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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

An evaluation of two incontinence skin care protocols in a long-term care setting.

Caring for the skin of patients with incontinence is an essential activity in long-term care. A prospective descriptive study to compare the effect of two skin care protocols on skin condition, pain, and caregiver time was conducted. Thirty-two (32) skilled nursing facility residents with incontinence participated in the 3-week study. Patients were randomly assigned to a standard care regimen (soap and water cleansing after each incontinence episode, followed by application of a moisturizing lotion) or study care protocol (no-rinse skin cleanser after each episode and application of a barrier cream with durable properties after the first incontinence episode of each shift). Number and type of incontinence episodes, skin condition, pain, and caregiver time spent were assessed. Skin integrity was maintained in the majority of control (69%) and study group (72%) patients and improvement occurred in 8% of control and 17% of the study group (NS). Study protocol procedures took less time to complete than control procedures (a savings of 79 minutes/patient/day). A positive correlation between pain intensity and level of skin impairment was observed (r = 0.88). The results of this study suggest that at this facility, use of soap, water, and a moisturizer may be less effective and more time-consuming than using a no-rinse cleanser and a durable barrier product.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Treating acne vulgaris.

While there is no single treatment plan that will work for every patient, acne can be controlled and long-term scarring can be minimized. Treatment must be individualized. Remember, there may be a "flare" when intensive therapy begins. Useful treatment methods include ultraviolet light, cleansers and soaps, peeling and drying agents, benzoyl peroxide preparations, abrasive soaps and scrubs, retinoic acid and oral antibiotics. The therapeutic choice depends upon the extent and severity of the disease.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1991

Faecal indicator bacteria on the hands and the effectiveness of hand-washing in Zimbabwe.

Two aspects of hand-washing were explored in this study. Mothers and children from 80 families in Zimbabwe were asked to wash their hands in the traditional manner in sterile water. Mothers were asked to answere a socio-economic questionnaire. By using the questionnaire and observations in conjunction with the microbiological data from hand-washing, factors were identified which contributed to high counts on the hands. These were: high relative humidity, living on a commercial farm, and having an infant in the family. Mothers and children 1-5 years of age had higher counts than children of 6-12 years. People recently involved in outdoor physical activities such as farming had higher counts than those involved in other activities. The traditional hand-washing method was also compared with two other hand-washing methods: hand-washing using soap and hand-washing using a container known as the mukombe. Hand-washing with soap was the most effective method closely followed by hand-washing using the mukombe. The least effective method was traditional hand-washing.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of local handwashing agents in Bangladesh.

The efficacy of handwashing using ash, soap, mud or plain water was tested in a group of 20 women living in a slum of Dhaka in Bangladesh. Each woman was asked to wash her hands using each of the washing agents and the efficacy of handwashing was assessed by comparing estimated faecal coliform counts from post-washing hand samples. Mud and ash were found to be as efficient as soap. Research on appropriate handwashing techniques in the light of the existing practices is suggested.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1990

Exit-site care and exit-site infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): results of a randomized multicenter trial.

A total of 127 patients from 8 hospitals were randomized into 1 of 2 exit-site care regimes to evaluate their effect on rate of exit-site infection (ESI). Group 1 used povidone iodine and nonocclusive dressings changed 2 to 3 times weekly; Group 2 simply cleansed the exit site with nondisinfectant soap and water. Incidence, cause, duration, and treatment of ESI and peritonitis (P) were noted. Groups were analysed for age, sex, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), catheter, and systems. Total cumulative follow up time was 95.6 years. There was a significantly higher rate (p = 0.0183) of ESI in Group 2 (soap and water). The mean rate of ESI was 0.27 episodes/patient year for Group 1 versus 0.71 episodes/patient year for Group 2. Rates of P for the two groups were not significantly different (p greater than 0.50): 0.446 episodes/year for Group 1 versus 0.574 episodes/year for Group 2. S. aureus was responsible for 83% of ESI in Group 1 and 67% of ESI in Group 2. Protective dressing with a disinfectant is associated with significantly less ESI than minimum care. However, further research in exit-site care aimed specifically at reducing S. aureus infection is still required.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Break-up behaviour of some small calibre projectiles when penetrating a dense medium.

A study of the break-up patterns of two types of standard ball small calibre bullets fired from a range of 100 meters against targets made of soft soap was performed. A flash X-ray set-up was used to study the behaviour of the bullets while penetrating the soap. A simplified calculation of the stresses affecting the bullets was performed. It turns out that one predominant factor in the break-up process is the tumbling of the projectile. The longitudinal rotation velocity of the bullets is often so great that this is sufficient to cause-centrifugal stresses of high enough magnitude to cause rupture of the bullet lead core. This in combination with the high retardation forces acting on a bullet penetrating a dense medium at large angles of yaw is sufficient to cause an almost inevitable break-up for fast-tumbling bullets.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

[Atopic neurodermatitis].

Neurodermatitis atopica is a skin disease caused by various different factors and which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of different clinical features. The treatment is directed towards the various aetiopathological factors and oriented on the clinical picture. The main symptom is dry skin, which has to be rehydrated and provided with an artificial film of grease. Dermosteroids are the most efficient antiinflammatory agents, but they can only be used as one of various components of a complete neurodermatitis therapy. New knowledge gained over the past few years has shown the important role of Staphylococcus aureus in this condition, and as a result antibiotic therapy has increased in importance. The use of soap, which was previously not recommended, is now considered to be a useful and beneficial addition to the treatment, thanks to the availability of new alkali-free, disinfectant soaps. In certain cases there is a causal connection with exposure to allergens. Besides treatment of the itching, which is crucial for the patient, stabilization of the psychological factor and, if necessary, changes in the patient's environmental situation are extremely important. Substitution of essential fatty acids and UV therapy are discussed.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1985

Neglected aspects in the management of acne.

Acne is the result of excessive grease on the skin. The successful treatment of acne depends essentially on the degreasing of the skin to an extent which produces peeling, which is the observable index of adequate treatment. The use of antibiotics is supplementary to degreasing and peeling. Degreasing is best achieved by thrice daily washing with Neutrogena acne cleansing soap, followed by the application of a benzoyl peroxide preparation of a suitable strength. If necessary, further degreasing can be achieved by cleansing with isopropyl alcohol after washing with the Neutrogena soap.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to diarrhoea in a rural community in Burma.

A study was conducted in a rural community in Burma, to determine how people perceive the importance of food, water and defecation in the causation of diarrhoea and to determine whether people wash hands or use soap after defecation or before preparing and eating food. 90% of mothers with under-five children in the community were interviewed. 53 to 86% of people were aware of the importance of food, water and defecation in the causation of diarrhoea. Although 34 to 88% practised hand washing before eating/food handling or after defecation, only 5 to 12% regularly used soap. Furthermore, drinking water for under-five children was obtained by dipping the drinking mug or cup into the drinking water pot (83%) which could result in contamination of drinking water.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Irritant contact dermatitis. Traumiterative and cumulative impairment by cosmetics, climate, and other daily loads.

Based on the results of exposure experiments on living human skin a working hypothesis is launched concerning the possible pathogenesis of irritant contact dermatitis. Below a certain and critical degree of exposure there is no alteration in clinical aspect of the exposed region. However, instrumentally (watervapour-loss measurements, impedance measurements) it is usually possible to register subclinical effects in such a field. These are interpreted as signs of impairment of metabolic homoiostatic systems. It is possible in certain cases to show that the skin is able to adapt its functions to a repeated load (illustrated with exposure experiments to DMSO). It seems useful to distinguish between a traumiterative irritant contact dermatitis (a result of too early repetition of just one type of load; see Aquabrom experiment) and a cumulative irritant contact dermatitis (resulting from a too early repetition of exposures differing in type; see experiment with soap and detergent solutions). In cumulative irritant contact dermatitis the sequence of the different loading factors is of importance: first soap and then detergent or the reverse.

Climate↗
PubMed1982

Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis.

Six stallions were subjected to extensive cleansing of the penis and prepuce with water, Ivory Soap and water, or Betadine surgical scrub and water. The stallions were all washed for 14 days, and then allowed 14 days respite. This pattern of washing and resting was repeated consecutively. Swabs were taken from all 7 stallions twice weekly and semen was collected once a week for bacteriological examination. All forms of cleansing altered the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis; the Ivory Soap tended to encourage the replacement of the normal flora with coliform organisms, while Betadine favoured the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. This experiment showed that the systematic washing of a stallion's penis will cause the normal flora to be replaced with pathogens and potential pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of the germicidal activity of prepodyne and betadine surgical scrub solutions.

Two iodophoric surgical scrubs soaps, Prepodyne and Betadine, were evaluated for bacteriocidal activity in a modified phenol coefficient test. A standard inoculum of each of 18 species of microorganisms was mixed with a 1:8 dilution of each iodophor and subcultured after one, three, and five minutes of exposure. Complete cidal activty was exhibited by both Prepodyne and Betadine. Twenty-five subjects were tested in hand washing experiments using Betadine and Prepodyne surgical scrub solutions. Quantitative fingerprint cultures were obtained before and after hand washing. Betadine resulted in an 85.2 per cent plus or minus 24 per cent decrease; Prepodyne, and 83.6 per cent plus or minus 21 per cent decrease. It can'be concluded from this data that there is no difference in bacteriocidal effectiveness between the two scrub soaps.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1993

[Relationship between postmortem change and biological reaction].

In the adipocere which is one of postmortem changes, some specific fatty acids possessing higher melting points together with soap play an important role in the formation of adipocere. These fatty acids were clarified to be mainly 10-hydroxystearic and 10-hydroxypalmitic acids. Moreover, slight amounts of 10-oxostearic and 10-oxopalmitic acids, which have higher melting points than those of hydroxy fatty acids, exist in the adipocere as well. The substantial adipocere is formed and stabilized by these specific fatty acids together with the soap. The hydroxy fatty acid (OHFA) and oxo fatty acid (OXOFA) are biosynthesized by some enzymes from bacteria. Various aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are involved in the formation of adipocere. For example, microbial conversion of various unsaturated fatty acids to 10-OHFA by Micrococcus luteus was investigated. As a result, 10-OHFA was synthesized only from fatty acids possessing cis-9-unsaturation. It was also clarified that 10-OHFAs were converted to the corresponding 10-OXOFAs but the 10-OXO compounds were inactive as substrates. Furthermore, the enzyme preparations from Flavobacterium meningosepticum solubilized by sonication catalyzed not only hydration of oleic acid to produce 10-hydroxystearic acid but also dehydrogenation of this product in the presence of deuterium. On the other hand, we found out that there was 10-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (10-OHLA) from linoleic acid in some kinds of adipocere. 10-OHFA existing in adipocere has been thought not to exist in a living body. However, recently 10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid (leukotoxin, LTx) which is one of lipid peroxides was found not only in rice plants but in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It was also clarified that these polymorphonuclear leukocytes produced the same 10-OHLA as the compound found in adipocere. Since LTx was found from leukocytes related to inflammatory response, it has been interested in involvement of not only the basic mechanism of biological defense but also the mechanism of shock as a vasoactive substance. A postmortem change itself is little associated with a phenomenon on a living body. However, 10-OHLA found in adipocere existed also in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting that this compound metabolized from LTx is closely related to a biological reaction.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Is it really fragrance-free?

BACKGROUND: Fragrance allergy is the most common cause of cosmetic contact dermatitis. Many occult sources of fragrance exist. Those which cause the most concern are some "fragrance-free" products that contain fragrance raw ingredients. Thus, the very patients requiring fragrance-free items may be exposed to potential perfume allergens or cross-reactors in seemingly safe products. Additionally, medications dermatologists recommend, both prescription and over-the-counter, sometimes contain fragrance. OBJECTIVE: This report describes a patient with chronic hand dermatitis sensitized to multiple fragrance ingredients including rose oil, present in the "fragrance-free" soap she used. Additionally, the tar soaks recommended to her also contained fragrance. CONCLUSION: It is no longer sufficient to recommend the use of products labeled fragrance-free to fragrance-sensitive patients. These patients must be educated to read labels and look for plant extracts that are potential perfume sensitizers and cross-reactors. Rose oil, which has been felt to be a rare sensitizer, may be a more common allergen than previously recognized, perhaps because of its existence in a popular "fragrance-free" soap and, conceivably, in many "all-natural" products. Further testing with rose oil should be conducted in the future. Finally, manufacturers need to be more forthright in the labeling of their products.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[Histochemiscal characteristics of lipids in different forms of goiter].

Histochemical studies were carried out of the content and localization of neutral and acid lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, phospholipids, free fatty acids and soaps in various forms of goiter (96 of the thyroid glands removed during during the operation in connection with goiter). It was shown that thyreo-toxic strumas were characterized by a very small amount of neutral lipids in the apical part of thyreocytes and some small amount in the stroma. The greatest amount of lipids (predominantly acid ones, free fatty acids and soaps) were identified in euthyroid macro-microfollicular strumas which were characterized by cystic degeneration of the glandular parenchyma and by a marked process of desquamation of the follicular epithelium. Histochemically, the desquamated Kulesh-Lauer's cells were found to contain moderate and insignificant amounts of neutral lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, with the help of the reaction with Nile bleu sulphate a great amount of acid lipids was identified, by Fischer's method--a great amount of free fatty acids. The results obtained also showed that Ashkinazi's cells were free from lipids. C-cells, which hardly identifiable in thyreotoxic colloid-parenchymatous strumas, were found to be rich in phospholipids, whereas in other cellular elements of the thyroid gland they were not detected, which in the authors' opinion, may serve as a histochemical test of C-cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize available data on the effectiveness of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products such as hand lotions and soaps and to discuss the implications of such use on antimicrobial resistance. DATA SOURCES: We searched the MEDLINE database, 1966 to 2001, using the search term resistance qualified with the terms consumer product(s), OR soap, OR lotion, OR triclosan, and LexisNexis and the World Wide Web using the search strategy antimicrobial resistance AND consumer product. DATA EXTRACTION: English-language articles were selected that provided information on the use of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products and the effect of this use on antimicrobial resistance. DATA SYNTHESIS: Despite the recent substantial increase in the use of antimicrobial ingredients in consumer products, the effects of this practice have not been studied extensively. No data support the efficacy or necessity of antimicrobial agents in such products, and a growing number of studies suggest increasing acquired bacterial resistance to them. Studies also suggest that acquired resistance to the antimicrobial agents used in consumer products may predispose bacteria to resistance against therapeutic antibiotics, but further research is needed. Considering available data and the critical nature of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it is prudent to avoid the use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products. CONCLUSIONS: The use of common antimicrobials for which acquired bacterial resistance has been demonstrated should be discontinued in consumer products unless data emerge to conclusively show that such resistance has no effect on public health and that such products are effective at preventing infection. Ultimately, antibiotic resistance must be controlled through judicious use of antibiotics by health care professionals and the public.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1975

Colorimetric analysis of hexachlorophene in topical formulations.

The commonly used 4-aminoantipyrine dye formation procedure for hexachlorophene analysis in topical formulations was modified to overcome interference due to other components. Bar soaps and nonemulsion formulations are analyzed directly, employing a chloroform back-extraction stage of the dye prior to quantitation. Hexachlorophene in emulsions and liquid soaps is determined using a TLC separation prior to dye formation.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1994

Percutaneous absorption of azone following single and multiple doses to human volunteers.

Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one) is an agent that has been shown to enhance percutaneous absorption of drugs. Azone is thought to act by partitioning into skin lipid bilayers and thereby disrupting the structure. An open-label study was done with nine volunteers (two males, seven females; aged 51-76 years) in which Azone cream (1.6%; 100 mg) was topically dosed on a 5 x 10-cm area of the ventral forearm for 21 consecutive days. On days 1, 8, and 15, the Azone cream contained 47 microCi of [14C]Azone. The skin application site was washed with soap and water after each 24-h dosing. Percutaneous absorption was determined by urinary radioactivity excretion. The [14C]Azone was ring labeled [14C-2-cyclo-heptan]. Radiochemical purity was > 98.6% and cold Azone purity was 99%. Percutaneous absorption of the first dose (day 1) was 1.84 +/- 1.56% (SD) of applied dose for 24-h skin application time. Day 8 percutaneous absorption, after repeated application, increased significantly (p < 0.002) to 2.76 +/- 1.91%. Day 15 percutaneous absorption, after continued repeated application, stayed the same at 2.72 +/- 1.21%. In humans, repeated application of Azone results in an initial self-absorption enhancement, probably due to its mechanism of action. However, steady-state percutaneous absorption of Azone is established after this initial change. Thus, Azone can enhance its own absorption as well as that of other compounds. This should be considered relevant for any pharmacological or toxicological evaluation. Washing the skin site of application with soap and water only recovered 1-2% of applied radioactivity. Previous published studies recovered the Azone dose with ethanol washes. Thus, there could potentially be an accumulation of Azone in skin.

Aged↗