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PubMed1988

Paradoxical sleep deprivation applied two days after end of training retards learning.

Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 98) were trained in a 2-way shuttle shock avoidance task (50 trials/day for two consecutive days) and then subjected to a paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) regime beginning at least 24 hours after the last training session. Results from the various PSD groups indicated that a vulnerable PS window exists from 48-72 hours after the end of the last training session. PSD during this time period produced severe retention deficits. These results suggest the existence of a very long term posttraining PS involvement in the learning/memory process.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and cocaine on genital reflexes in hyperlipidic-fed rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of a hyperlipidic diet (HD) on penile erection (PE) and ejaculation (EJ) induced by cocaine in paradoxical sleep deprived (PSD) rats. Secondly, we aimed to verify the influence of HD cafeteria diet on steroid hormone levels. Twenty-one day-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two groups: rats fed with commercial chow diet and rats fed with a palatable HD containing chow mixed with peanuts, milk chocolate and sweet cookies in the proportion of 3:2:2:1. After nine weeks of treatment, the animals were submitted to PSD or maintained as home cage control group for 96 h and challenged with cocaine (7 mg/kg, i.p.). Results showed that the HD led to a reduction in the frequency of erection in the PSD+cocaine group when compared to the PSD+cocaine fed with standard diet. Regardless of the diet, testosterone concentrations were significantly lower and progesterone was higher in the PSD rats than in the respective home-cage control rats. Although there were no hormonal alterations, the findings showed that a long-term HD might modify the stimulating effects of cocaine in potentiating genital reflexes in PSD rats.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

The 24-hour rhythms in plasma growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone: effect of sleep deprivation.

Twenty-four hour secretory rhythms of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were investigated in 9 normal adult men by means of serial blood sampling at 30 min intervals. The profiles of pituitary hormones were compared in 6 subjects between in normal nocturnal sleep condition and in delayed sleep condition. Plasma GH was measured with use of highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) recently developed. Plasma TSH was also evaluated by highly sensitive time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay (TR-FIA). Time series analysis of plasma GH and PRL was performed by auto- and cross- correlation and spectral analysis. The detection limit of EIA for GH was 0.3 pg/ml and all plasma GH levels were within the detectable range of this EIA. Cross-correlation and spectral analysis suggested the presence of approximately 2-3 h rhythmicity of plasma GH. Plasma PRL appeared to have some 24-hour rhythmicity besides its sleep-dependent component. Sleep deprivation caused marked elevation of plasma TSH during night time. It is suggested that there appears two mechanisms regulating GH secretion: one has a sleep-independent and ultradian rhythm and another has a sleep-dependent rhythm.

Activity Cycles↗

PubMed2004

Increasing task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response to total sleep deprivation.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To test the role of task difficulty in the cerebral compensatory response after total sleep deprivation (TSD). DESIGN: Subjects performed a modified version of Baddeley's logical reasoning task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging twice: once after normal sleep and once following 35 hours of TSD. The task was modified to parametrically manipulate task difficulty. SETTING: Inpatient General Clinical Research Center and outpatient functional magnetic resonance imaging center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: 16 young adults (7 women; mean age, 27.6 +/- 6.1 years; education, 15.4 +/- 1.8 years) were included in the final analyses. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Behaviorally, subjects performed the same after TSD as while well rested. Neuroimaging data revealed a linear increase in cerebral response with a linear increase in task demands in several brain regions after normal sleep. Even stronger linear responses were found after TSD in several brain regions, including bilateral inferior parietal lobes, bilateral temporal cortex, and left inferior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response observed following TSD. Compensation manifests as both new regions that did not show significant responses to task demands in the well-rested condition, as well as stronger responses within regions typically underlying task performance. The possible significance of these 2 types of responses should be explored further, as should the importance of the parietal lobes for cognitive performance after TSD.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Increased cerebral response during a divided attention task following sleep deprivation.

We recently reported that the brain showed greater responsiveness to some cognitive demands following total sleep deprivation (TSD). Specifically, verbal learning led to increased cerebral activation following TSD while arithmetic resulted in decreased activation. Here we report data from a divided attention task that combined verbal learning and arithmetic. Thirteen normal control subjects performed the task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) scans after a normal night of sleep and following 35 h TSD. Behaviourally, subjects showed only modest impairments following TSD. With respect to cerebral activation, the results showed (a) increased activation in the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobes, particularly in the right hemisphere, following TSD, (b) activation in left inferior frontal gyrus correlated with increased subjective sleepiness after TSD, and (c) activation in bilateral parietal lobes correlated with the extent of intact memory performance after TSD. Many of the brain regions showing a greater response after TSD compared with normal sleep are thought to be involved in control of attention. These data imply that the divided attention task required more attentional resources (specifically, performance monitoring and sustained attention) following TSD than after normal sleep. Other neuroimaging results may relate to the verbal learning and/or arithmetic demands of the task. This is the first study to examine divided attention performance after TSD with neuroimaging and supports our previous suggestion that the brain may be more plastic during cognitive performance following TSD than previously thought.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The effect of sleep deprivation on memory and psychomotor function in healthy volunteers.

Benzodiazepines and other psychotropic drugs have been implicated in the production of memory deficits. The mechanism is unclear, but both a distinct pharmacological action and a non-specific sedative effect have been suggested as being causal or contributory. These two postulated mechanisms of action may be examined separately by using sleep deprivation as a method of non-pharmacological sedation. We measured psychomotor and memory functions in eight sleep-deprived healthy volunteers and eight controls. There was both subjective and objective evidence of sedation, but memory function was not affected. These findings support the view that the effect on memory of psychotropic drugs is principally caused by a direct amnestic effect rather than by drug-induced sedation. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Homeostatic process and sleep spindles in patients with sleep-maintenance insomnia: effect of partial (21 h) sleep deprivation.

OBJECTIVES: A low level of process 5 at bed time would be responsible for a reduced amount of slow-wave activity (SWA) leading to increased alpha activity and awakenings at the end of the night. METHODS: Following a base-line night (BLN) recording, 7 sleep-maintenance insomnia (SMI) subjects and 7 sex- and age-matched controls were maintained on 21 h of sleep deprivation. Thereafter, a recovery night (RN) was performed from 2300 h until spontaneous awakening. SWA (power density of the EEG delta band between 0.75 and 4.5 Hz) was monitored by means of spectral analysis (FFT). Sleep spindles and the occupation ratio of Rechtschaffen and Kales EEG bands were observed by integrated digital filtering analysis. RESULTS: SWA was lower in SMI subjects than in controls during RN but was higher than in BLN indicating that the homeostatic process was operating, but weaker in SMI subjects. On the other hand in SMI subjects the sleep spindle index (SSI) did not decrease during slow-wave sleep and was significantly lower than in controls. Moreover during RN the SSI decreased significantly during the first sleep cycle in controls and not in SMI subjects. The existence of an inverse relationship between SWA and SSI was therefore not observed in insomniacs. Finally the mean duration of alpha frequency significantly increased in SMI subjects. CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesised that in SMI subjects, an alteration of the homeostatic process is responsible for insufficient sleep pressure leading to an inability to maintain sleep for an extended period.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Sleep deprivation can attenuate light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in hamsters.

To determine whether sleep deprivation (SD) affects the response of circadian rhythms to light, hamsters were forced to walk on a slowly rotating treadmill for 6 or 24 h, ending early in the night, with or without a light pulse during the last 30 min. SD alone did not produce a significant phase shift. Light pulses (300 and 50 lx) alone induced significant delay shifts (55 and 35 min, respectively). Twenty-four hours SD significantly attenuated the delay to brighter light and 6 h SD significantly attenuated the delay to moderate light. Sleep loss or attendant low-intensity continuous activity appear to modulate the response of the hamster circadian system to light.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Low-dimensional dynamic self-organization in delta-sleep: effect of partial sleep deprivation.

Studies on extended data including 37 electroencephalographic (EEC) records of delta-sleep, each 10(3) s long (six subjects: up to seven nights per subject, comprising normal sleep, partial deprivation and recovery), confirmed earlier conclusions that rare episodes of low-dimensional dynamic self-organization, with life-times between 10 and 20 s, are present in stage 4 sleep. Particular care was taken of the Theiler correction which, in some delta-sleep signals, required the deletion of trajectory points covering nearly one pseudo-period. The percentage of segments showing an episode, i.e. the attractor probability, decreased with a change in sleep conditions either deprivation or recovery prior to the next deprivation. Repetition of deprivation over three nights resulted in an adaptation process, manifested by an increase in attractor probability. After the sharp decrease in probability observed when recovery was established prior to the next deprivation, and on return to normal conditions of sleep at 2200 hours, the probability was immediately close to that observed in normal baseline sleep conditions free of any interference. The observation of a definite effect of sleep deprivation and recovery upon the number of stage 4 attractors observed provides a line of approach to the physiological significance of the probability of such attractors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Effects of sleep deprivation on the activity of selected metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle.

The effect of 120-h sleep deprivation on the activity of selected enzymes of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle was studied in seven healthy volunteers. The results showed a significant decrease in the activity of malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. Triosephosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activities showed an insignificant decrease. The findings are indicative of (1) decreased aerobic oxidation capacity; (2) reduced function of reducing-equivalent carriers from cytosol across the mitochondrial membrane; (3) relative accentuation of the non-aerobic glycolytic pathway; (4) a prediabetic type of muscle metabolism.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1984

Photically evoked potentials in the visual cortex following paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats.

Immediately following 72 hr of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation, the P3-N3 amplitude of the photically evoked response in the visual cortex was measured in waking rats. PS deprivation was achieved instrumentally by one of three different techniques: the classical platform, the multiple platform, or the pendulum technique. For each of the techniques a control condition was run additionally. The PS deprivation effect consisted of a decrement in the P3-N3 amplitude, which was interpreted as indicating an increase in tonic arousal having a depressing influence on cortical excitability. Concomitantly, a relatively large technique effect occurred, in which the difference between the two platform techniques on the one hand, and the pendulum technique on the other, was most apparent. The same factors did not influence behavioural activity taking place during the presentation of photic stimulation, but did during the preceding 5 min adaptation period. Although the present findings are in contrast with previous reports in animals, they may not be inconsistent with the basic idea of the neural excitability hypothesis of PS.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of sleep deprivation on event-related fields and alpha activity during rhythmic force production.

The influence of sleep deprivation (SD) on event-related fields and the distribution of power over the scalp of MEG imaged brain activity was studied during acoustically paced rhythmic force production. At the behavioral level, SD resulted in a reduction of the lag (negative asynchrony) between produced forces and acoustic stimuli at higher movement tempos. Principal component analysis of the accompanying MEG activity showed that auditory- and motor-evoked fields were attenuated after SD and revealed an anterior shift of power towards more frontal channels. These results were interpreted in terms of a change of central processing of afferent sensory input due to SD.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1982

hPP and gastrin response to a liquid meal and oral glucose during prolonged severe exercise, caloric deficit, and sleep deprivation.

Sixteen young healthy military cadets were subjected to prolonged severe exercise, caloric supply deficiency, and sleep deprivation during a 5-day ranger training course. Several cadets complained of gastric discomfort. The fasting and postprandial human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) and gastrin levels induced by a liquid meal (no. = 9) and peroral glucose load (no. = 7) were measured during normal school activities (control) and on the third day during the course. The results showed that the fasting level of hhPP was significantly increased during the course. Both during meal and glucose stimulation the hPP level during the course was significantly higher at most registrations than during control conditions. The fasting level of gastrin was not changed. The maximal level of gastrin during meal stimulation was higher during the course than during the control period. Glucose loading, on the other hand, did not change the gastrin response. The integrated response of hPP and gastrin were not changed during the course either for the liquid meal or for the peroral glucose load.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Serotonin binding in rat brain: circadian rhythm and effect of sleep deprivation.

Crude membrane fractions isolated from rat brain were used to measure specific serotonin (5-HT) binding. In untreated animals a 24 hours rhythm in 5-HT binding was evident. Sleep deprivation (SD) was applied to enhance sleep pressure. After 12, 24, and 72 hours SD the high affinity 5-HT binding, KD1 = 1-3 nM, remained unchanged, the apparent dissociation constant of the low affinity 5-HT binding, KD2 = 20-30 nM, was found to be enhanced almost by factor 2. The number of binding sites were only moderately affected by SD. If SD was followed by 1 or 4 hours recovery sleep, the dissociation constant KD2 was decreased towards control values. The brain levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were not significantly changed immediately after 72 hours SD. A statistically significant increase was found only for 5-HIAA 4 hours after 72 hours SD. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in the sensitivity of 5-HT binding may be involved in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of MK-801 and sleep deprivation effects on NREM, REM, and waking spectra in the rat.

In previous studies, we showed that blockade of the cation channel gated by NMDA glutamate receptors with ketamine or MK-801 massively stimulates NREM delta. We now test whether this NREM delta stimulation is physiological by comparing the EEG response following MK-801 to the EEG response following sleep deprivation (SD). Our previous studies measured only NREM 1-4 Hz EEG with period-amplitude analysis (PAA). Here we extended the analysis of MK-801 effects on sleep EEG by applying power spectral analysis (PSA) to examine delta and higher frequency spectra (.2-100 Hz) in NREM and by including REM and waking spectra. The changes in EEG spectra following MK-801 and SD were remarkably similar. Both SD and MK-801 produced their largest changes in NREM delta and REM 10-20 Hz power. There were some differences in the high frequency EEG, but the overall similarity of the PSA spectra in all three vigilance states after MK-801 and SD supports the possibility that MK-801 stimulated physiologic sleep, perhaps by increasing the need for homeostatic recovery from the metabolic effects of NMDA channel blockade.

Animals↗

PubMed1965

PARODOXICAL SLEEP: DEPRIVATION IN THE CAT.

In cats, the paradoxical phase of sleep occupies about 33 percent of the total sleeping time. Cats which were deprived of paradoxical sleep, by being awakened at its onset, required an increased number of awakenings on successive days of deprivation in order to prevent paradoxical sleep. On the first day of recovery after deprivation, when sleep was not experimentally interrupted, the paradoxical phase occupied 53 percent of the total sleeping time.

Cats↗

PubMed2006

[Interns: the relationship between sleep deprivation, working hours and performance].

In recent years numerous studies were published on the relationship between working hours, sleep deprivation and medical errors, clinical judgement, attention and motor vehicle accidents. This article reviews the latest literature on interns and the implications of continuous working hours, without sleep. Current policy changes in the realm of working hours and rest, both in Israel and throughout the world, are reviewed.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Interhemispheric asymmetry of human sleep EEG in response to selective slow-wave sleep deprivation.

Recent evidence suggests that the human sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) shows regional differences over both the sagittal and coronal planes. In the present study, in a group of 10 right-handers, the authors investigated the presence of hemispheric asymmetries in the homeostatic regulation of human sleep EEG power during and after selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation. The SWS deprivation was slightly more effective over the right hemisphere, but the left hemisphere showed a markedly larger increase of EEG power in the 1.00-24.75 Hz range during recovery-night non-REM sleep, and a larger increase of EEG power during both deprivation-night and recovery-night REM sleep. These results support the greater need for sleep recuperative processes of the left hemisphere, suggesting that local sleep regulation processes may also act during REM sleep.

Adult↗