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PubMed2005

Enhancing dynamic graphical analysis with the Lisp-Stat language and the ViSta statistical program.

Presented is a sample of computerized methods aimed at multidimensional scaling and psychometric item analysis that offer a dynamic graphical interface to execute analyses and help visualize the results. These methods show how the Lisp-Stat programming language and the ViSta statistical program can be jointly applied to develop powerful computer applications that enhance dynamic graphical analysis methods. The feasibility of this combined strategy relies on two main features: (1) The programming architecture of ViSta enables users to add new statistical methods as plug-ins, which are integrated into the program environment and can make use of all the functions already available in ViSta (e.g., data manipulation, editing, printing); and (2) the set of powerful statistical and graphical functions integrated into the Lisp-Stat programming language provides the means for developing statistical methods with dynamic graphical visualizations, which can be implemented as ViSta plug-ins.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1999

The Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics.

The Rice Virtual Laboratory in Statistics is an integrated combination of an electronic textbook, simulations/demonstrations, and case studies. The electronic textbook covers basic concepts in statistics and data analysis and contains links to data analysis tools, instructional demonstrations/simulations, and other on-line texts. The simulations and demonstrations help make abstract concepts concrete and allow students to investigate various aspects of statistical tests and distributions. Case studies demonstrate the real-world applicability of statistical methods. Materials are available on the World-Wide Web.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1989

Orthopedic research: an overview of data entry, database management, and statistical analysis.

An orthopedic practitioner can facilitate clinical research and analyze quality assurance data with a minor investment in a personal computer, an optical scanner, and two software packages, namely a database manager and a statistics program. One of the most time-consuming stages in the research process includes entering patient chart data, editing and manipulating the data (database management), and analyzing the data (statistical analysis). This can be automated to a large extent with the above mentioned equipment. This article focuses on the steps involved in organizing an orthopedic office for research. The steps include choosing a method of data entry, choosing and implementing a database package, and choosing and implementing a statistics package. This discussion is followed by a practical review of basic statistics applicable to orthopedic research. Several simple and advanced tests are described and examples are given for each.

Biometry↗
PubMed1986

The choice of an appropriate statistic: a nonmathematical approach.

Statistics appear with increasing frequency in the occupational therapy literature. At the same time many therapists do not understand the reasons for selecting certain statistics for a study. This article outlines an approach to selecting statistics that can be used with many research studies. The approach is useful in evaluating the choice of statistics in a published study or a research proposal or in planning a study. The presentation is conceptual, illustrated with examples from occupational therapy literature.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Federal statistics: the effect of program cuts on availability, utility and quality.

Cutbacks in U.S. federal statistical programs have attracted considerable attention during the past year, particularly those that have been associated with efforts to reduce federal government expenditures. However, there have been a variety of changes during the past several years that intentionally or unintentionally have had the effect of reducing federal data resources. Among the legislative actions have been the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, which has affected statistical, as well as administrative, data collection. There have also been changes in philosophy concerning the role of the federal government, including both deregulation and the new federalism, that imply a substantial change in federal data collection activities. In addition, the Administration's announced intention to institute user charges will affect the availability of federal statistics. This article reviews some of these changes as seen from the perspective of users of federal statistics who have presented testimony to congressional committees during the past year. It identifies and classifies the principal concerns of these users and provides a guide to the literature.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1983

Hospital statistics that contribute to epidemiology.

Can a hospital population be used as a set of reference to a general population? The purpose of the present paper is to underline several conditions for which hospital statistics might be used for epidemiological inference, e.g. to map-out the pattern and the frequency of diseases in a general population. In several countries the population base for hospital in-patients is known and well-documented. Under this assumption, the frequency of diseases that require hospitalization, such as meningitis or some birth defects might be estimated in relation to the general population. In other instances, the population base remains unknown, all hospitals from a given region not being able to provide uniform statistics. There might be false associations called Berkson's bias. However, a study of the frequency of some diseases estimated from a large population of in-patients gave surprisingly similar results to those obtained from well defined populations. It is concluded that, even when the population base is unknown, hospital statistics might already contribute largely to epidemiology under two conditions: (1) the hospital sample must be large enough (above 10 000 patients) and include a case mix from several specialties (e.g., all cases from the departments of internal medicine and surgery), (2) discharge abstracts should be available, reliable and comparable for all inpatients and include all diagnoses relevant to each case. The importance of accuracy and uniformity in registration is stressed as well as the need to develop more widely population-based hospital statistics.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding British addiction statistics.

The statistical data issued by the Home Office and Department of Health and Social Security are quite detailed and generally valid measures of hard core addiction in Great Britain (Judson, 1973). Since 1968, the main basis of these high quality British statistics is the routine reports filed by Drug Treatment Centres. The well-trained, experienced staff of these clinics make knowledgeable dicsions about a cleint's addiction, efficiently regulate dosage, and otherwise exert some degree of control over addicts (Judson, 1973; Johnson, 1974). The co-operation of police, courts, prison physicians, and general practitioners is also valuable in collecting data on drug addiction and convictions. Information presented in the tables above indicates that a rising problem of herion addiction between 1962 and 1967 were arrested by the introduction of the treatment clinics in 1968. Further, legally maintained heroin addiction has been reduced by almost one-third since 1968, since many herion addicts have been transferred to injectable methadone. The decline in herion prescribing and the relatively steady number of narcotics addicts has apparently occurred in the face of a continuing, and perhaps increasing, demand for heroin and other opiates. With few exceptions of a minor nature analysis of various tables suggests that the official statistics are internally consistent. There are apparently few "hidden" addicts, since few unknown addicts die of overdoses or are arrested by police (Lewis, 1973), although Blumberg (1974) indicates that some unknown users may exist. In addition, may opitate usersnot officially notified are known by clinic doctors as friends of addicts receiving prescriptions (Judson, 1973; Home Office, 1974). In brief, offical British drug statistics seem to be generally valid and demonstrate that heroin and perhaps methadone addiction has been well contained by the treatment clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Statistical thinking applied to everyday data.

Despite all the talk about "improvement" and "statistical thinking," our everyday work environments are horribly contaminated with poor statistical practice (even if it is not formally called "statistics"). The statistical methods our work requires are quite simple ... but initially quite counter-intuitive. Once grasped, however, they can provide a deeper understanding that will ensure better analysis, communication and decision-making.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2000

[Military medical statistics: the status, problems and outlook].

The reform of medical service of the RF Armed Forces has objectively required the conduction of quite definite changes and military and medical statistics as an applied science, the teaching subject and field of practical activity of medical service. The results obtained during analysis of experience of the Armed Forces personnel medical support for the last years have shown that it is necessary to widen the scope of military and medical statistics applications by military physicians, medical specialists of medical service head-quarters in the form of their informative and statistic activity which is one of the integrated part of medical service in military men. The article presents the main results of military and medical statistics reformation, as well as principal trends of its further improvement.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2000

Estimation and detection of event-related fMRI signals with temporally correlated noise: a statistically efficient and unbiased approach.

Recent developments in analysis methods for event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has enabled a wide range of novel experimental designs. As with selective averaging methods used in event-related potential (ERP) research, these methods allow for the estimation of the average time-locked response to particular event-types, even when these events occur in rapid succession and in an arbitrary sequence. Here we present a flexible framework for obtaining efficient and unbiased estimates of event-related hemodynamic responses, in the presence of realistic temporally correlated (nonwhite) noise. We further present statistical inference methods based upon the estimated responses, using restriction matrices to formulate temporal hypothesis tests about the shape of the evoked responses. The accuracy of the methods is assessed using synthetic noise, actual fMRI noise, and synthetic activation in actual noise. Actual false-positive rates were compared to nominal false-positive rates assuming white noise, as well as local and global noise estimates in the estimation procedure (assuming white noise resulted in inappropriate inference, while both global and local estimates corrected false-positive rates). Furthermore, both local and global noise estimates were found to increase the statistical power of the hypothesis tests, as measured by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC). This approach thus enables appropriate univariate statistical inference with improved statistical power, without requiring a priori assumptions about the shape or timing of the event-related hemodynamic response.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2000

Optimal reporting of health care process measures: inferential statistics as help or hindrance?

In this paper we discuss the appropriate application of inferential statistics to practice profiles and other measures of care. To accomplish our objectives, we first describe the relative merits of measuring three well-recognized domains of medical quality: structure, process, and outcome. Next, we discuss inferential statistics as used in quality improvement. We then describe several common circumstances that arise in the measurement of medical care, giving attention to the application of inferential statistics to each situation. We end with a brief discussion of statistical techniques commonly used in the measurement of quality and challenges that arise with their use.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1996

[Public health statistics in the Soviet Union in the 1920s: international cooperation and national tradition in a post-revolutionary framework].

In October 1929, a two-man delegation (a social hygienist and a sanitary statistician) went to Paris to participate in the meeting of the International Institute of Statistics called to consider revisions of the Bertillon classification of the causes of illness and death. The Soviet delegates were demonstrably eager to be considered part of the international scene in public health statistics. But they came to Paris with a radical proposal to replace the locationist system of classification with one that gave clear primacy to the principle of social etiology. This paper examines the assumptions about public health statistics, about the international area, and about their own indigenous tradition in public health, that underlay the Soviet proposal. On the basis of this particular case, the paper raises questions about the factors that favor the adoption of one system of statistical classification as opposed to others and about the general problem of studying "internationalism" in public health.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1994

[Demographic statistics after the GBA Law is passed].

"The Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs plans to replace the old written population systems on paper with a new system of decentralized automated population registers (in Dutch this system is called: GBA) on 1 October 1994.... In the summer of 1993 Statistics Netherlands carried out a test to find out whether the GBA messages are appropriate for making population statistics. To do this such messages were forwarded to Statistics Netherlands by five municipalities for three months. The conclusion of the test results was that the GBA system is technically adequate for making population statistics." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Data Collection↗
PubMed1975

Crime in the changing Greek Society. Reflections on statistical data.

Crime is a complex phenomenon. Statistics related to crime in a given milieu reveal nothing in substance and they are not amenable to comparisons. For one thing they are classified differently in different countries. For another, statistics are related to processes that are the outcome of all the interrelated variables which operate in the given milieu. It is within the context of the transaction of these variables: cultural, social, economic, technological, psychological, and biological, that these statistics may become meaningful and may lead to valuable interpretations. In Greece, for instance, during the last ten years, crime has decreased. (In 1960, there were 82,649 convictions and in 1970 there were 72,393. The population, seven years of age and above, increased from 7,289,130 in 1960 to 7,796,850 in 1970. Moreover the number of recidivists for the same years increased only from 28,988 to 31,540.) And yet, from impressionistic observations one notices that violence has increased significantly. The modus operandi of the criminals as well as the motives that instigate criminal behavior have changed. Those changes are alarming. Crime statistics, although they present a picture of decrease in crime rate, do not help us to focus on the real problem and search for measures of prevention and control.

Crime↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of an integrated software program to analyze statistically the results of complex investigations in space biology and medicine].

A concept of implementing the problem-oriented statistical software based on an application of expert systems is presented. The shortcomings of existing statistical software for personal computers and trends of their improvements are analyzed. Recommendations on designing of statistical expert systems can be used by the statisticians, mathematicians, programmers and users not being professionals in these fields. Integrated statistical software will make it possible to perform additional retrospective analysis and to check up the large arrays of previously gained data and to obtain supplementary scientific information and to find new regularities in the previous experimental findings.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance and limits of statistical methods in psychiatry].

Clinical reasoning and statistical treatment of psychiatric data interact to reduce the risk of random diagnosis and prognostic probabilities. Errors of statistical procedures are found in an important amount of papers in the most reliable psychiatric journals. Guide-lines for reporting statistics are given advising the authors about mistaking statistic application. Unfortunately, on a more elementary level, representation of data are often criticizable for they are incomplete, or make difficulties of decoding. Harmonization of data representation is then desirable. Some remarks are expressed about paucity of negative studies in literature.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Statistical and regression analysis in interpreting computerized morphometric results].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study is to construct the statistical framework requested by the interpretation of the results obtained through computerized morphometry procedures. The study also includes the regression analysis of the investigated quantitative features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The automatic measurements performed under Zeiss KS400 environment were achieved on a microscopic specimen of dental pulp. The areas and the perimeters were determined for 139 fibroblasts, so as to define two statistical series able to characterize the size of the cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The results are formulated in both analytic and numerical terms, the latter relying on the graphical support and computational resources of Zeiss KS400 environment. Also, the mathematical support is implemented. The research focuses on three key aspects: (i) the role of the class organization (clustering) in the correct evaluation of the measured cellular areas, (ii) the global characterization of these areas by the standard statistical indices, (iii) the linear and quadratic regression perimeter versus area. CONCLUSIONS: The study is based on a concrete morphometric investigation of a dental pulp microscopic specimen, but the statistical and regression analysis can be applied to any other kind of specimen that undergoes a morphometric examination. The implementation under Zeiss KS400 is easy adaptable to other software environments providing similar facilities. For an exhaustive approach, in accordance with the sampling and selection laws, this type of study should be successively practiced on several fields of the microscopic specimens.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Alternative statistical techniques to evaluate linearity.

With the increase in demand for linearity assessment, a wide variety of analysis techniques have been advocated. There is no consensus on optimal techniques. This article reviews different approaches that have been advocated by the College of American Pathologists, by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, and by manufacturers of diagnostic methods and controls. This is not a review of all statistical techniques proposed for linearity assessment. I discuss four basic categories of methods, with the first and simplest being visual review. The second general approach includes the conventional statistical techniques based on least-squares regression; this includes an equation for the line and statistical tests for linearity and for curvature. The third general approach involves comparison of slopes for line segments, or "deltas." This approximates the visual assessment of linearity. The fourth approach involves comparing observed and expected values, with some allowance for differences. Comparisons can be made for observed single results, means of replicates, or components of variance. Allowances for error can be internal goals or goals that are recommended for clinical usefulness. Each approach has strengths in different aspects of linearity assessment, including intuitive appeal, statistical rigor, and objectivity. Similarly, each approach has limitations that are not always obvious.

Analysis of Variance↗