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PubMed2001

Conceptual implicit memory performance in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients often exhibit deficits on conceptual implicit memory tests such as category exemplar generation and word association. However, these tests rely on word production abilities, which are known to be disrupted by AD. The current study assessed conceptual implicit memory performance in AD patients and elderly control participants using a conceptual priming task that did not require word production (i.e., semantic decision). Memory performance was also examined using a category exemplar generation test (i.e., a conceptual priming task that required word production) and a recognition memory test. AD patients exhibited deficits on the semantic decision task, the category exemplar generation task, and the recognition memory task. The results indicate that the conceptual memory deficits observed in AD patients cannot be attributed completely to word production difficulties.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

SORT: a validation study with stroke patients. Salford Objective Recognition Test.

The Salford Objective Recognition Test (SORT) was developed as a measure of recognition memory suitable for use with elderly people as it requires a shorter administration time than Warrington's Recognition Memory Test. Normative data for the SORT were collected from 50 normal elderly people living in the community. Fifty stroke patients were assessed on the SORT and other tests of psychological functioning. The words and faces subtests were found to correlate well with other measures of memory. The SORT was found to be uninfluenced by the effects of sex and time since onset of stroke, but was affected by language difficulties and perception problems. The split-half reliability of the test was found to be good as alternative versions of the subtests correlated well with each other.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Functional connectivity of gamma EEG activity is modulated at low frequency during conscious recollection.

We examined two subjectively distinct memory states that are elicited during recognition memory in humans and compared them in terms of the gamma oscillations (20-60 Hz) in the electroencepahalogram (EEG) that they induced. These subjective states, 'recollection' and 'familiarity' both entail correct recognition but one involves a clear and conscious recollection of the event including memory for contextual detail whilst the other involves a sense of familiarity without clear recollection. Here we show that during a verbal recognition memory test, the subjective experience of 'recollection' induced higher amplitude gamma oscillations than the subjective experience of 'familiarity' in the time period 300-500 ms after stimulus presentation. Recollection, but not familiarity, was also associated with greater functional connectivity in the gamma frequency range between frontal and parietal sites. Furthermore, the magnitude of the gamma functional connectivity varied over time and was modulated at 3 Hz. Previous studies in animals have shown local theta frequency modulation (3-7 Hz) of gamma-oscillations but this is the first time that a similar effect has been reported in the human EEG.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

CGP 42112A abolishes facilitation of recognition caused by angiotensin II and angiotensin II(3-7) in rats.

The role of the angiotensin AT2 receptors in some behavioural effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and its 3-7 fragment [Ang II(3-7)], using their selective antagonist CGP 42112A, was assessed. Ang II and Ang II(3-7), given intracerebroventricularly (icv) at the dose of 1 nmole each, substantially improved object recognition memory and enhanced apomorphine (1 mg/kg) stereotypy. Pre-treatment of rats with CGP 42112A (2 micrograms), per se ineffective in all tests, abolished activity of both peptides. None of the treatments significantly changed behaviour of rats in open field. The results point to the considerable involvement of the AT2 angiotensin receptors in the improvement of recognition memory caused by Ang II and Ang II(3-7).

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1989

Evidence for task-dependent memory dysfunction in the aged monkey.

Experimentally naive adult (9-11 years old) and aged (approximately 22-26 years old) female rhesus monkeys were evaluated on 3 neuropsychological tests of memory function. Aged monkeys were impaired in a delayed response test of visuospatial memory when the retention interval of the task was increased from 0 to 10 sec. These animals performed as well as younger subjects, however, at very short delays (0 and 1 sec), when the memory demands of the task were minimal. The same subjects were then trained in a delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) test of visual object recognition memory. Although they required significantly more training than the younger subjects to learn the nonmatching principle of the task, aged animals were only minimally impaired when recognition memory was tested at retention intervals ranging from 10 sec to 22 hr. In contrast to their relatively intact performance on the object recognition task, aged monkeys were dramatically impaired in a second version of DNMS that required subjects to remember the temporal order in which objects were presented. These findings support the view that certain memory functions are differentially susceptible to age-dependent deterioration. Since neuropsychological studies in young subjects demonstrate that different brain regions make relatively specific contributions to learning and memory, the task-dependent deficits observed in the aged monkey are important for determining which neural structures mediate age-dependent cognitive dysfunction. According to this perspective, aged monkeys were impaired on tasks known to be sensitive to prefrontal cortical damage, but the same animals performed well on a DNMS procedure that subjects with medial temporal lobe damage fail. These results suggest that prefrontal cortical dysfunction may mediate prominent aspects of age-dependent cognitive impairment in the monkey.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Enhancement of memory processes in Alzheimer's disease with multiple-dose intravenous physostigmine.

Physostigmine (.125 mg, .25 mg, or .50 mg) or placebo was administered intravenously to 10 neuroleptic-free patients with Alzheimer's disease over a 30-minute period. All patients performed better on a recognition memory task while receiving physostigmine. When placebo or the dose of physostigmine previously associated with an improvement in memory was readministered, physostigmine again enhanced performance on a recognition memory task. These results indicate that the acute augmentation of cholinergic activity in some patients with Alzheimer's disease can partially reverse the memory deficit of that disorder and may provide an approach to the eventual therapy of this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Impaired processing of brief, rapidly presented auditory cues in infants with a family history of autoimmune disorder.

Studies have shown that individuals with language disorders, such as developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment, exhibit impairments in the processing of brief, successive, or rapidly changing auditory information. It is also the case that a higher rate of autoimmune disorders have been identified in those with language-based learning disorders and, conversely, that individuals with autoimmune disorders show a higher incidence of language-related disorders. The rapid auditory processing (RAP) deficits described for older individuals with language impairments may also be used as a behavioral marker to identify infants at higher risk for language delays. Thus, we were interested in examining RAP abilities in a subset of infants with a positive family history of autoimmune disorders. Eleven infants from our ongoing prospective longitudinal studies were identified based on parental response to a question about the presence of a family history of autoimmune disease and compared to 11 matched controls. The RAP threshold of each infant was assessed at 6 and 9 months of age using a conditioned head-turn procedure (using tone pairs with brief interstimulus intervals) and an auditory-visual habituation-recognition memory task using computer-generated consonant-vowel syllables (/ba/ vs. /da/). A visual habituation-recognition memory task that did not require processing of brief temporal cues was also administered. Group differences emerged on the infant RAP tasks, and on language outcome measures at 12 and 16 months of age. Infants from families with a history of autoimmune disorder had significantly higher (i.e., poorer) RAP thresholds and lower language scores than did control infants, whereas visual discrimination scores did not differ between family history infants and controls. Moreover, when brief auditory cues were necessary for the discrimination of /ba/ vs. /da/, infants with a family history of autoimmune disorder performed significantly more poorly than did controls. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that a similar mechanism, perhaps a neural-immune interaction, may underlie the observed co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders and learning impairments.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Neuropsychological correlates of recollection and familiarity in normal aging.

The dual-process model of recognition memory proposed by Jacoby (1991; see also Mandler, 1980) postulates the existence of two independent components of recognition memory: a conscious retrieval process (recollection) and an automatic component (familiarity). Older adults appear to be impaired in recollection, but findings with respect to familiarity have been mixed. Studies of the brain bases of these components, using neurological patients, have also been inconclusive. We examined recollection and familiarity, using the process dissociation procedure, in older adults characterized on the basis of both their frontal and their medial temporal lobe function. Findings suggest that only some older adults, depending on their neuropsychological status, are impaired in recollection and/or familiarity: Recollection seems to involve both frontal and medial temporal lobe function, whereas familiarity appears to be dependent only on function associated with the medial temporal lobes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Divided attention and prerecognition processing of spoken words and nonwords.

Three recognition memory experiments examined phonemic similarity and false recognition under conditions of divided attention. The manipulation was presumed to have little effect on automatic, perceptual influences of memory. Prior research demonstrated that false recognition of a test word (e.g., discrepancy) was higher if the study list included a nonword derived from the future test word by changing a phoneme near the end of the item (e.g., discrepan/l/y) relative to an early phoneme change (e.g., /l/iscrepancy). The difference has been attributed to automatic, implicit activation of test words during prerecognition processing of related nonwords. Three experiments demonstrated that the late-change condition also contributed to higher false recognition rates with divided attention at encoding. Dividing attention disrupted recognition memory of studied words in Experiments 1 and 3. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for an interpretation emphasizing the automatic, implicit activation of candidate words that occurs in the course of identifying spoken words and nonwords.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Material-specific deficits in "remembering" in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions.

A growing body of research suggests that "remembering" and "knowing" may be dissociable aspects of recognition memory. Cognitive theorists have argued that the former reflects conceptual processing and is based on distinctive memory traces whereas the latter is associated with perceptual analysis and reflects fluency of processing. Here, we investigate whether this framework can account for memory deficits observed following right or left temporal lobe damage, as suggested by Blaxton and Theodore [Brain and Cognition 35 (1997) 5]. Recognition memory for faces and words was examined in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy or excisions (TLE) and controls using the "remember-know" recognition paradigm. Participants studied items under conditions designed to enhance either conceptual processing or focus their attention on superficial aspects of the items. For controls, there was an increase in "remember" responses following conceptually-based encoding for both words and faces. This enhancement was eliminated in patients with left TLE for words and those with right TLE showed a diminished effect for faces. This pattern indicates an impairment in the ability to benefit from conceptual encoding that is specific to material preferentially processed by the damaged hemisphere. Furthermore, this effect was only observed for "remember" responses, which are based on the participants' ability to recollect specific contextual aspects of the original study experience. These data can be interpreted in relation to current theories of hippocampal function, which emphasize the critical role played by the hippocampus in relational memory formation and retrieval. We offer this as a novel interpretation of the "remember-know" literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Intra- and inter-item associations doubly dissociate the electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and recollection.

Single-process models of recognition memory posit that recognizing is based on a unidimensional value of global memory strength. By contrast, dual-process models propose the existence of two independent processes subserving the explicit recognition of previously encountered episodes, namely "familiarity" and "recollection." Familiarity represents a noncontextual form of recognition that may only support the retrieval of associative information when the to-be-associated information can be unitized, such as when two photographs depicting the same person are memorized (intra-item associations). Conversely, recollection enables retrieving associations between arbitrarily linked information, such as associations between photographs of different persons (inter-item associations). By measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we obtained a double dissociation of familiarity and recollection that strongly favors dual-process accounts of recognition memory: the electrophysiological correlate of familiarity was significantly larger for intra- than for inter-item associations. Conversely, the electrophysiological correlate of recollection was significantly larger for inter- than for intra-item associations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissociation between the effects of damage to perirhinal cortex and area TE.

Perirhinal cortex and area TE are immediately adjacent to each other in the temporal lobe and reciprocally interconnected. These areas are thought to lie at the interface between visual perception and visual memory, but it has been unclear what their separate contributions might be. In three experiments, monkeys with bilateral lesions of the perirhinal cortex exhibited a different pattern of impairment than monkeys with bilateral lesions of area TE. In experiment 1, lesions of the perirhinal cortex produced a multimodal deficit in recognition memory (delayed nonmatching to sample), whereas lesions of area TE impaired performance only in the visual modality. In experiment 2, on a test of visual recognition memory (the visual paired comparison task) lesions of the perirhinal cortex impaired performance at long delays but spared performance at a very short delay. In contrast, lesions of area TE impaired performance even at the short delay. In experiment 3, lesions of the perirhinal cortex and lesions of area TE produced an opposite pattern of impairment on two visual discrimination tasks, simple object discrimination learning (impaired only by perirhinal lesions), and concurrent discrimination learning (impaired only by TE lesions). Taken together, the findings suggest that the perirhinal cortex, like other medial temporal lobe structures, is important for the formation of memory, whereas area TE is important for visual perceptual processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Visual processing in patients with Frégoli syndrome.

We investigated four paranoid schizophrenic patients diagnosed with Frégoli delusion, and four matched psychotic controls. Neuropsychological testing included visual and verbal recognition memory, in addition to a comparison of left and right hemispheric processing of two different classes of stimuli, animate and inanimate objects. Performance on the recognition memory test failed to discriminate between the two psychotic groups on the basis of facial recognition, however, the patients with Frégoli delusion failed to show the right hemisphere processing advantage for the animate class of stimuli found for the set of norms and also present in the psychotic control group. These results are discussed in the context of both current theories of the delusional misidentification syndromes in general, and models of facial recognition in particular.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Persistence of parahippocampal representation in the absence of stimulus input enhances long-term encoding: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of subsequent memory after a delayed match-to-sample task.

Recent theoretical models based on cellular processes in parahippocampal structures show that persistent neuronal spiking in the absence of stimulus input is important for encoding. The goal of this study was to examine in humans how sustained activity in the parahippocampal gyrus may underlie long-term encoding as well as active maintenance of novel information. The relationship between long-term encoding and active maintenance of novel information during brief memory delays was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans performing a delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) task and a post-scan subsequent recognition memory task of items encountered during DMS task performance. Multiple regression analyses revealed fMRI activity in parahippocampal structures associated with the active maintenance of trial-unique visual information during a brief memory delay. In addition to a role in active maintenance, we found that the subsequent memory for the sample stimuli as measured by the post-scan subsequent recognition memory task correlated with activity in the parahippocampal gyrus during the delay period. The results provide direct evidence that encoding mechanisms are engaged during brief memory delays when novel information is actively maintained. The relationship between active maintenance during the delay period and long-term subsequent memory is consistent with current theoretical models and experimental data that suggest that long-term encoding is enhanced by sustained parahippocampal activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

False recognition of incidentally learned pictures and words in primary progressive aphasia.

Recognition memory was tested in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a language based dementia with relative preservation of memory for at least the first 2 years. The goal of the study was two-fold: (1) to compare true and false recognition rates for words versus pictures in patients with PPA and cognitively intact controls and (2) to determine if the semantic relatedness of distracters-to-targets influences recognition memory performance. Overall, performance of PPA patients was worse for words than pictures. PPA patients and healthy elderly controls showed similar recognition rates for studied items. However, the patients had significantly more false alarms than controls, particularly to semantically related items. This suggests that the aphasia in PPA patients contributes to their difficulty in selecting among items within a semantic class.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Spatial location memory in amnesia: binding item and location information under incidental and intentional encoding conditions.

Items located within an array were presented to alcoholic Korsakoff and nonalcoholic mixed-etiology amnesics and to alcoholic and normal controls. Recognition memory for the locations of items was tested after incidental and intentional encoding. When equated on item recognition, neither Korsakoff amnesics nor alcoholic controls benefited from intentional, relative to incidental, encoding instructions. Furthermore, Korsakoff amnesics showed neither disproportionately impaired incidental nor intentional location recognition memory relative to alcoholic controls. In contrast, mixed-etiology amnesics profited significantly from intentional location acquisition relative to incidental instructions, and were impaired somewhat in incidental, but not intentional, location memory relative to normal controls. We discuss these data in relation to Mayes' (1992) contextual memory deficit hypothesis and Hirst's (1982) automatic encoding deficit account, and propose an alternative framework in which the location memory deficit observed in mixed-etiology amnesics is interpreted as a disruption to the ability to bind item and location information.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Fractionation of visual memory: agency detection and its impairment in autism.

It is known that the adult visual memory system is fractionable into functionally independent cognitive subsystems, selectively susceptible to brain damage. In addition, there have been hints from studies with individuals with autism that these cognitive subsystems can fractionate developmentally. However, there has been a paucity of systematic investigations. The present study involves the analysis of visual memory of a population of individuals with autism and age- and VIQ-matched comparison individuals. The individuals with autism presented selective impairments in face recognition in comparison to both the age- and VIQ-matched comparison populations. In addition, they were impaired relative to the age-matched comparison group on recognition memory for potential agents (i.e. objects capable of self-propelled motion) whether they were living (cats and horses) or non-living (motorbikes). In contrast, they were selectively superior relative to the VIQ-matched comparison group on recognition memory for such objects as topographical stimuli (buildings) and leaves that clearly do not have agency. The data is interpreted in terms of reduced sensitivity to agency cues in individuals with autism and general information processing capacity.

Adolescent↗