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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of two doses of a valerian preparation on the sleep, cognitive and psychomotor function of sleep-disturbed older adults.

One of the most popular herbal remedies for the alleviation of sleep problems is valerian. However, research into valerian is sparse, and studies differ greatly with respect to design, measures, and preparations used. This clinical study used standardized sleep EEG and psychometric tests to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a valerian preparation (Li 156). A placebo-controlled three way crossover clinical trial was completed using 16 (5 male and 11 female) sleep-disturbed participants (aged 50 to 64 years, mean age 55.9, SD 4.68). Participants slept overnight in a sleep laboratory, following a 21:00 hours dose of valerian 300 mg, valerian 600 mg, or placebo (double-blind). EEG sleep was recorded for each participant at 23:00 hours until 07:00 hours, when a psychometric evaluation was performed the morning after dose. Test periods were separated by six days washout period. Results showed no significant effect between valerian 300 mg, valerian 600 mg or placebo on any EEG parameter or psychometric measure. This suggests valerian at these doses is ineffective as an acute dose for sleep problems. However, valerian is widely used, and is traditionally sedative. Therefore, more research is required into therapeutic dose, types of valerian preparation, and the optimum period of use for therapeutic effect.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Effect of zolpidem on sleep and sleep EEG spectra in healthy young men.

A single 10 mg dose of zolpidem, an imidazopyridine hypnotic, was administered to young, healthy male volunteers prior to bedtime. The drug reduced REM sleep but did not significantly affect other sleep stages and subjective sleep parameters. All-night spectral analysis of the EEG revealed that power density in nonREM sleep was reduced in the low-frequency range (1.25-2.5 Hz; 5.25-10.0 Hz) and increased in the spindle frequency range (12.25-13.0 Hz). Significant changes in the EEG spectrum were present in the first 4 h of sleep. The pattern of the spectral changes was similar to those induced by other hypnotics that bind to the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. There were no residual effects of zolpidem on psychomotor performance in the morning, on the self-rated state in the morning and at noon, and on sleep and EEG parameters in the subsequent drug-free night.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Slow wave sleep (SWS) distribution across night sleep episode in the elderly.

Slow wave sleep (SWS) distribution across night sleep was shown to be different between infants and young adults. The present research aimed at studying the SWS distribution across night sleep in elderly subjects. Nine healthy elderly subjects, 61-71 years old, were submitted to nocturnal polygraphic sleep recording. Eleven young subjects, 21-23 years old, were the control group. Recordings were visually analyzed according to Rechtschaffen and Kales rules; the method proposed by Webb and Dreblow was used for scoring SWS. An NREM-REM cycle was defined as a sequence of NREM and REM sleep not interrupted by a waking period longer than 15 minutes. SWS percentage was calculated for each successive NREM episode. No significant association between SWS percentage and cycle rank was shown in elderly subjects, whereas a significant association was observed in the young ones. This kind of SWS distribution could be interpreted as reflecting the restructuring of internal organization of sleep in the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of a mandibular protruding device on the sleep of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring problems: a 2-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate subjective discomfort and somnographic measures of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring problems who had been treated for 2 years with a mandibular protruding device (MPD). METHODS: The study population comprised 65 patients with a pretreatment diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) ( n = 44) or habitual snoring without apnea (n = 21). After a baseline medical and somnographic examination, a functional examination of the stomatognathic system, and a questionnaire focused on sleep-related qualities, each patient received an MPD. Two follow-ups were made 6 months and 2 years after MPD treatment had been initiated, and all initial examinations were repeated. RESULTS: At the 2-year follow-up, significant subjective improvements were registered in 90% of the patients regarding a reduction of snoring and apneas, in 76% regarding a reduction in daytime tiredness, and in 84% regarding an improvement in the quality of the night sleep (change of > or = 50% from baseline data). At the 2-year follow-up of the OSA group, the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) had dropped significantly from a mean value of 14.7 (SD, 12.7) to 3.1 (SD, 4.2) ( P < 0.001), and the mean SaO2 nadir rose from 78.2% (SD, 8.1) to 89.0% (SD, 4.7) ( P < 0.001). Only one of the snorers increased his ODI value; the others retained their initial healthy values. The OSA patients significantly reduced the amount of time they snored during their sleep. CONCLUSION: MPD treatment is associated with a significant reduction in subjective complaints such as disturbing snoring, apneas, daytime tiredness, and poor quality of night sleep, and with a significant reduction in ODI values in the OSA group. In addition, favorable 6-month results were unchanged after 2 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Sleep and activity rhythms in mice: a description of circadian patterns and unexpected disruptions in sleep.

Studies on daily and circadian rhythms in wheel running and electrographically defined wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep in M. musculus were done to gather data on the temporal distribution of activity and sleep. Generally, peaks in NREM and sleep tended to coincide and to alternate with the coincident peaks of wakefulness and wheel running. However, during the active phase of the circadian wheel running cycle some NREM and REM sleep did occur; conversely, during its rest phase, wakefulness was often present. The most striking finding was that in mice with clearly entrained or free-running activity onsets, the circadian peak-through patterns in wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep were not always distinct--they could be damped and/or polyphasic. Several explanations of these phenomena are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Changes in seizure susceptibility, sleep time and sleep spindles following thalamic and cerebellar lesions.

The present experiment attempted to clarify conflicting evidence on the relationship of sleep spindles to seizure activation. Seizure thresholds were calculated in minutes post-injection following IP administration of the convulsant drug monomethylhydrazine (MMH) to cats with lesions intended to alter the occurrence of spontaneous 12-15 c/sec sleep spindles recorded from sensorimotor cortex. Twelve cats with bilateral cortical and subcortical recording electrodes were divided into 3 groups receiving electrolytic lesions in the dentate nucleus (group I), the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus (group II), or in one of various 'control' regions (group III). Lesion sites in group III animals avoided primary afferent pathways to VB thalamus, destruction of which has been found to enhance sleep spindle activity, and included cerebellar white matter and ventral pontine tegmentum. Prior to the MMH trials, baseline EEGs were obtained during pre- and post-lesion conditions. Following the MMH trial, lesions were verified histologically. Results of the MMH trial revealed that animals with dentate and ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed elevated seizure thresholds and slow wave sleep times relative to their own pre-lesion EEG baselines and to the pre- and post-lesion baselines of control animals. Furthermore, an increased incidence of sleep spindles was associated with dentate lesions while animals with ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed a shift in frequency from 8-11 c/sec to 12-15 c/sec activity during that state. These findings are compatible with the view that sleep spindles do not facilitate seizure activation and may, in fact, exert a protective influence.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS) on human sleep. II. Sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnoea.

The influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS), administered just before sleep onset, on the number of apnoeas and of sleep stage changes during the first part of the succeeding night sleep to the end of the first sleep cycle has been studied in 7 patients with sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnorea. When compared with the corresponding period of the baseline night, both phenomena are increased significantly. These results indicate that DBS influences slow periodic sleep phenomena. It is suggested that the target area for this influence might be mesencephalo-pontine reticular structures, which play a role in the generation of these slow periodic phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Prostaglandins and sleep. Awaking effect of prostaglandins and sleep pattern of essential fatty acids deficient (EFAD) rats.

The experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of prostaglandins (PGs) on the sleep pattern in the cat, and in normal and EFAD rats. The data indicate that the duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly longer in EFAD rats compared with the normal rats. However, no difference in the REM sleep was observed between the two groups. Intraventricular (i.vc. )administration of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha increased wakefulness without a significant alteration of REM sleep. PGE1 administered i.vc. did not alter the duration of SWS or REM sleep in the chronic cat, but induced ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (spikes) which are the phasic phenomenon of REM sleep. The fact that previous administration of 5-hydroxytryptophane abolished the PGE1-induced PGO spiking, might indicate that this drug triggered the spikes mainly via the functional inhibition of the serotonergic system.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1989

Effects of brief naps on mood and sleep in sleep-deprived depressed patients.

To determine the effects of brief naps on mood and electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep in sleep-deprived depressed patients, data from 19 hospitalized patients with depression were analyzed; all were kept awake from 0700h until the following day, when they were allowed 10-min naps at either 0830h or 1500h. Six of the patients showed a clinically significant improvement (greater than 40% change) on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) before the nap after all-night sleep deprivation, and the group as a whole showed a significant improvement on the HRSD, the Profile of Mood States, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale subscale for depression. Naps did not alter mood in the responders, but did improve measured depression on the HRSD in the non-responders. Morning and afternoon naps did not differ significantly in their effects on mood or nap sleep. On the recovery sleep, patients who were classified as responders after the nap showed a significantly greater increase in delta (Stage 3 + 4) sleep compared with baseline than nonresponders.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

Pilocarpine, an orally active muscarinic cholinergic agonist, induces REM sleep and reduces delta sleep in normal volunteers.

The effect of oral pilocarpine, a direct-acting muscarinic, cholinergic agonist, on polygraphic sleep parameters was studied in 13 healthy male volunteers. Subjects received placebo and oral pilocarpine (25 mg) in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Pilocarpine shortened the latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased total REM time, REM%, and the duration of the first REM period. In addition, it reduced Stage 4 sleep and Delta sleep. Pulse rate was not significantly changed during the first hour of darkness after administration of pilocarpine. Subjective sleep experience and the subjects' condition in the morning were not altered. These results suggest that pilocarpine has central effects (i.e., induction of REM sleep) that are similar to those of other centrally acting muscarinic cholinomimetic agents.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Immediate effects of intravenous clomipramine on sleep and sleep-related secretion in depressed patients.

An i.v. challenge dose of clomipramine (12.5 mg) was given to eight outpatients with major depression. The procedure facilitated the examination of all-night sleep and sleep-related neuroendocrine changes (cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin). In comparison to baseline saline nights, the patients experienced a profound suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep throughout the night with no rebound recovery in the second half of the night. Furthermore, REM-suppressing effects were noted on the following no-drug night. In contrast, little effect on delta wave sleep was found, except for increased consolidation of delta waves within stage 3 and 4 sleep. Delta sleep measures were significantly correlated with levels of cortisol and growth hormone.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Interacting sleep-modulatory effects of simultaneously administered delta-sleep-inducing peptide, muramyl dipeptide and uridine in unrestrained rats.

A 10-h nocturnal intracerebroventricular infusion of 2 or 3 sleep substances such as 2.5 nmol delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), 2.0 nmol muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and 10 pmol uridine resulted in a significant, combination-dependent change in sleep-waking dynamics, which was quite different from the time-course sleep promotion induced by the single administration of each substance. The DSIP-MDP combination was characterized by a profound increase in SWS only at the middle infusion period. PS was little affected. The DSIP-uridine combination exerted a slight increase in SWS at the late infusion period with little change in PS parameters. The MDP-uridine combination caused a marked increase in both SWS and PS only at the early to middle infusion period. The DSIP-MDP-uridine combination induced an extremely large increase in SWS at the early to middle phase of the infusion period. PS significantly increased only at the early phase. These results may suggest that the sleep substances acted in tandem, either synergistically or antagonistically, on the sleep regulatory mechanism.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1978

Circadian variation in performance, subjective sleepiness, sleep, and oral temperature during an altered sleep-wake schedule.

The effect of an altered sleep-wake schedule on the interrelation of oral temperature, performance, and sleepiness was studied in 38 male Naval volunteers who maintained a 60 min treatment--160 min testing schedule for 40 consecutive hrs. During the 60 min treatment portion of each epoch, 8 subjected napped, 10 subjects exercised, and 20 subjects rested in bed. Sleep measures (for the nap subjects), oral temperature, performance on several tests, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings were obtained at 10 equidistant intervals throughout the 40-hr period. Within-subject correlations showed that minimum oral temperature was significantly associated with maximum nap sleep time, errors on a vigilance task, and sleepiness ratings. In the nap subjects, errors and sleepiness ratings were highest following naps with high total sleep time, suggesting that sleep was detrimental to immediately subsequent performance and alertness. The distribution and interrelation of temperature, errors, and sleepiness, however, was similar in the three groups; this indicated that the synchronous circadian variation in these measures was responsible for the apparent detrimental effect of sleep in the nap subjects. When the diurnal effect was removed by holding time of day constant, the correlations among the variables fell to near-zero, indicating no causal relationship among the variables independent of the circadian rhythm.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paradoxical sleep and memory (II): sleep circadian rhythmicity following enriched and impoverished environmental rearing.

Sleep cycle circadian rhythmicity following either enriched or impoverished environmental rearing is examined in this study. Mice are reared in either super-enriched (SEE), regular-enriched (REE), social control (SC), or impoverished (IE) environments for 30 days. SEE and REE groups show a general increase in total slow-wave sleep (SWS) in the 24 hr cycle but the number of SWS episodes, mean duration of SWS episodes, and percent SWS of total sleep time (TST) is not significantly different from the SC groups for the Day cycle (0700--1900). Enriched rearing produces a selective and significant increase in the number of PS (Paradoxical sleep or REM sleep) episodes, mean duration of PS episodes, total amount of PS time, and percent PS/TST throughout the 24 hr cycle. IE reared mice also show a general increase in SWS primarily during the Day cycle but with rearing experience plays an important role in the developing of the basic rhythmicity during the sleep (PS-SWS)-wakefulness cycle, and (2) provide further support for our hypothesis that PS occurring over a prolonged time period is a requisite neurobiological mechanism for the processing, maintenance, and storage of long-term memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

EEG sleep in depression and in remission and the REM sleep response to the cholinergic agonist RS 86.

A comparison of the sleep EEG patterns of patients with a major depressive disorder intraindividually between remitted and depressed state revealed an improvement of parameters of sleep continuity and a tendency for normalization of rapid eye movement (REM) latency and REM density in the former. Additional application of the cholinergic agonist RS 86 prior to sleep did not reveal a heightened sensitivity of the REM sleep system in the remitted sample. Whereas a group of presently ill depressives displayed a drastic reduction of REM latency, results of the remitted patients were comparable to healthy controls. Furthermore, RS 86 significantly reduced slow-wave sleep in all groups investigated and had a differential impact on the density of the first REM period and early morning awakening in actively ill patients as compared to remitted patients. The results do not favor the hypothesis of a trait specificity of REM sleep abnormalities for depressive disorders. Furthermore they support the model of a cholinergic supersensitivity, as measured by REM induction after RS 86, as a state but not a trait marker of affective illness. Generalization of the present study may, however, be limited by the fact that the remitted patients were free of symptomatology and psychoactive medication for a long period (mean 3 years), therefore constituting an untypical group of formerly depressed patients with a seemingly low risk of relapse.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on immunoglobulins and complement in humans.

Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that concentrations of cytokines are altered in sleep deprivation. However, data on the impact of sleep deprivation on concentrations of immunoglobulin and complement have received little scientific examination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 24h sleep deprivation on parameters of humoral immunity. Ten healthy volunteers (5 men and 5 women, 21-25 years old) stayed awake from 07:00 on day 1 until 07:00 on day 2 (sleep deprivation group), while another eight (4 men and 4 women, 21-23 years old) slept normally during the night (control group). Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein each day at 07.00. Parameters of humoral immunity, including serum IgG, IgA, IgM and C3, C4, were measured using an automatic analysis system. Experimental data showed that the levels of IgG, IgA, IgM and C3, C4 were all higher in the sleep-deprived group than in the control group (P<0.05). These findings indicate that sleep deprivation enhances changes in the parameters of serum humoral immunity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Geranylgeranylacetone, an inducer of HSP 70, attenuates REM sleep rebound after sleep deprivation.

The effect of pretreatment of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an inducer of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, on responses in sleep and core body temperature (Tcore) against sleep deprivation (SD) was examined in rats. After 3 days of GGA or vehicle injection, a 6-h period of SD was performed. During the recovery period, both rapid-eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep were increased in both GGA- and vehicle-injected rats. However, in GGA-injected rats, REM-sleep rebound was significantly suppressed, while NREM-sleep rebound remained unaffected. In addition, the increase of Tcore caused by SD was also attenuated in GGA-injected rats. In the hippocampus, both SD and the GGA pretreatment induced an increase in the expression of HSP70 mRNA, indicating that the SD functions as a stress for hippocampal neurons and that the GGA induces HSP70 expression. The findings suggest that pretreatment with GGA suppresses REM sleep rebound and the response of Tcore against SD.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sleep and sleep disorders in Don Quixote.

In Don Quijote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes presents Don Quixote as an amazing character of the 17th century who suffers from delusions and illusions, believing himself to be a medieval knight errant. Besides this neuropsychiatric condition, Cervantes included masterful descriptions of several sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep deprivation, disruptive loud snoring and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. In addition, he described the occurrence of physiological, vivid dreams and habitual, post-prandial sleepiness--the siesta. Cervantes' concept of sleep as a passive state where all cerebral activities are almost absent is in conflict with his description of abnormal behaviours during sleep and vivid, fantastic dreams. His concept of sleep was shared by his contemporary, Shakespeare, and could have been influenced by the reading of the classical Spanish book of psychiatry Examen de Ingenios (1575).

Humans↗