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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Improving adolescent parent-infant interactions: a pilot study.

The study objective was to pilot test Keys to Caregiving, a program designed to improve interactions and contingent responsiveness between adolescent mothers and their infants. First-time adolescent parents, aged 15 to 19 years, received either the Keys to Caregiving program delivered by 6-weekly visits or a control program consisting of 6-weekly neutral visits. Parent-infant interactions and contingent responsiveness during teaching and feeding, and infant cognitive development were assessed when infants completed the program. The results suggest that the Keys to Caregiving program shows promise as a method of improving adolescent mothers' interactions with their infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Group parent training: a novel approach for the treatment of eating disorders.

This paper describes the rationale, development, and implementation of a group parent training program designed to assist caregivers in the management of their child's eating disorder while facilitating the development of a healthy home environment for sustained change. The content of this program instructs caregivers in disorder management and capitalizes on caregivers as role models of adaptive behavior. Strategies are provided to address acute disorder management, features of caregivers that may impede task implementation, and environmental and attitudinal changes. The group format enhances social support, accountability, and self-efficacy. A preliminary qualitative evaluation and future directions are described to assist healthcare professionals in better meeting the needs of caregivers of these disorders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

CHOICES: promoting early access to end-of-life care through home-based transition management.

CHOICES is a comprehensive home-based care coordination program designed to bridge the gap between home health and hospice for Medicare + Choice enrollees with advanced chronic illness in San Francisco's East Bay region. Key elements of the program include physician education, enrollment of patients with high disease burden who may not be terminally ill, co-management of care with the primary physician, and an advanced practice clinical team that provides comprehensive in-home assessments, a flexible mix of life-prolonging and palliative care that evolves with disease progression, focused education and advance planning, and caregiver support. During a 42-month demonstration, 208 patients were enrolled in the program. Eighty percent had a non-cancer diagnosis; 40% were people of color. After an 8-month follow-up, 44% of the study cohort had died in the program or after transfer to hospice, 51% had been discharged, and 5% remained active. Median length of stay for decedents was 260 days. Preliminary evidence supports the program's feasibility and acceptability to patients, families, physicians, and agency partners. However, the uncertain future of Medicare + Choice and of managed care may jeopardize the program's sustainability. Policymakers and taxpayers will need to determine how to care for the growing number of chronically ill elderly who wish to remain at home as illness advances. The care needs of these patients and their families may overwhelm a health system organized around hospital treatment of acute illness.

Advance Care Planning↗
PubMed2005

Body composition and fat distribution influence systemic hemodynamics in the absence of obesity: the HyperGEN Study.

BACKGROUND: We have shown that increased cardiac output is related to both fat-free mass and fat mass in obesity. OBJECTIVE: We studied the association of body fat distribution and body composition with flow-resistance relations in overweight. DESIGN: We studied 521 overweight, nonobese participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) Study-a component of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program, designed to assess the genetic basis of hypertension. Participants had normal ventricular function and no cardiovascular disease: 261 with central fat distribution (CFD) (waist girth >88 cm in women and >102 cm in men) and 260 with peripheral fat distribution (PFD). Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by bioelectric impedance. Body composition was estimated as FM/FFM. Echocardiographic stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were measured. RESULTS: Hypertension was present in 73% of the subjects with PFD and in 78% with CFD. Overweight with CFD was associated with greater FM/FFM in both normotensive and hypertensive participants. After FFM, age, sex, and race were controlled for, SV and CO were higher in subjects overweight with CFD than in those with PFD, whereas peripheral resistance was not significantly different. Differences in CO between CFD and PFD were reduced after further adjustment for FM. After the covariates were controlled for, hypertensive subjects had higher peripheral resistance and lower arterial compliance than did normotensive participants, but cardiac output was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: CFD is associated with more severe abnormalities in body composition and with higher CO independently of FFM in overweight, nonobese subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Snacking, aversive imagery, and weight reduction.

This study was designed to explore the relationship between reduced snacking and weight loss and to evaluate the effectiveness of an aversive imagery procedure. Twenty-two participants completed an 11-wk. program designed to reduce the frequency of snacking. Reading an aversive "fat sheet" immediately prior to or after snacking, combined with a point system, was no more effective in reducing snacking than was the point system alone. Although incidence of snacking was significantly reduced, weight loss was greatest during the baseline period, when snacking was most frequent. The correlation between weekly weight loss and weekly number of snacks was nonsignificant. These results suggest that a single-minded focus on the reduction of snacking is unlikely to produce significant weight loss for most dieters.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed1984

Population and social security projections for Bangladesh.

The author presents population projections for Bangladesh using data from the 1981 census, U.N. sources, and other official and nonofficial sources. "Confidence intervals for year 1986 and year 2001 populations for Bangladesh are developed. Rural-urban shifts in population are analyzed through Markov chains, and reveal a significant projected redistribution to urban areas. A study is presented of the actuarial cost of a potential social security program designed to meet the financial needs of an increasing set of urban dwellers.... Aggregate projected contributions and benefits for the years 1975, 2005, 2015, and 2025 illustrate the possible program."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

An American anesthesia training program in East Africa.

A unique 5-year program designed to improve the quality and availability of anesthesia care in developing nations has been initiated in East Africa. Based upon North American anesthesiologists serving as volunteer teachers, the program emphasizes teaching to the exclusion of taking over anesthesia care. The teaching is practical and relevant to the clinical practice of anesthesia in developing countries. The volunteers teachers serve, one at a time, 12 months of the year for several years in two pre-existing structured East African anesthesia training programs, thereby providing the advantages of consistent, reliable teaching assistance for a period of years to programs of demonstrable interest and experience in anesthesia training.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed2006

Dental students' knowledge about careers in academic dentistry.

The purposes of this study were to determine the knowledge of fourth-year dental students regarding certain issues related to an academic career and to ascertain their intent to pursue such a career. Factors contributing to the students' intent to pursue academia were assessed, including the effect of dental school programs designed to educate students about a career in dental education. Surveys were sent to twelve U.S. dental schools that reported having either a mandatory or elective academic career educational program or no program at all. The surveys were completed by fourth-year dental students who were queried as to their knowledge of selected academic issues. Surveys were returned by 561 students from eleven of the twelve selected dental schools. Knowledge level of academic issues among respondents was overwhelmingly low. Factors contributing to the intent to pursue some form of faculty career were gender, plans to specialize, knowledge of academic issues, having a parent in higher education, and personal teaching experience. The results of this study suggest that dental students in general do not possess the knowledge and information necessary to make an informed decision regarding a career in dental education.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Multiple implantation after oocyte donation: a frequent but inefficient event.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the natural history of multiple implantation in a donor oocyte program. DESIGN: Retrospective review of clinical pregnancies resulting from donor oocytes with analysis of serial vaginal ultrasound examinations beginning 21 days after embryo transfer. SETTING: University of Southern California IVF program (USC-IVF). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of implantation sites lost during gestation, furthest development of the gestation, and clinical symptoms of those experiencing loss. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 101 patients (61%) who became pregnant had multiple implantations, 41 (41%) with two sacs, 12 (12%) with three sacs, 6 (6%) with four sacs, and 3 (3%) with five sacs. Overall 28% of implantations sites were lost spontaneously. Rates of loss were similar for multiple implantations. The majority (62%) of these nonviable sacs did not develop beyond a gestational sac. All patients with three or more implantation sites had ongoing pregnancies through the first trimester. The probability of pregnancy loss after visualization of fetal heart motion was 5.7%. Few patients who underwent a natural self reduction of sacs were symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant self-reduction in multiple implantation sites in a donor oocyte program. This may obviate the need for a selective reduction procedure. Patients should be followed for up to 10 weeks after ET before committing to a selective reductive procedure.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1981

Genetic screening for hypersusceptibles in industry.

The identification of individuals at increased risk to toxic substances in the workplace has developed into a major issue amongst OSHA, industrial management, and labor. What is needed is the development of a consistent philosophy which is designed to deal with the issues of genetic screening, job placement, and protection of high risk groups with appropriate federal exposure standards. Present evidence does not justify the use of programs designed to identify individuals with hereditary conditions (e.g., G-6-PD deficiency, sickle cell trait) for job denial and/or transfer.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1990

Factors associated with smoking in low-income pregnant women: relationship to birth weight, stressful life events, social support, health behaviors and mental distress.

Since low-income women are at increased risk of having low birth weight infants, factors associated with birth weight among such groups have special relevance. Cigarette-smoking has emerged as an important predictor of low birth weight due to intrauterine growth retardation and pre-term delivery. After confirming the relation of smoking with birth weight, we examined the association of smoking with sociodemographic factors, attitudes towards pregnancy, health behaviors, stressful life events, social support, and symptoms of mental distress in a cohort of 458 Central Harlem women. We found that social support, stress and mental health were associated with smoking behavior but not directly with birth weight. These findings suggest that programs designed to modify health behaviors such as smoking during pregnancy must also take into account such characteristics of the women and their environments which may make behavioral change difficult. Moreover, programs aimed at fostering better health behaviors to improve pregnancy outcome may have to extend beyond the current pregnancy, as indicated by an association between prior adverse pregnancy outcome and smoking in the current pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive behavioral interventions for children during painful procedures: research challenges and program development.

The purpose of this report is to describe a pilot program designed to introduce the use of cognitive behavioral interventions for painful pediatric procedures at a university hospital, and to discuss the challenges that occurred during this process. Participants in the program included ten parents and their children who were newly diagnosed with leukemia, and staff who provided treatment for these children. Measures included direct videotaped observations of the children, perceptions of pain and anxiety completed by children, parents, and staff, and parent and staff ratings of satisfaction with the program. Results indicated strong acceptance of the interventions. This report discusses the challenges encountered, implications of the findings, and plans for future program development.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

RECAP--retrosynthetic combinatorial analysis procedure: a powerful new technique for identifying privileged molecular fragments with useful applications in combinatorial chemistry.

The use of combinatorial chemistry for the generation of new lead molecules is now a well established strategy in the drug discovery process. Central to the use of combinatorial chemistry is the design and availability of high quality building blocks which are likely to afford hits from the libraries that they generate. Herein we describe "RECAP" (Retrosynthetic Combinatorial Analysis Procedure), a new computational technique designed to address this building block issue. RECAP electronically fragments molecules based on chemical knowledge. When applied to databases of biologically active molecules this allows the identification of building block fragments rich in biologically recognized elements and privileged motifs and structures. This allows the design of building blocks and the synthesis of libraries rich in biological motifs. Application of RECAP to the Derwent World Drug Index (WDI) and the molecular fragments/ building blocks that this generates are discussed. We also describe a WDI fragment knowledge base which we have built which stores the drug motifs and mention its potential application in structure based drug design programs.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

Impact of the Cancer Education Program on career paths of students.

A questionnaire sent to former University of North Carolina students who participated in the Cancer Education Program, a National Cancer Institute sponsored program designed to provide integrated educational opportunities in oncology for students in the health science schools, ascertained the career paths taken by students and elicited opinions regarding the impact of the program on those decisions. One hundred five surveys were returned. The opportunity to be involved in cancer research was the most common reason given for participation in the program (65 respondents). The opportunity to work with a specific faculty member (48) and improving academic credentials (44) were also important. Twenty-three individuals changed their career goals after participation in this program, 20 decided to pursue cancer-related careers, and 3 decided to avoid this field. One hundred three individuals were currently in health professions, 58 in academic, and 45 in community-based practice. Twenty-seven were not involved with cancer, while 56 spent up to 25% of their professional time, 8 spent 25%-50%, and 9 spent over 50% of their professional time in cancer-related activities.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1991

Preparation of children for emergency medical care: a primary prevention approach.

Increased emergency room use and the resulting rise in pediatric visits have prompted interest in psychological aspects of pediatric emergency care. This study evaluated the efficacy of a multicomponent hospital program designed to prepare children for emergency room visits. In Phase 1, 148 kindergarteners completed measures of medical fears and knowledge at pretreatment, posttreatment, and a 4-week follow-up. Program attenders had significantly fewer medical fears and higher medical knowledge at posttest and follow-up than control children. The program was more effective for black than white children. In Phase 2, 51 high-fear children from Phase 1 were selected randomly to attend a medical examination in an emergency room. No effects for program emerged on the observational distress measures or physiological arousal. Phase 2 children showed significantly increased medical knowledge at follow-up compared to children who did not receive the medical exam.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

SSRPrimer and SSR Taxonomy Tree: Biome SSR discovery.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular genetic markers have become important tools for a broad range of applications such as genome mapping and genetic diversity studies. SSRs are readily identified within DNA sequence data and PCR primers can be designed for their amplification. These PCR primers frequently cross amplify within related species. We report a web-based tool, SSR Primer, that integrates SPUTNIK, an SSR repeat finder, with Primer3, a primer design program, within one pipeline. On submission of multiple FASTA formatted sequences, the script screens each sequence for SSRs using SPUTNIK. Results are then parsed to Primer3 for locus specific primer design. We have applied this tool for the discovery of SSRs within the complete GenBank database, and have designed PCR amplification primers for over 13 million SSRs. The SSR Taxonomy Tree server provides web-based searching and browsing of species and taxa for the visualisation and download of these SSR amplification primers. These tools are available at http://bioinformatics.pbcbasc.latrobe.edu.au/ssrdiscovery.html.

Classification↗
PubMed2004

Partnering with community stakeholders: engaging rural African American families in basic research and The Strong African American Families Preventive Intervention Program.

The Center for Family Research has implemented the first family-community preventive intervention program designed specifically for rural African American families and youths. Basic information garnered during a decade of research in rural African American communities formed the theoretical and empirical foundations for the program, which focuses on delaying the onset of sexual activity and discouraging substance use among youths. The Center's researchers have formulated future directions for engaging rural families in basic research and preventive intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A drop-out prevention program for high-risk inner-city youth.

Inner-city youth are at high risk for dropping out of high school. Within this article, risk factors associated with dropout and strategies for effective prevention and intervention are reviewed. An example of a school-based drop-out prevention program is highlighted. The FUTURES Program is a school-based drop-out prevention program designed to address the needs of high-risk youth through smaller classes, character development, career preparation, case management/mentoring, positive incentives, and access to mental health services. Components of the program are described in detail and data evaluating the effectiveness of the program are presented. Directions for the future development of programs and conducting research to prevent dropout by inner-city youth are discussed.

Adolescent↗