or (d) basal plus beef tallow (all cis). After six months of feeding, the animals were killed and the blood and aortas were removed. Very low density, low density, and high density lipoproteins were then isolated from the plasma by ultracentrifugal flotation. Although the fatty acid composition of the basal diet was different from the diets supplemented with either hydrogenated fat containing trans-fatty acid or beef tallow containing all cis, the lipid and fatty acid compositions of each of the isolated lipoprotein classes for the four groups of animals were remarkably similar. Elaidate was clearly incorporated into the lipoproteins of animals fed hydrogenated fat, but the level of incorporation was generally less than 5%. In a direct comparison of the structure of the lipoproteins from the different groups, we did not find any significant differences in their physical properties as determined by pyrene fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Grossly visible fatty streaks and fibrous plaques were not found in any of the swine aorta. However, light and electron microscopy indicated the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the distal abdominal aorta and bifurcation. These studies demonstrate that a diet containing a substantial amount of trans-fatty acid leads to a small but definite incorporation into the swine lipoproteins. However, such changes had relatively little effect on lipoprotein structure or the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in these 6-month-old swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Radioactivity of fodder mixtures for poultry and swine].

The investigation was conducted to determine the radioactivities of fodder mixtures and their components for poultry and swine. The total radioactivity, concentrations of potassium, potassium radioisotopes radium and thorium in 273 fodder mixture samples for poultry, 131 fodder mixture samples and concentrates for swine, and 915 component samples of the mixtures were estimated. The radioactivities of fodder mixtures for poultry, swine, and protein concentrates ranged from 212.0 (DKM-2) to 269.0 Bq/kg (DKA-starter), from 206.0 (PT-1) to 233.0 (PP-prestarter), and from 444.0 (KT-1) to 557.0 Bq/kg (Provit), respectively. As to the components of fodder mixture, the radioactivities ranged from 18.0 (fodder phosphate) to 1104.0 Bq/kg (fodder yeasts). The potassium concentrations in fodder mixtures for poultry ranged from 0.82 g/100 g (DKA-starter) to 0.62 g/100 g (KB-1); for swine ranged from 1.97 g/100 g (Provit) to 0.63 g/100 g (PT-1). The highest concentration of potassium was found in fodder yeasts (3.85 g/100 g), and the lowest one in fodder phosphate (0.01 g/100 g). The analysis of the data showed that the radioactivity of the mixtures and their components was mostly conditioned by radiopotassium and revealed correlations between the radioactivities and the total concentrations of potassium. The contamination with the natural radioelements (potassium, radium, thorium) as well as their limited absorption by the gastrointestinal tract, their metabolism in organism, and their radiotoxicological characteristics do not create radiological threat to animals.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stimulation of food intake and growth of swine by cholecystokinin immunization.

Experimental superalimentation at 30% above ad libitum intake increased growth 40% and confirmed that voluntary food intake is a growth-limiting factor in swine. A sequence of contingent hypotheses was proposed for swine: cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulator of food intake; food intake is enhanced by reduction of serum CCK; serum CCK is reduced by anti-CCK antibodies: anti-CCK antibodies are raised by active immunization. The objectives of this study were to determine if antibodies were raised in immunized swine and if the anti-CCK titers were sufficient to increase food intake and growth. Twelve young growing swine were immunized against cholecystokinin (CCK-8) to test the hypothesis that anticholecystokinin antibodies in serum would suppress cholecystokinin inhibition of appetite (food intake). An equal number of control animals (hSG) were immunized against the antigenic carrier protein by the same protocol. Specific binding of [125I]CCK-8, the C-terminal octapeptide, by sera diluted 1:181 increased to a peak value on day 43. Food intake and body weight gain were similar for the two groups during the first phase of the study. However, food intake was 8.2% greater and body weight gain was 10.6% greater for the CCK-8 than for the hSG group during the second phase (d 43 to d 77). Total food intake over the 77-day study was 5.4% greater for the CCK-8 group (P = .08): body weight gain was 8.3% greater (P = .006). Regression analyses confirmed that gain over the 34-day second phase increased .076 kg (P = .045; R2 = 0.34) for each percentage unit increase of serum binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida to swine nasal ciliated epithelial cells in vitro.

A bacterial adherence assay using swine nasal turbinate fragments was established. Turbinate fragments were incubated with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Pasteurella multocida type D at different concentrations or for different incubation times at 37 degrees C on a shaker at 120 rev/min. B. bronchiseptica phase I strains exhibited strong adherence to swine nasal ciliated epithelial cells. The number of adherent bacteria per cell increased when the bacterial concentration or incubation time increased (0, 15, 30, and 60 min); however, the number of adherent bacteria decreased after 3 or 6 hours' incubation due to the loss of cilia from cells. The optimal bacterial concentration and incubation time were 1 x 10(9) organisms/ml and one hour respectively, which resulted in 7.48 +/- 0.66 (Mean +/- SEM; B. bronchiseptica strain 03) and 9.31 +/- 0.54 (B. bronchiseptica strain 013) adherent bacteria per cell. In contrast to B. bronchiseptica phase I strains, rough phase strains of B. bronchiseptica and all P. multocida strains tested showed no adherence to swine nasal ciliated epithelial cells. All B. bronchiseptica phase I strains could agglutinate calf RBC but rough phase strains could not. Furthermore, pretreatment of B. bronchiseptica phase I organisms with 1 mg/ml or 2 mg/ml of trypsin significantly inhibited the adherence of B. bronchiseptica to ciliated epithelial cells; however, trypsin (2 mg/ml) treatment of bacteria did not decrease their ability to agglutinate calf RBC. From these results we conclude that, in addition to hemagglutinin, other proteinaceous components exist on the surface of virulent B. bronchiseptica that are sensitive to 2 mg/ml trypsin; these are suggested to be the adhesins for the adherence of B. bronchiseptica to swine nasal ciliated epithelial cells.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1987

Swine monoclonal antibodies of high affinity and specificity to carcinoembryonic antigen.

To avoid the exclusive use of rodent monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in patients for the detection of tumors by immunoscintigraphy and for radioimmunotherapy, swine MAbs were produced that are directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Spleen cells from 2 pigs immunized with purified colon carcinoma CEA were fused with a nonsecreting mouse myeloma cell line by conventional methods, except that a particularly long immunization protocol and large amounts of spleen and myeloma cells were used. Of 1,200 growing hybrids tested, 20 were found initially to produce antibodies binding to radiolabeled CEA. Seven stable clones producing anti-CEA MAbs for more than 6 months were derived from these hybrids by repeated subcloning. The pig origin of the seven MAbs was demonstrated in a solid-phase CEA enzyme immunoassay where anti-pig immunoglobin (Ig) antibodies coupled to peroxidase gave a positive reaction while anti-mouse Ig antibodies were entirely negative. All swine MAbs were of the IgG isotype. Three anti-CEA MAbs showed no cross-reactivity with granulocytes, while four others gave various degrees of reactivity with different granulocyte glycoproteins. Competitive binding to CEA performed for two purified swine MAbs showed that they recognized two different epitopes. The affinity constants measured for these two MAbs by Scatchard plot on purified CEA were high (1.2 X 10(9) and 1.2 X 10(10) liter/mol). One of the MAbs was tested in vivo for tumor localization by injection, after radiolabeling, in nude mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenograft. High ratios of tumor to normal tissue were obtained with mean values of 10.5 for intact MAbs and of 26.8 for F(ab')2 fragments of the porcine MAb. The results showed that heterofusion with this particular protocol can be used to produce swine MAbs of high affinity and specificity for a well-defined tumor marker. These reagents may have an important clinical utility, particularly in patients who became sensitized to mouse immunoglobulins.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiologic cross-sectional study of the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and lung function disorders in swine breeders and milkers].

In an epidemiological cross-sectional study the influence of occupation in swine production confinements on development of chronic bronchitis and lung function impairments was investigated. The study population comprised 307 swine confinement workers and 165 cattle workers without significant differences in age distribution and smoking habits. For evaluation of respiratory symptoms a standardized questionnaire was used. The following lung function tests were carried out: FVC, FEV1, RV, MEF25, MEF50, PEF and Raw. Regarding the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and lung function impairments no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. Indeed swine confinement workers indicated a distinct trend to a higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis in correlation to the duration of employment. Workers in swine confinement buildings with more than 10 y exposure showed significantly worse mean values of the measured lung function parameters and significantly more frequent pathological lung function values than the control group of cattle workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of an orally administered live Escherichia coli pilus vaccine on duration of lacteal immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in swine.

Primigravid swine were vaccinated orally with a live enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain that produces pilus antigen K99. The titers of K99 antibody in colostrum and milk of vaccinates remained higher than those of nonvaccinated controls through the first lactation after vaccination (4 weeks). Some control swine had low titers of K99 antibody in colostrum or developed low titers of K99 antibody in milk during lactation. Lacteal K99 antibody titers of vaccinates dropped to control levels during the second lactation, 6 months after vaccination. Pigs suckling vaccinates and controls were equally susceptible to challenge exposure to K99+ ETEC during the second lactation. Orally vaccinated swine given a parenteral booster vaccination (with killed K99+ ETEC) during their second gestation had K99 antibody in milk through their second lactation. During the second lactation, these orally vaccinated parenterally revaccinated swine had higher titers of K99 antibody in postcolostral milk than did nonvaccinated controls, controls given only the parenteral booster injection, or controls vaccinated parenterally during both gestations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Indium-111-oxinate labeled swine platelets and their survival in vivo.

Since the fibrinolytic system of the swine is close to that of human, the use of a swine model may assume increasing prominence in future studies of thrombosis. Swine platelets were labeled with 111In in a modified Tyrode's solution, suspended in plasma, then injected intravenously into swine. The average radioactivity incorporated into the platelets was 44 +/- 27%. The recovery of labeled platelets at 5 minutes post-injection was 81.7 +/- 5.3%. The platelets retained their label throughout their life span. The survival of 111In-platelets was described by a one component exponential equation, with a life span of 157.9 +/- 25.3 hrs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Confounding factors in the hemorrhage of conscious swine: a retrospective study of physical restraint, splenectomy, and hyperthermia.

A retrospective study showed that variability in the responses of heart rate and mean arterial pressure to hemorrhage in conscious swine can be induced by handling procedures, hyperthermia, and splenectomy. All animals were hemorrhaged 38.5 ml/kg over 1 hour. Physical restraint caused tachycardia prior to hemorrhage, an effect that was enhanced during hemorrhage; hemorrhage had no effect on the heart rate of unrestrained animals. Animals restrained in a sling also had an attenuated fall in mean arterial pressures throughout the experiment compared to normothermic swine. Splenectomized swine had elevated heart rates compared to sham-operated animals, with the difference persisting throughout hemorrhage. No difference in mean arterial pressure was noted due to splenectomy. These sources (handling, hyperthermia, and splenectomy) of experimental variability should be considered in the design and interpretation of experiments using conscious swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Age-related variations in serum concentrations of the third component of complement in swine.

Single radial immunodiffusion was used to determine the concentration of the third component of complement (C3) in serum from swine in the following age groups; 36 to 60 hours (neonates), 6 to 7 weeks (weanlings), 4 to 5 months (adolescents) and greater than 1 year (adults). Mean serum C3 concentrations, expressed as the percentage of pooled reference sera from 15 adult swine for the 4 groups were 23, 123, 119, and 98%. With the exception of mean values for weanlings and adolescents, all comparisons of group means were significantly different. Regression models were developed to estimate serum C3 concentration in neonates as a function of litter size, birth weight, and total serum IgG concentration. Increases in birth weight and litter size were accompanied by increased serum C3 concentration, possibly reflecting ontogenic variation of the complement system at the end of gestation. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins, as measured by total serum IgG concentration, was inversely related to serum C3 concentration in neonatal swine, suggesting that colostral absorption of C3 has minimal impact on complement activity in neonatal swine.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Common antigens of human intestinal treponemes and of swine Treponema hyodysenteriae.

The antigenic cross-reactivity between intestinal treponemes of human and swine origin (T. hyodysenteriae and T. innocens) was studied by sodium-dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting techniques. Several distinct peptides, ranging in molecular weight from 14,400 to about 150,000 daltons, were recognized by SDS-PAGE analysis of twelve human and two swine hemolytic intestinal treponemes. Thirty antigenic bands were develope by homologous antiserum against treponeme D87, one of 12 human intestinal hemolytic treponemes isolated in our laboratory. An identical number of cross-reacting antigens was found when Western blots of human treponemes D87 were tested with antisera against ten other human treponemes or with antisera against swine treponemes (T. hyodysenteriae, T. innocens). Similar results were obtained when Western blots of swine T. hyodysenteriae were tested for cross-reactivity with antisera against all human intestinal treponemes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Emerging models in the U.S.A.: swine, woodchucks, and the hairless guinea pig.

Swine have been used in biomedical research for many years, but have generally been limited to those locations with personnel familiar with this species and with specially designed facilities and equipment. There is currently a growing trend in the United States for more swine, both miniature and domestic to be used as research models. Commercial availability, education through workshops and symposia, and specific research applicability in the areas such as: organ transplantation, cardiovascular surgery, nutrition, diabetes, dermatology, and renal physiology have all contributed to the increased usage of swine. Additionally, increasing costs and public concern about the use of random source dogs and cats have also resulted in a refocus on swine as a laboratory animal model. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) has recently gained a role as a laboratory animal model when it was discovered that woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is closely related to hepatitis B virus in humans (HBV). Chronic infections in woodchucks with WHV have shown protein particles in their blood which are similar to the Australian antigen found on the surface of HBV. There is also immunologic response similarities by the respective host to these viruses. These findings have resulted in a number of laboratories using the woodchuck in infectious disease comparative research studies. A euthymic hairless guinea pig has been described in Canada and recently been produced on a limited basis commercially in the United States. For dermatologic studies requiring an immunocompetent animal model the hairless guinea pig may prove useful. time to have the ability to add

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Occupational exposure and lung function measurements among workers in swine confinement buildings.

Previous studies have demonstrated that air in swine confinement buildings contains large amounts of dusts, highly contaminated with microorganisms and bacterial endotoxin. A study was undertaken to investigate the respiratory function of workers before and after the work shift in swine confinement buildings. Questionnaires were mailed to workers on swine farms. Dust levels were measured by personal sampling, and the micro-flora in the dust was determined. Work-related symptoms from the lung were frequent. Several workers who were smokers had forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) values lower than expected when they started work. Among a group of life-long nonsmoking workers the baseline forced vital capacity and FEV1 were not decreased. Changes in the FEV1 over the working shift were generally not found. It is suggested that exposure to dust in swine confinement buildings may lead to respiratory impairment but further studies on larger population samples and different exposure conditions are required.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1986

Cardiopulmonary effects of the pneumatic anti-shock garment on swine with diaphragmatic hernia.

The pneumatic anti-shock garment is a widely used prehospital treatment modality for injured patients in shock. Laceration of the hemidiaphragm is a post-traumatic condition that usually is unrecognized during the prehospital phase of trauma care. In order to study the effects of inflation of the pneumatic anti-shock garment on experimental swine with diaphragmatic injury, a premeasured custom-fitted external counter pressure device was applied to the swine both before and after surgically induced laceration to the left hemidiaphragm. At each inflation pressure, several measurements were recorded: blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, pulmonary artery pressures, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output and arterial blood gas determinations. Roentgenograms of the chest were obtained both before and after diaphragmatic laceration and at each inflation pressure after injury. Herniation of abdominal viscera was induced in all swine at 60 millimeters of mercury and was accompanied by statistically significant aberrations in tidal volume, pH, pO2, pCO2, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary artery pressures. Blood pressure increased, in both the injured and noninjured swine, and remained at normal or above normal levels throughout the inflation period in both groups. Extrapolating this phenomenon to the clinical setting when the use of or further inflation of the pneumatic anti-shock garment, or both, is generally determined by blood pressure response alone, patients with blunt trauma and lacerated diaphragms in whom external counter pressure is used may sustain irreversible cerebral hypoxia before any problem is suspected.

Animals↗