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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer.

CONTEXT: Use of antibiotics may be associated with risk of breast cancer through effects on immune function, inflammation, and metabolism of estrogen and phytochemicals; however, clinical data on the association between antibiotic use and risk of breast cancer are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between use of antibiotics and risk of breast cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Case-control study among 2266 women older than 19 years with primary, invasive breast cancer (cases) enrolled in a large, nonprofit health plan for at least 1 year between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 2001, and 7953 randomly selected female health plan members (controls), frequency-matched to cases on age and length of enrollment. Cases were ascertained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. Antibiotic use was ascertained from computerized pharmacy records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Association between extent of antibiotic use and risk of breast cancer. RESULTS: Increasing cumulative days of antibiotic use were associated with increased risk of incident breast cancer, adjusted for age and length of enrollment. For categories of increasing use (0, 1-50, 51-100, 101-500, 501-1000, and > or =1001 days), odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for breast cancer were 1.00 (reference), 1.45 (1.24-1.69), 1.53 (1.28-1.83), 1.68 (1.42-2.00), 2.14 (1.60-2.88), and 2.07 (1.48-2.89) (P<.001 for trend). Increased risk was observed in all antibiotic classes studied and in a subanalysis having breast cancer fatality as the outcome. Among women with the highest levels of tetracycline or macrolide use, risk of breast cancer was not elevated in those using these antibiotics exclusively for acne or rosacea (indications that could be risk factors for breast cancer due to altered hormone levels), compared with those using them exclusively for respiratory tract infections, adjusted for age and length of enrollment (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: Use of antibiotics is associated with increased risk of incident and fatal breast cancer. It cannot be determined from this study whether antibiotic use is causally related to breast cancer, or whether indication for use, overall weakened immune function, or other factors are pertinent underlying exposures. Although further studies are needed, these findings reinforce the need for prudent long-term use of antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hypoglycaemic activity of four plants used in Chilean popular medicine.

The hypoglycaemic activity of a 20% dried leaf infusion of Bauhinia candicans Benth. (Leguminosae), Galega officinalis L. (Leguminosae), Morus alba L. (Moraceae) and Rubus ulmifolius Schott. (Rosaceae), used for diabetes in Chilean popular medicine, was evaluated in alloxan and streptozotocin induced hyperglycaemic rats. In normal rats the different infusions did not modify significantly the glycaemia in the period studied, but in diabetic rats different results were observed, depending on the diabetogenic drug used. B. candicans and R. ulmifolius infusions elicited remarkable hypoglycaemic effects in both experimental models. B. candicans presented a greater decrease of glycaemia in alloxan diabetic rats (39%) and R. ulmifolius showed a similar activity in both alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats (28% and 29%). Activity-guided fractionation of R. ulmifolius showed that petroleum ether extracts elicited a marked hypoglycaemic effect (35%) in the streptozotocin induced model.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of rhinophyma with Er:YAG laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Rhinophyma is a benign, disfiguring disorder of the nose which presents the end stage of acne rosacea, and can also occasionally result in nasal airway obstruction. We describe the first series of patients treated with Erbium laser. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Severe-to-moderate rhinophyma in six patients were treated at our institution between 1995 and 1996, using the Erbium:YAG (Erb:YAG) laser. RESULTS: All patients achieved marked cosmetic improvement, with no complications. Post-operative healing time was seven to fourteen days-significantly shorter than similar other modalities. CONCLUSIONS: The Erbium laser provides very accurate tissue ablation and allows the sculpturing of the hypertrophied areas, offering good cosmetic results, with a very short healing period as shown in our study.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Screening of traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants of Mauritius for possible alpha-amylase inhibitory effects in vitro.

In this study, seven exotic/indigenous medicinal plants of Mauritius, namely Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae), Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae), Vangueria madagascariensis (Rubiaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae) and Syzigium cumini (Myrtaceae) were studied for possible effects on starch breakdown by alpha-amylase in vitro. The results showed that only Artocarpus heterophyllus significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited alpha-amylase activity in vitro. To confirm the observed effects, a further biochemical assay was undertaken to investigate the effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus on alpha-amylase activity using rat plasma in vitro. It was found that the aqueous leaf extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited alpha-amylase activity in rat plasma. The highest inhibitory activity (27.20 +/- 5.00%) was observed at a concentration of 1000 microg/mL. However, in both cases dose dependency was not observed. Enzyme kinetic studies using the Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk equations were performed to establish the type of inhibition involved. In the presence of the plant extract the maximal velocity (Vmax) remained constant (1/150 g / L/s) whereas the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) increased by 5.79 g / L, indicating that the aqueous leaf extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus behaved as a competitive inhibitor. Results from the present study tend to indicate that Artocarpus heterophyllus could act as a 'starch blocker' thereby reducing post-prandial glucose peaks.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Toxicity of chloroform extract of prunus africana stem bark in rats: gross and histological lesions.

Chloroform extract of Prunus africana (Hook f. (Rosaceae) did not cause clinical signs or pathology in rats at daily oral doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg for 8 weeks. The extract caused marked clinical signs, organ damage and a 50% mortality rate at a dose of 3.3 g/kg for 6 days. The main lesions observed at this dose were marked centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, diffuse nephrosis, myocardial degeneration, lymphocytic necrosis and neuronal degeneration. The morphological damage in these tissues caused a corresponding rise in blood biochemical parameters namely, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and blood urea nitrogen. The target organs of toxicity of this extract are the liver, kidney and heart. Overt toxicity occurred only after the administration of multiple doses of 3.3 g/kg body weight. These findings confirm the suitability of this extract for therapeutic use, since the doses used in the therapy of prostate gland are much lower than those used in this study and would therefore not be expected to cause pathological changes.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1994

Molecular phylogeny of families related to Celastrales based on rbcL 5' flanking sequences.

The region between the rbcL and atpB chloroplast genes and the first 53 codons of the rbcL gene have been sequenced for 19 species of angiosperms. Nine of these belong to the four largest families within the order Celastrales sensu Cronquist (i.e., Aquifoliaceae s.l., Icacinaceae, Celastraceae, and Hippocrateaceae). Both phenetic and cladistic approaches were used to test the monophyly of the order and to specify its relationships with Euphorbiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, and Theaceaea. Based upon this molecular analysis, the order Celastrales is polyphyletic and is divided into two major clades. The first group, containing Aquifoliaceae s.l. and Icacina, is related to Camellia (Theaceae). The second, containing Euonymus (Celastraceae), Hippocratea, and Salacia (Hippocrateaceae), is related to Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.

The phylogenetic relationships of some angiosperm families have remained enigmatic despite broad phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences. One example is the aquatic family Podostemaceae, the relationships of which have long been controversial because of major morphological modifications associated with their aquatic habit. Podostemaceae have variously been associated with Piperaceae, Nepenthaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Two recent analyses of rbcL sequences suggest a possible sister-group relationship of Podostemaceae to Crassulaceae (Saxifragales). However, the branch leading to Podostemaceae was long, and use of different outgroups resulted in alternative placements. We explored the phylogenetic relationships of Podostemaceae using 18S rDNA sequences and a combined rbcL + 18S rDNA matrix representing over 250 angiosperms. In analyses based on 18S rDNA data, Podostemaceae are not characterized by a long branch; the family consistently appears as part of a Malpighiales clade that also includes Malpighiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Linaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Trigoniaceae, Humiriaceae, and Ochnaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined 18S rDNA + rbcL data set (223 ingroup taxa) with basal angiosperms as the outgroup also suggest that Podostemaceae are part of a Malpighiales clade. These searches swapped to completion, and the shortest trees showed enhanced resolution and increased internal support compared to those based on 18S rDNA or rbcL alone. However, when Gnetales are used as the outgroup, Podostemaceae appear with members of the nitrogen fixing clade (e.g., Elaeagnaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae). None of the relationships suggested here for Podostemaceae receives strong bootstrap support. Our analyses indicate that Podostemaceae are not closely allied with Crassulaceae or with other members of the Saxifragales clade; their closest relatives, although still uncertain, appear to lie elsewhere in the rosids.

DNA, Ribosomal↗
PubMed1997

Iatrogenic limbal stem cell deficiency.

PURPOSE: To describe a group of patients with limbal stem cell (SC) deficiency without prior diagnosis of a specific disease entity known to be causative of SC deficiency. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the records of all patients with ocular surface disease presenting to the University of Minnesota between 1987 and 1996. Patients were categorized according to etiology of limbal deficiency. Patients who did not have a specific diagnosis previously described as being causative for limbal deficiency were analyzed. Risk factors, clinical findings and sequelae were evaluated. RESULTS: Eight eyes of six patients with stem cell deficiency not secondary to a known diagnosis were described. All eyes had prior ocular surgery involving the corneoscleral limbus. Six eyes had been on chronic topical medications and all eyes had concurrent external disease such as pterygium, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, rosacea or herpes simplex virus keratitis. All eyes had superior quadrants affected corresponding to areas of prior limbal surgery. Sequelae of disease included corneal scarring and neo-vascularization, and five eyes had with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. CONCLUSIONS: Because the epitheliopathy started peripherally and extended centrally in all patients, we feel it represents a stem cell deficiency. The fact that all patients were affected superiorly, at sites of a prior limbal surgical incision, points to surgical trauma to the SC as the likely major etiologic factor for the deficiency. The surgical trauma to the limbal SC probably made these cells more susceptible to damage from other external disease influences and toxicity from chronic topical medications. Because the stem cell deficiency is secondary to prior ocular surgery and chronic topical medications, we propose the term "iatrogenic limbal stem cell deficiency".

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Plants of the Olympic Coastal Forests: ancient knowledge of materials and medicines and future heritage.

The indigenous people of the west coast of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula have used a wide variety of forest plants for centuries to make materials and medicines. The late David Forlines shared at least eight generations of the knowledge of uses of these plants for materials and medicines with us in hopes that this information might be used 'to help science catch up with the old people.' Dyes, paints and adhesives were some of the materials made. The medicines were often administered as teas, but in some cases, fresh plant material was required. Some parallels were found to European and Chinese uses of similar species. Plants from the family Rosaceae had the greatest number of medicinal uses, but several other plant families known to contain polyphenols were also encountered. The role of polyphenols in the use of these plants is difficult to estimate because in many cases the plants have not been studied chemically. A preliminary screening indicated that many of the plants were rich in procyanidins and associated compounds.

Flavonoids↗
PubMed1999

Newer concepts in antimicrobial therapy.

Antimicrobial agents continue to play a significant role in clinical practice not only due to their active role in the treatment of bacterially induced infections. The accompanying anti-inflammatory characteristics and their antagonism against superantigens add to their importance. The practitioner must also be aware of both overt and covert unwanted effects. During the past decade, the new quinolones, advanced macrolides, and better cephalosporins have been introduced. The staid penicillins have been up-graded with the addition of a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Many antibiotics have been available for several decades but new uses for them and their derivatives permit the dermatologist to have a more versatile armamentarium. Rifamycin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of leishmaniasis. The new macrolide, clarithromycin, will reduce the lesions of acne vulgaris and acne rosacea. Although phototoxicity was well recognised in the sulfonomides, several quinolones can create similar light-induced problems. Bullous diseases are known to be instigated by the penicillins, while vasculitis may be caused by a quinolone. Even porphyria has been reported to be induced by a tetracycline. Antimicrobial therapy has been an integral part of dermatologic practice since the introduction of the sulfa drugs six decades ago. Whether skin is affronted by more pathogenic bacteria than any other organ or whether the percentage of infectious etiologies is greater for cutaneous maladies than for other organ afflictions is not germane to this presentation. The facts remain that signs and symptoms of many dermatitides are diminished or even eliminated by antimicrobials [1, 2, 3, 4].

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2000

Cytotoxic triterpenes from Crataegus pinnatifida.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of Crataegus pinnatifida (Rosaceae) gave two cytotoxic ursane-type triterpenes which were identified as uvaol (1) and ursolic acid (2) by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. 3-Oxo-ursolic acid (3) was synthesized from ursolic acid (2) by Jones method. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were tested against murine L1210 and human cancer cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF498, and HCT15) in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxicities against L1210, whereas they showed weak activities against human cancer cell lines. However, compound 3 exhibited potent cytotoxic activities both in murine and in human cancer cell lines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An isocoumarin with hepatoprotective activity in Hep G2 and primary hepatocytes from Agrimonia pilosa.

Phytochemical investigation of the aqueous extract of the roots of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae), as guided by hepatoprotective activity in vitro, furnished two isocoumarins, agrimonolide (1) and agrimonolide 6-O-beta-D-glucoside (3), and (+)-catechin (2). Compound 1 showed hepatoprotective effects on both tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in human liver-derived Hep G2 cells and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity in rat primary hepatocytes with EC50 values of 88.2 +/- 2.8 and 37.7 +/- 1.6 microM, respectively.

Agrimonia↗
PubMed2004

Tissue factor inhibitory sesquiterpene glycoside from Eriobotrya japonica.

Tissue factor (TF, tissue thromboplastin) is a membrane bound glycoprotein, which accelerates the blood clotting, activating both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways to serve as a cofactor for activated factor VII (VIIa). The TF-factor VIIa complex (TF/VIIa) proteolytically activates factors IX and X, which leads to the generation of thrombin and fibrin clots. In order to isolate TF inhibitors, by means of a bioassay-directed chromatographic separation technique, from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica Lindley (Rosaceae), a known sesquiterpene glycoside (2) and ferulic acid (3) were isolated as inhibitors that were evaluated using a single-clotting assay method for determining TF activity. Another sesquiterpene glycoside (1) was also isolated but was inactive in the assay system. Compound 3 was yielded by alkaline hydrolysis of compound 2. The structures of compounds 1, 2, and 3 were identified by means of spectral analysis as 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl nerolidol (1), 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-(4-trans-feruloyl)-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl nerolidol (2) and ferulic acid (3), respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited 50% of the TF activity at concentrations of 2 and 369 microM/TF units, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Antipruritic effects of pimecrolimus and tacrolimus].

The development of topical calcineurin inhibitors resulted in a significant improvement in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. In addition, an excellent amelioration of pruritus could be observed. Other itchy dermatoses such as chronic irritative hand dermatitis, rosacea, graft-versus-host-disease, renal pruritus, lichen sclerosus, prurigo simplex, prurigo nodularis, scrotal eczema, and inverse psoriasis also have been treated successfully with pimecrolimus and tacrolimus. The antipruritic effect currently is believed to be related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, recent investigations indicate a release of neuropeptides from sensory nerve fibers and degranulation of mast cells mediated by pimecrolimus and tacrolimus. Similar effects have been observed during capsaicin treatment. These findings may provide a possible explanation for initially observed calcineurin inhibitors related side-effects such as burning and pruritus. Moreover, the antipruritic potency may be related to a direct effect on nerve fibers leading to suppression of itch mediated by unknown mechanisms.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical variants of acne].

Acne is a very common dermatosis with characteristic clinical features. It is a polymorphic disease. The clinical expression ranges from non-inflammatory closed and open comedones to inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules. Most patients have a mixture of non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions, although some have predominantly one or the other. Acne varies in severity from a very distressing, socially disabling disorder to a state that has been regarded as physiological by some authors. The most severe forms of acne are acne fulminans and acne inversa. Although acne may occur in all age groups, it is most prevalent during adolescence. It is not known why acne subsides in most patients but persists into adulthood in some. Certain medications may be associated with provocation, perpetuation, or exacerbation of pre-existing acne or with acneiform eruptions. Acne-like disorders include rosacea, pseudofolliculitis barbae, and other conditions that share clinical features with acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2002

[Sports as a risk factor and therapeutic principle in dermatology].

Sporting activities may exert positive and negative health effects. This applies not only to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system, but also to skin. During sporting activities a person is exposed to environmental factors such as temperature, irradiation, and allergens. These factors may play a key role in the development of skin diseases. Mechanical trauma is caused by acute injury as well as chronic damage. Infectious skin diseases caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi can be transmitted by body contact or the use of communal showers or locker rooms. Intake of performance-enhancing substances may provoke skin changes such as striae distensae, androgenetic alopecia, hypertrichosis and acne. Preexisting skin diseases such as psoriasis, lichen planus, vitiligo, polymorphous light eruption, lupus erythematosus, porphyria, urticaria, and acne rosacea may be aggravated by sporting activities. On the other hand, physical exercise has a therapeutic potential which has hardly been exploited by dermatologists. Especially in chronic skin diseases positive effects have been observed. Therapeutic use of team sports has been shown to decrease suffering, depression, and emotional disturbances and increase life quality in patients with atopic eczema, psoriasis, and venous leg ulcers.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Cloning and characterization of genomic DNA sequences of four self-incompatibility alleles in sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.).

Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) in sweet cherry is determined by a locus S with multiple alleles. In the style, the S-locus codifies for an allele-specific ribonuclease ( S-RNase) that is involved in the rejection of pollen that carries the same S allele. In this work we report the cloning and genomic DNA sequence analysis including the 5' flanking regions of four S-RNases of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L., Rosaceae). DNA from the cultivars Ferrovia, Pico Colorado, Taleguera Brillante and Vittoria was amplified through PCR using primers designed in the conserved sequences of sweet cherry S-RNases. Two alleles were amplified for each cultivar and three of them correspond to three new S-alleles named S23, S24 and S25 present in 'Pico Colorado', 'Vittoria' and 'Taleguera Brillante' respectively. To confirm the identity of the amplified fragments, the genomic DNA of these three putative S-RNases and the allele S12 amplified in the cultivar Ferrovia were cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences obtained contained the structural features of rosaceous S-RNases. The isolation of the 5'-flanking sequences of these four S-RNases revealed a conserved putative TATA box and high similarity among them downstream from that sequence. However, similarity was low compared with the 5'-flanking regions of S-RNases from the Maloideae. S6- and S24-RNase sequences are highly similar, and most amino-acid substitutions among these two RNases occur outside the rosaceous hypervariable region (RHV), but within another highly variable region. The confirmation of the different specificity of these two S-RNases would help elucidate which regions of the S-RNase sequences play a role in S-pollen specific recognition.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2004

The development of ISSR-derived SCAR markers around the SEASONAL FLOWERING LOCUS (SFL) in Fragaria vesca.

Fragaria vesca is a short-lived perennial with a seasonal-flowering habit. Seasonality of flowering is widespread in the Rosaceae and is also found in the majority of temperate polycarpic perennials. Genetic analysis has shown that seasonal flowering is controlled by a single gene in F. vesca, the SEASONAL FLOWERING LOCUS ( SFL). Here, we report progress towards the marker-assisted selection and positional cloning of SFL, in which three ISSR markers linked to SFL were converted to locus-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR1-SCAR3) markers to allow large-scale screening of mapping progenies. We believe this is the first study describing the development of SCAR markers from ISSR profiles. The work also provides useful insight into the nature of polymorphisms generated by the ISSR marker system. Our results indicate that the ISSR polymorphisms originally detected were probably caused by point mutations in the positions targeted by primer anchors (causing differential PCR failure), by indels within the amplicon (leading to variation in amplicon size) and by internal sequence differences (leading to variation in DNA folding and so in band mobility). The cause of the original ISSR polymorphism was important in the selection of appropriate strategies for SCAR-marker development. The SCAR markers produced were mapped using a F. vesca f. vesca x F. vesca f. semperflorens testcross population. Marker SCAR2 was inseparable from the SFL, whereas SCAR1 mapped 3.0 cM to the north of the gene and SCAR3 1.7 cM to its south.

Base Sequence↗