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PubMedDate not supplied

Cochlear axon calibres are adjusted to characteristic frequencies.

This study explores factors determining axon calibres, using the normal cochlear nerve as a model. The topographic distribution of axon calibres in the cochlear nerve of the guinea pig was found to correspond to its known tonotopic organization. Axons derived from the cochlear apex which carry sounds of low pitch were located centrally in the nerve and were about half as thick as axons derived from the basal turns, which are located at the periphery and carry sounds of high pitch. Intermediate ranges were located in between. If one compares these measurements with physiological data one finds axon calibres matched to characteristic frequency ranges to a degree that should cause mismatching of conduction time.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A left-ear advantage for identifying the emotional quality of tonal sequences.

Tonal sequences differing in emotional quality were presented dichotically. Subjects listened to a specified ear and judged the emotional tone of the stimulus heard at that ear. Accuracy was better for identifying the emotional tone of stimuli presented to the left ear. This left ear advantage was greatest where the target and competing stimuli were of different affect. The findings provide further evidence for the role of the right hemisphere in processing emotional information.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Learning and retention of melodic and verbal information after unilateral temporal lobectomy.

The role of the temporal lobes in auditory memory was tested in two analogous tasks assessing learning and 24-hr delayed recognition of unfamiliar melodies and nonsense words. The performance of patients with either anterior right (RT) or left (LT) temporal lobectomy was impaired in learning and delayed recognition of both melodies and words, as compared to normal control subjects, although some preserved learning over successive trials was observed. These results suggest a bilateral temporal-lobe contribution to the learning of these auditory patterns. However, melodies and nonsense words were not recognized in the same way by the two patient groups after 24 hr: subjects in the LT group tended to improve on melodies but drop on words, whereas subjects with RT lesions displayed the reverse pattern, suggesting a differential role for each temporal lobe in long-term memory, according to the nature of the cues inherent to a given type of stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Topographic EEG activations during timbre and pitch discrimination tasks using musical sounds.

Successive auditory stimulation sequences were presented binaurally to 18 young normal volunteers. Five conditions were investigated: two reference tasks, assumed to involve passive listening to couples of musical sounds, and three discrimination tasks, one dealing with pitch, and two with timbre (either with or without the attack). A symmetrical montage of 16 EEG channels was recorded for each subject across the different conditions. Two quantitative parameters of EEG activity were compared among the different sequences within five distinct frequency bands. As compared to a rest (no stimulation) condition, both passive listening conditions led to changes in primary auditory cortex areas. Both discrimination tasks for pitch and timbre led to right hemisphere EEG changes, organized in two poles: an anterior one and a posterior one. After discussing the electrophysiological aspects of this work, these results are interpreted in terms of a network including the right temporal neocortex and the right frontal lobe to maintain the acoustical information in an auditory working memory necessary to carry out the discrimination task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dissociation of autonomic and subjective responses to emotional slides in right hemisphere damaged patients.

Autonomic and subjective responses to emotional and neutral slides were studied in patients with right hemisphere damage (RHD), left hemisphere damage (LHD) and normal controls (CON). Orienting and habituation to a series of pure tones (1000 Hz) were also examined. All subjects showed appropriate slide recognition and there were no group differences in subjective ratings. The CON group showed higher skin conductance responses (SCRs) to the emotional slides relative to the neutral slides, while the RHD group showed lower SCRs to both sets of slides. The LHD group showed higher SCRs independent of slide type. The results support the hypothesis (Heilman and Watson, Handbook of Neurology, Elsevier Science, 1989) that emotional paucity in RHD patients may be related to reduced autonomic arousal. However, there were no significant differences between groups in the orienting response or habituation to loud tones, suggesting that decreased arousal following RHD is not ubiquitous.

Arousal↗
PubMed1983

Central auditory processing. II. Effects of anterior temporal lobectomy.

Ear dominance for the pitch of dichotically presented tonal stimuli was measured in nine patients before and after a unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy. Four subjects had a left and five had a right lobectomy. Every patient exhibited a change of ear dominance consistent with the hypothesis that a unilateral lobectomy decreases the perceptual salience of the tone presented to the ear contralateral to the lesion. Depending on the direction and magnitude of the subject's preoperative ear dominance and the side of the lobectomy, the postoperative results either increased or decreased the strength of ear dominance in a predictable fashion. The results support the idea that within each temporal lobe lie physiological mechanisms which can enhance the perceptual salience of the acoustic signal emitted by one sound source when other, concurrent, spatially separated sound sources are present. It is also argued that the same mechanism operates on speech, melodic, and tonal signals.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed1984

Event-related brain potentials differentiate normal and disabled readers.

Auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) recorded to irrelevant tone pairs while subjects performed visual, reading-related cognitive tasks differed significantly between normal and disabled readers. Disabled readers as compared with normal readers showed significantly lower amplitude right hemisphere AERP responses during tasks that involved visual-phonemic transfer of information and simple pattern recognition. Disabled readers as compared with normal readers also showed significantly higher amplitude left hemisphere responses during the visual-phonemic task. In both experimental conditions the reading-disabled subjects showed significantly lower amplitude right than left hemisphere AERP responses. Task-related strategies did not differ between groups. The pattern of AERP amplitude asymmetry found for disabled readers, which was opposite to that found for normal readers, suggests that the same reading-related tasks activated different cerebral processes in the two groups studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Psychophysiological and perceptual responses to infant cries varying in pitch: comparison of adults with low and high scores on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.

Based on their scores on the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory, 30 nonparent adults were classified as either having high CAP scores (n = 15) or low CAP scores (n = 15). Subjects' heart rate and skin conductance were assessed as they listened to audio-taped presentations of four "normal" phonated infant cries and four high-pitched, hyperphonated infant cries. Subjects also rated the cries on several perceptual items. Results showed that both groups of subjects found hyperphonated cries more aversive, distressing, urgent, arousing, and sick than phonated cry sounds. Similarly, all listeners' showed higher skin conductance levels (SCL) in response to hyperphonated than phonated cries. SCL became attenuated over time in response to phonated, but not hyperphonated, cries. Adults in the high-CAP group, showed marginally higher heart rates than low-CAP adults following presentation of all infant cry sounds and responded to phonated cries with marginally higher skin conductance levels than low-CAP adults. The responses of high-CAP nonparent adults are similar to those of parents with histories of physically abusive interactions with their infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Neuroleptic effects on electrodermal responsivity to soft tones and loud noise in schizophrenia.

Electrodermal procedures have consistently yielded two groups of schizophrenic patients--responders and nonresponders--on the basis of their electrodermal responsivity to auditory stimuli. The reliability of this finding has proved to be a cornerstone of autonomic research in schizophrenia. Previous investigators have reported that neuroleptic medications have little or no effect on electrodermal responsivity to mild tones. The current research found that patients receiving neuroleptics with high anticholinergic properties showed significantly less electrodermal responsivity compared with those receiving low anticholinergic neuroleptics. This was true for both loud and mild auditory stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Measurement of maximum variability within event related potentials in schizophrenia.

One limitation of averaging individual late component event related potential (ERP) responses is that a single average ERP cannot reflect the variability of responses from epoch to epoch. In this article, we describe a method to quantify this variability and determine if any part of the overall ERP reflects a maximum variance through the use of response variance curves. We then apply this method to one disorder, schizophrenia, in which variability of information processing is hypothesized to underlie aspects of the symptomatology. Response variance curves in a group of unmedicated schizophrenic patients reveal systematic differences, maximal between 190 and 250 ms, compared with those in a group of medicated schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Permanent peripheral hearing system alteration following transient neonatal hyperthyroidism in rats.

Maturation of the peripheral auditory system was monitored with the brainstem response audiometry (BSRA) technique in L-thyroxine (T4)-injected rats. Neonatal hyperthyroidism (NH) was induced by daily injections of T4 from birth to 20 days. Following an initial period of precocious onset and accelerated maturation of click-evoked cochlear activity, specific tone stimulation triggered an altered evoked activity as soon as 16 days after birth with no recovery on the last recording session at 120 days, when the animals are considered adult. These results thus indicate that NH could rapidly lead to a permanent abnormality of peripheral auditory system evoked potentials.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Development of auditory brainstem response to tone pip stimuli in the rat.

The course of development of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in rat was examined. Pure tone pip stimuli of 3, 8 and 40 kHz at intensities up to 106 dB sound pressure level peak equivalent were presented to anesthetized rats on postnatal days (PND) 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 36, 70 and 96. The peak-to-peak amplitude and the order of appearance of each wave was examined at each stimulus parameter. The first response to presentation of an auditory stimulus was observed on PND 12. This response was demonstrated to be of non-neural origin and presumed to be a summating potential representing hair cell function in the cochlea. The first neural responses, observed on PND 14, to 3- and 8-kHz tones only, appeared as two or more waves. High-frequency (40 kHz) tones did not elicit any substantive neural response on PND 14, but neural activity to this stimulus was observed consistently by PND 16. By PND 20, 4 waves were present consistently at all test frequencies, and by PND 36 the full adult complement of 5 vertex positive waves was recorded. The frequency-dependent sequential appearance of waves during development lends support to data charting the development of frequency mapping in the cochlea. The amplitude of waves I and II at 8 kHz decreased as the animal matured, while waves III-V generally showed an initial increase in amplitude at all test frequencies through PND 24 followed by a gradual amplitude decrease to adult levels. Possible sources for developmental changes in amplitude are discussed.

Animals↗