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PubMed1996

Transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus, Rhynchosporium secalis.

The barley leaf scald fungus, Rhynchosporium secalis, was transformed to hygromycin-B and phleomycin resistance using the hph gene from E. coli and the ble gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus under the control of Aspergillus nidulans promoter and terminator sequences. Plasmid DNA was introduced into fungal protoplasts by PEG/CaCl2 treatment. Transformation frequencies varied from 59 to 493 transformants per 10 microg of DNA and 5 x 10(7) protoplasts. The antibiotic-resistant phenotype appeared to be stable under selective, as well as under non-selective, conditions for several generations. Co-transformation using the E. coli uidA gene under the control of A. nidulans promoter and terminator sequences on a non-selectable plasmid occurred at frequencies of up to 66%.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1999

[Selenium administration in children with SIRS].

PATIENTS AND METHOD: At the Clinic for Paediatric Surgery of the University of Dresden, in a time period ranging from 5/1994 to 12/1996, all patients aged between 1 and 16 years with severe inflammatory surgical diseases or extended scalded skin, were given an adjuvant selenium substitution. As control group, all patients with the same diagnosis and age treated during the months 1/1997 to 12/1998, did not receive this adjuvant selenium substitution. All these patients fulfilled the criteria of "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome" (SIRS). The selenium-therapy group consisted of 34 patients and the control group without substitution consisted of 31 patients. The following laboratory parameters were measured on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and last treatment day: white blood cell count, interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, malondialdehyde, activity of glutathione peroxidase in plasma and level of selenium in plasma and whole blood. RESULTS: The initially high interleukin 6 rates declined significantly in both groups from the 2nd day on. The acute phase proteins, i.e. the C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, normalized in both groups after the 3rd day of treatment. The initial low rates of selenium in plasma and blood gained more rapidly a normal level in the therapy group than in the control group. On the 1st day of therapy the glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma was in both groups at the inferior limit of norm range and remained at this level in the control group for the whole observation period. In the selenium-substitution group on the contrary, these initial low values raised to the double as an expression of an elevated cell membrane protection. The initial significant elevated malondialdehyde rates in both groups, expressing a raised lipidperoxidation, fell down to a normal level in the selenium-substitution group, whereas they remained at their initial high level in the control group during the whole observation period. CONCLUSION: The substitution of selenium in children with SIRS is a supportive therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Burns].

The therapy for burn injuries has established a definable management: percentage of the body surface area burned and thickness are important for the method of treatment (ambulant, on ward, intensive burn center). Open and close wound care with different bandages, in combination with primary surgery, has increased the probability of survival. A special problem is the aesthetics and function of the head and neck area. Hypertrophy and keloid scars may be disturbing, especially in children who have had a scald accident (41.2% of cases were children up to 5 years of age). The possibilities of correction are multiple: conservative therapy (bandages, ointment treatment, physical therapy) or surgical intervention with free skin transplantation or difficult flaps (pedicle flap, free graft, expanded flap, and microvascular anastomosed flap). The aim of research is also to cover large defects with skin culture from small donor areas. It is necessary to establish maxillofacial and plastic surgery from the beginning of the treatment for aesthetic and functionally acceptable results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Methods of burn treatment. Part I: general aspects].

Burns and scalds are common injuries that present with a wide range of severity. Correct evaluation of a burn's depth and extent is essential for adequate treatment, not only initially but also for late results. The depth of a burn is classified as first-to-third degree, and its extent can be deducted from specific tables. As a generalised haemodynamic reaction, a capillary leak allows fluid and colloidal substances to leave the intravasal system. This can lead to hypovolemic shock. In the first 24 h, only cristalloid fluid according to Baxter's formula should be administered. Transfer to a burn centre is indicated in accordance with well-defined guidelines. Concomitant injuries, especially inhalation traumata, need to be diagnosed and treated early. By activation of the immune response, a sepsis-like immune response syndrome can occur,resulting in bacterial translocation and colonisation with high mortality rates.

Burns↗

PubMed2006

[Methods of burn treatment. Part II: Technical aspects].

The best treatment for burns and scalds depends on the depth of the skin necrosis. Epidermal and superficial dermal burn injuries (IIa) can heal spontaneously with conservative treatment without scar development, but deep dermal or full-thickness burns constitute an absolute indication for surgery. Full-thickness or split-thickness skin grafts are used for wound closure. In the case of extensive burn injuries allografts are used for temporary wound closure. In certain licensed laboratories autologous keratinocytes can be cultured for transplantation. In circumferential burn injuries affecting the extremities or the trunk the rigid eschar has to be incised to relieve the pressure behind it. Following a debridement conservative treatment of superficial dermal burns involving wound coverage with biosynthetic dressings or nanocristalline silver gauze dressings or use of special disinfecting ointments can be implemented.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2006

[Analysis of burn treatment for children at Bochum University Hospital].

BACKGROUND: A retrospective epidemiological multifactorial study of pediatric burn patients admitted to the Burn Center Bochum in the period of 1992-2002 was performed. METHODS: Data from 628 patients were analyzed and included age, sex, mortality, hospital stay, percent of total body surface area (TBSA) burned, localization of burns, number of surgical procedures, source of the burn as well as social standing of the families. RESULTS: The majority of patients (414) were between 0 and 3 years. The median age was 2.99. The median TBSA was 11.9%. There were 387 males (62%) and 241 females (38%, ratio of 1.6:1). The overall mortality rate was 1.4% (6/629). The main causes of injury were scald burns (435; 70%), followed by flame burns (153; 24%), electric injuries (17; 3%), and hot oil (21; 3%). Surgery was performed on 365 (58%) children. The others (263; 42%) were treated without surgery. DISCUSSION: The number of children with a background other than German was higher; moreover, a high number of injuries was not covered by health insurance. Having identified the high-risk group among the pediatric burn patients, we suggest that prevention programs should be directed towards these families in order to reduce further risk of pediatric burns.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Ultrasound characterization of burn scars in children].

So far, little is known about the acoustic phenomena of high-frequency sonography for the assessment of healing processes in thermal wounds. However, ex vivo investigations have shown clear age-dependent differences in the rate of sound propagation in thermal scars compared to healthy skin. In order to answer the question of whether measurable acoustic characteristics of burn or scald scars can be classified in a way which corresponds to the clinical severity of the injuries, age of scar or type of treatment, 92 thermal scars, with an average scar age of 3.1 years, in 55 children were investigated with regard to corium thickness and echogenicity. A control group of 25 non-injured children of similar age was studied for comparison. It was shown that measurable echogenicity differences can allow conclusions about clinical severity to be drawn. The comparison of different therapeutic strategies showed no therapeutic effect either for compression or for the application of silicone gel sheets. In contrast, a decrease in scar thickness and a loosening of scar structure could be seen after early application of a sterile, silicone-covered polyamide net bandage. The 20-MHz-Sonography is a suitable non-invasive procedure for the characterisation of burn scars.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

[Severe burn as a consequence of an epileptic seizure while showering].

We report a case of a 17-year-old patient who experienced an epileptic seizure while showering. The patient suffered full-thickness scald injuries involving thorax, abdomen and both arms and legs. The burn, which included 35% of the patient's body surface area, will cause life-long secondary functional and aesthetic deformities. By installing adjustable shower equipment with a maximal temperature limit, this devastating accident could have been prevented.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed2006

Revegetation strategies for bauxite refinery residue: a case study of Alcan Gove in Northern Territory, Australia.

Alumina extraction from bauxite ore with strong alkali produces waste bauxite refinery residue consisting of residue sand and red mud. The amount and composition of refinery residue depend on the purity of the bauxite ore and extraction conditions, and differs between refineries. The refinery residue is usually stored in engineered disposal areas that eventually have to be revegetated. This is challenging because of the alkaline and sodic nature of the residue. At Alcan Gove's bauxite refinery in Gove, Northern Territory, Australia, research into revegetation of bauxite residue has been conducted since the mid-1970s. In this review, we discuss approaches taken by Alcan Gove to achieve revegetation outcomes (soil capping of refinery residue) on wet-slurry disposal areas. Problems encountered in the past include poor drainage and water logging during the wet season, and salt scalding and capillary rise during the dry season. The amount of available water in the soil capping is the most important determinant of vegetation survival in the seasonally dry climate. Vegetation cover was found to prevent deterioration of the soil cover by minimising capillary rise of alkalinity from the refinery residue. The sodicity and alkalinity of the residue in old impoundments has diminished slightly over the 25 years since it was deposited. However, development of a blocky structure in red mud, presumably due to desiccation, allows root penetration, thereby supplying additional water to salt and alkali-tolerant plant species. This has led to the establishment of an ecosystem that approaches a native woodland.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1999

Specific detection of Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease strains.

Pierce's disease (PD, Xylella fastidiosa) of grapevine is the primary pathogen limiting vinifera grape production in Florida and other regions of the southeastern United States. Quick and accurate detection of PD strains is essential for PD studies and control. A unique random amplified polymorphic DNA (PD1-1-2) was isolated from a PD strain from Florida. Fragment PD1-1-2 was cloned, sequenced, and found to be 1005 bp in length. PCR primers were designed to utilize these sequence data for PD strain detection. One primer set (XF176f-XF954r) amplified a 779-bp DNA fragment from 34 PD strains including seven pathotypes of X. fastidiosa, but not from strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xan. vesicatoria or Escherichia coli. A second primer set (XF176f and XF686r) amplified a 511-bp fragment specific to 98 PD strains, but not from strains of citrus variegated chlorosis, mulberry leaf scorch, oak leaf scorch, periwinkle wilt, phony peach, or plum leaf scald. Sequence analysis indicated that RAPD fragment PD1-1-2 contains a Ser-tRNA gene. The PD-specific region includes a TaqI restriction site (TCGA) and is 150 bp downstream of the Ser-tRNA gene.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2005

[Causes of death in nursing homes--a retrospective autopsy study].

Autopsies from 34 fatalities in nursing homes covering a 10-year period (1991-2000) were retrospectively analyzed with regard to criminal investigative issues, causes of death and relevance of the forensic medical findings for the outcome of the criminal investigations. The material consisted of 22 females and 12 males, with the ages ranging from 62 to 102. The allegations to be investigated comprised wrongful death, improper nursing, medical maltreatment, suspicion of poisoning and the causal relationship between falls and the occurrence of death. The manner of death, respectively cause of death encountered included 21 deaths from natural cause (coronary insufficiency, pneumonia), 9 accidental deaths (hypothermia, choking, scalding burns and injuries due to fall) and 4 cases which remained undetermined. In 30 out of 34 cases, the cause of death was unequivocally established. In every case, the medicolegal investigation provided adequate evidence for the legal assessment. Of particular significance was the exclusion of a causal relationship between falls and the occurrence of death. Without exception, all investigations failed to uncover criminal causes for death in this sample.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2005

Effect of probiotic supplementation on bacterial translocation in thermal injury.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of probiotic supplementation and enteral solutions containing glutamine and arginine on bacterial translocation (BT) and intestinal villous atrophy in thermal injury. METHODS: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into four groups of ten. Group 1 served as control group without thermal injury and was fed standard chow. Thermal injury was inflicted as a 30% scald burn in the other three groups. Group 2 was fed standard chow and group 3 was fed standard chow supplemented with a probiotic (Acidophilus plus) containing Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (2 x 10(9) CFU/day) via an orogastric tube. Group 4 was fed only an enteral diet (Stresson multifiber) containing glutamine, arginine, and medium chain triglyceride, at 1 g/kg per day amino acid and 230 kcal/kg, for 7 days before thermal injury. All the animals were killed 24 h after thermal injury, and ileal segments were resected and examined histopathologically. To evaluate BT, samples from blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cecal content were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Terminal ileum specimens were histologically examined to evaluate mucosal integrity. RESULTS: Significantly less BT was seen in groups 3 and 4 than in group 2 (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between groups 3 and 4. Histological evaluation showed significant reduction in villous atrophy in groups 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: Probiotic supplementation seems to reduce bacterial translocation and decrease intestinal mucosal atrophy in rats with thermal injury, as do enteral solutions with arginine and glutamine.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Route of feeding influences the production and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha in burned rats.

The effect of nutritional route on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production in burned rats was examined. Scald burns covering about 30% of the whole body surface area were inflicted on 43 male Wistar rats weighing about 200g. The animals were divided into three groups: CHOW (n = 10), total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (n = 22), and total enteral nutrition (TEN) (n = 11), continuously given a chow diet, TPN solution, or an enteral diet, respectively, for 7 days after the burn injury. The rate of detection of TNF-alpha in plasma on day 7 was significantly higher in the TPN group than in the CHOW or TEN groups. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TNF-alpha was significantly increased in the spleen, lungs, liver, and ileum of the rats receiving TPN compared with the CHOW and TEN rats. On the other hand, the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA was markedly decreased in the thymus of the TPN group compared with the CHOW group. The mortality rate in the TPN group (63.6%) was higher than that in the CHOW (0.0%) or TEN (27.3%) groups on day 7 after burn injury. These data suggest that TPN increases the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in organ tissues and systemic TNF-alpha production, and reduces the survival rate of rats after thermal injury, but TEN does not.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Role of reactive oxygen species in the response of barley to necrotrophic pathogens.

The interactions between Hordeum vulgare(barley) and two fungal necrotrophs, Rhynchosporium secalis and Pyrenophora teres (causal agents of barley leaf scald and net blotch), were investigated in a detached-leaf system. An early oxidative burst specific to epidermal cells was observed in both the susceptible and resistant responses to R. secalis, and later on, a second susceptible-specific burst was observed. Time points of the first and the second burst correlated closely with pathogen contact to the plasma membrane and subsequent cell death, respectively. HO(2)(*)/O(2)(-) levels in resistant and susceptible responses to P. teres were limited in comparison. During later stages, HO(2)(*)/O(2)(-) was only detected in 2 to 3 epidermal cells immediately adjacent to phenolic browning and cell death observed during the susceptible response. However, H(2)O(2) was detected in the majority of mesophyll cells adjacent to the observed lesion caused by P. teres. In contrast to observations during challenge with R. secalis, no direct contact between P. teres and the plasma membrane at sites of reactive oxygen species production was evident. Preinfiltration of leaves with antioxidants prior to challenge with either pathogen had no effect on resistance responses but did limit the growth of the pathogens and inhibit the extent of cell death during susceptible responses. These results suggest a possible role for reactive oxygen species in the induction of cell death during the challenge of a susceptible plant cell with a necrotrophic fungal leaf pathogen.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed2006

Development of an immunoassay kit for detecting the alteration of serum B cell activating factor in thermally injured mice.

B cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the family of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligands, is essential for the development of peripheral mature, long lived B lymphocytes. Previous studies were almost related to the function or mechanism of BAFF protein and there is little report about BAFF expression in thermally injured animals. Here, we developed a special ELISA kit to study the change of BAFF expression in thermally injured mouse model. It was shown that BAFF expression changed in double-phase. Peripheral BAFF level dropped rapidly after thermal injury and at 24 h of scald it was only 1/4 compared with that of the control group, 24 h later it began to rise up slowly and then returned to the normal level comparable to the control at 120 h.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Thermal trauma resulting from motor vehicle operation or maintenance.

Burn injury may result from the operation or maintenance of motor vehicles. We reviewed the experience of one burn center with injuries related to motor vehicle use over the 6 year period 1987-1992. One hundred and fifty patients with motor vehicle related burns were identified comprising 11.3% of all admissions for this period. The mean extent of burn injury was 22.8% total body surface area with a mean full thickness (third degree) burn size of 11.7%. The average hospital length of stay was 42.41 days. The most common mechanisms of injury were collisions resulting in fire (n = 48), carburetor priming (n = 37) and scalding from radiator fluid contact (n = 27). Burns resulting from vehicle operation or maintenance are costly and potentially preventable.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1989

Multiple trauma and the burn patient.

Multiple trauma greatly complicates the care of the burn patient, whereas a burn often complicates the diagnosis and treatment of the trauma patient. One hundred seventy-six of 3,550 consecutive acute burn admissions received nonburn trauma. The majority of injuries were sustained in motor vehicle accidents (70), escaping fire (32), electrical burns with falls (24), scald burns associated with assault (22), and explosions (18). Eighty patients received orthopedic injuries, including major (47), minor (25), and multiple (28) fractures, 10 dislocations, and 4 open joints. Soft-tissue injury occurred in 91 patients, head injury in 30, thoracic trauma in 27, and abdominal injury in 15. Unstable orthopedic injuries were major contributors to morbidity. Early internal and external fixation permitted optimal mobilization and wound care. Awareness of the potential for multiple injuries and the team approach to these injuries are the most important factors in appropriate care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Anti-inflammatory activity and conformational behavior of a branched (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan from an alkaline extract of Dictyophora indusiata Fisch.

A (1 leads to 6)-branched (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan (T-5-N), isolated from a M sodium hydroxide extract of the fruit bodies of Dictyophora indusita Fisch., markedly exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on both carrageenan-induced edema and scalded edematous hyperalgesia in rat's hindpaws. The activities of T-5-N (25 mg/kg i.p. X 2) were more potent than those of phenylbutazone (25-50 mg/kg i.p. X 2). The conformational behavior of T-5-N was studied. Its molecular weight in neutral solution was about three times that in 0.25M sodium hydroxide. This finding, in addition to the results of optical rotatory measurement and complex-formation with Congo Red, indicated that T-5-N has an ordered, triple-helical structure in neutral or slightly alkaline solution (less than 0.15M NaOH), and has single chains in highly alkaline solution (greater than 0.25M NaOH). The conformational transition occurs at concentrations of sodium hydroxide in the range of 0.15-0.25M.

Animals↗