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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation.

A burgeoning literature documents the convergence of reproductive endocrine and central serotonergic systems in the regulation of a variety of behaviors. This review will focus on one element of this interaction, the modulation of serotonergic function by estrogen. After describing the manifold neuroregulatory effects of gonadal steroids, we summarize the effects of estrogen on central serotonin systems in animals and humans as inferred from studies demonstrating the impact of gender, estrus (or menstrual) cycle, or hormone manipulation. Finally, we summarize the putative roles of estrogen and serotonin in two reproductive-endocrine-related mood disorders: premenstrual syndrome and perimenopausal depression.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Insulin and leptin revisited: adiposity signals with overlapping physiological and intracellular signaling capabilities.

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and the pancreatic beta cell-derived hormone insulin each function as afferent signals to the hypothalamus in an endocrine feedback loop that regulates body adiposity. Although these two hormones, and the receptors on which they act, are unrelated and structurally distinct, they exert overlapping effects in the arcuate nucleus, a key hypothalamic area involved in energy homeostasis. Defects in either insulin or leptin signaling in the brain result in hyperphagia, disordered glucose homeostasis, and reproductive dysfunction. To explain this striking physiological overlap, we hypothesize that hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling converge upon a single intracellular signal transduction pathway, known as the insulin-receptor-substrate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Here we synthesize data from a variety of model systems in which such "cross-talk" between insulin and leptin signal transduction has either been observed or can be inferred, discuss our own data demonstrating that insulin and leptin both activate hypothalamic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling, and discuss the significance of such convergence with respect to neuronal function in normal individuals and in pathological states such as obesity. Identification of the key early molecular events mediating the action of both insulin and leptin in hypothalamic neurons promises new insight into the regulation of these neurons in health and disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Practical considerations of embryo manipulation: preimplantation genetic typing.

In the past years, research in embryo technologies is moving to the establishment of preimplantation genetic typing or also denominated preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The objectives of these tests are the prevention of genetic diseases transmission and the prediction of phenotypic characteristics, as well as sex determination, genetic disorders and productive and reproductive profiles, prior to the embryo transfer or freezing, during early stages of development. This paper points out the state-of-the-art of PGD, mainly in cattle and discuss the perspectives of multiloci genetic analysis of embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Decreased fertility in Britain compared with Finland.

BACKGROUND: There has been much interest in the apparent decrease in semen quality. Because the evidence for such a decrease is open to criticism, a different type of evidence is needed. Finland seems to have escaped this decrease, as well as other disorders of the male reproductive tract, notably testicular cancer. If there has been a true decrease, the implications for fertility are unknown. METHODS: The most sensitive functional measure of fertility is time to pregnancy (TTP); this can be studied retrospectively at group level with a high degree of validity. To test the hypothesis that Finnish men are more fertile than British men, TTP distributions from published Finnish studies and data from Britain were compared. Two comparisons were made: a pair of antenatal studies, and a pair of cross-sectional studies. FINDINGS: In both comparisons, fertility was statistically significantly greater in Finland than in Britain. The findings did not seem to be due to methodological problems; in particular, the results could not be attributed to differences in frequency of intercourse, since this would have had the opposite effect on sperm concentration and on TTP. INTERPRETATION: The previously reported difference in sperm counts between Finland and elsewhere in northwest Europe (including Britain) is probably not artefactual, suggesting that the reported world-wide decline in semen quality is also real. Reasons for the "Finnish exception" may include maternal smoking, which used to be lower in Finnish women than elsewhere, and which might affect developing make offspring.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hospitalization costs associated with leiomyoma.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and cost of leiomyoma-related hospitalizations based on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP-3). Data for 1991 and 1992 were obtained from the HCUP-NIS database, which includes an approximate 20% sample of US hospital discharges. ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) codes 218.0-218.2 and 218.9 were used to identify women between the ages of 15 and 64 years with the diagnosis of leiomyoma. The distribution of leiomyoma was described using demographic characteristics, admission type, length of stay (LOS), mean total charge, specific leiomyoma diagnosis, principal procedure, and other diagnosed diseases. Among hospital admissions of women between the ages of 15 and 64 years during 1991 and 1992, 26 to 28 admissions per 1000 included a diagnosis of leiomyoma. The highest rates of leiomyoma diagnosis were seen in women aged >40 years (65% and 70% for 1991 and 1992, respectively) and black women (26% and 27%, respectively). Approximately 90% of hospitalizations for leiomyoma were routine admissions, with the most common specific diagnosis being intramural leiomyoma of the uterus. In 1992, patients with leiomyoma as the first diagnosis (vs other diagnoses) had significantly lower mean LOS (3.1 vs. 4.4 days; P<0.001) and mean total charge ($5919 vs. $6810; P<0.001). Total abdominal hysterectomy was performed on three quarters of the women admitted for leiomyoma, and these patients had longer mean LOS and higher total charges than those undergoing other procedures. Although not as costly as other conditions, this common disorder among women of reproductive years requires expensive treatment and is a major burden on the health care system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Acne and hyperandrogenism.

Elevated serum androgen levels have been reported in patients with acne resistant to conventional dermatologic therapy. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between serum androgen levels and the presence of acne in an unselected population of women seen consecutively by a dermatologist for various dermatologic complaints. Elevated serum testosterone levels were associated with acne regardless of whether this was the presenting complaint or an incidental finding. Women with both acne and hirsutism had higher serum testosterone levels than those with acne alone. Higher incidence of irregular menstrual cycles was noted in women complaining of acne. Normal serum testosterone levels were found only in those patients with regular menstrual cycles and the absence of acne or hirsutism. In conclusion, this study suggests that elevated serum testosterone levels are related to the presence of acne. Attention is called to the possibility that acne may be a clinical manifestation of a disorder with systemic and reproductive consequences.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2003

[Fort Lauderdale congress report: advances in infertility treatment - Florida, 24-26 January 2002].

The goal of the treatment of infertility is to apply therapeutic techniques to patients in a safe manner and at the same time increase the chances for conceiving and delivering healthy babies: basic and clinical research is more and more finalized directed to these goals. The conference "Advances in Infertility Treatment" held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on January 24-26, 2002 covered many clinical and research aspects of this important therapeutic area. Important discussed issues included the impact of age, lifestyle, and the genetic set-up of patients in the pathogenesis and development of infertility-causing disorders such as male reproductive dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian failure. New ovulation induction regimens that may optimize, reduce complications, and lower costs of ovarian stimulation procedures and of assisted reproduction in general were presented. This was the 5th Ferring Pharmaceuticals Conference in the area of reproductive medicine held in Florida.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Polycystic ovary syndrome: recent genetic contributions].

Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation and it is often associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. The pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome seems to implicate primary defects in ovarian steroidogenesis, influenced by environment, insulin action and obesity. Polycystic ovary syndrome is probably both a multigenetic and environmental disease. Knowing the genes of polycystic ovary syndrome would be helpful to develop therapeutics and prevention. Genes of gonadotrophins, steroid hormone synthesis and insulin resistance seem not to be directly involved, except perhaps the CYP 11 a gene. On the other hand, identification of the signal transduction pathways involved in these genes may provide valuable information that can be applied to other clinical manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (follicular growth arrest, insulin resistance, obesity and endometrial cancer...).

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme↗
PubMed2001

Manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat.

The maturational theory of brain development comprises manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. It holds that the disorders are part of human diversity in growth and maturation, which explains their ubiquity, shared susceptibility genes and multifactorial inheritance. Rate of maturation and age at puberty are the genotype; the disorders are localized at the extremes with normality in between. This is based on the association between onset of puberty and the final regressive event, with pruning of 40% of excitatory synapses leaving the inhibitory ones fairly unchanged. This makes excitability, a fundamental property of nervous tissue, a distinguishing factor: the earlier puberty, the greater excitability--the later puberty, the greater deficit. Biological treatment supports deviation from the norm: neuroleptics are convulsant; antidepressives are anti-epiletogenic. There is an association between onset of puberty and body-build: early maturers are pyknic broad-built, late ones linearly leptosomic. This discrepancy is similar to that in the two disorders, supporting the theory that body-build is the phenotype. Standard of living is the environmental factor, which affects pubertal age and shifts the panorama of mental illness accordingly. Unnatural death has increased with antipsychotics. Other treatment is needed. PUFA deficit has been observed in RBC in both disorders and striking improvements with addition of minor amounts of PUFA. This supports that dietary deficit might cause psychotic development and that prevention is possible. Other neurological disorders also profit from PUFA, underlining a general deficit in the diet.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

Diagnosis of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a common disorder of women of reproductive age, yet diagnosis of this condition is often problematic. The most frequent clinical presentations of endometriosis include dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, infertility, and pelvic mass. However, the correlation between these symptoms and the stage of endometriosis is poor. Currently available laboratory markers are of limited value. At present, the best marker, serum CA-125, is usually elevated only in advanced stages and therefore not suitable for routine screening. Transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are often helpful, particularly in detection of endometriotic cysts. Recently, transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were shown to be valuable in detection of deep infiltrating lesions, especially in the rectovaginal septum. Although direct assessment of endometriotic foci at laparoscopy may be viewed as a "gold standard" for identifying endometriosis, the correlation of laparoscopic observations with histological findings is often low. Ultimately, diagnosis of endometriosis requires a careful clinical evaluation in combination with judicious use and critical interpretation of laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and, in most instances, surgical staging combined with histological examination of excised lesions.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2005

FEM1A is a candidate gene for polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, and is characterized by infertility, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. There is evidence for a PCOS gene localized to chromosome 19p13.3. The FEMIA gene maps to chromosome 19p13.3 and is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEMIA is a homolog of fem-1, a sex-determination gene of Caenorhabditis elegans that controls masculinization. In a pilot study of Caucasian PCOS patients from our local clinic, we found that one of these five patients exhibited a heterozygous germline missense mutation in FEM1A, designated FEM1A*H500Y. This mutation alters an amino acid conserved from human to C. elegans, and was not found in any of 198 control chromosomes. This missense allele was not found in any of a separate group of 30 PCOS patients from a different regional/ethnic background. Immunostaining of mouse ovary demonstrated that the mouse homolog of FEM1A is expressed in androgen-producing secondary interstitial cells, with a marked increase in expression after puberty, consistent with a key feature of PCOS -- ovarian hyperandrogenism. In conclusion, FEM1A should be considered a candidate gene for PCOS, and more extensive analysis of FEM1A, both coding and regulatory sequences, is warranted in patients and families with PCOS.

Cell Cycle Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence for a genetically determined disorder of ovarian androgen production.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It is the major cause of anovulatory infertility and of hirsutism but its aetiology remains uncertain. The most consistent biochemical abnormality is hypersecretion of androgens. In this review, evidence is presented to support the view that a genetically determined abnormality of ovarian androgen secretion is the primary cause of the syndrome. Molecular genetic studies have demonstrated that CYP11a, the gene encoding P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage, is a major susceptibility locus for development of hyperandrogenism in PCOS.

Journal Article↗